HE  WORLDS  WORK 


WAR 

MANUAL 


¥  THE  GREAT  1914- 
ROPEAN  CONFLICT 


100  Illustrations, Maps 
a  full  Reference  Index 


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THE  WORLDS  WORK 

WAR  MANUAL 

OF 

THE  GREAT  CONFLICT  OF 

1914 

WITH    100   ILLUSTRATIONS 

MAPS  AND  A  COMPLETE 

REFERENCE  INDEX 

OF  NEARLY  1300 

SUBJECTS 


GARDEN    CITY  NEW   YORK 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE   &  COMPANY 

1914 


Copyright    1914 
By   Doubleday,   Page  &  Co 


THE  WORLD'S  Vt^ORK 

WAR  MANUAL 


ARTHUR  W.   PAGE,   Koitor 


CONTENTS 


WORLD  BA'I HIS   Bl-.ING   FOUGH  1"  AGAIN i 

THE  Ri;TKr:.\T  FROM  WATERLOO  THE  BATTLE  OF  MARS-LA-TOUR 

KONIGGRATZ  THE  DEFENCE  OF  CHAMPIGNY 

THE  BAVARIANS  BEFORE  PARIS.  1871  THE  CHARGE  AT  REICHSHOFFEN 

•■THE  PIECE  IN  DANGER" 

THE  CAUSES  OF  CONFLICT - -     -  9 

WHY  THE  NATIONS  FIGHT         ......       Albert  Bushnell  Hart  9 

THE  ALLIANCES    rilAr  MADE  THE  WAR Rollo  Ogden  15 

A    WAR     CORRESPONDENT'S     IMPRESSIONS    OF    THE     FIGHTING 

ARMIES     --- __--_.     James  F.  J.  Archibald  19 

THE  TROOPS  THAT  HAVE  SEEN  SERVICE   -    -    -    - 21 

THE  ARMIES  OF  EUROPE  (Illus.)        -     -    -      Frederic  Louis  Huidekoper  22 

ASIA,  AFRICA,  AND  THE   ISLANDS  OF  THE  SEAS    -    -    - 50 

THE  NAVIES  OF  EUROPE  (Illus.)        -    - .    .    .  53 

THE  KAISER  AND  THE  "MAILED  FIST" 68 

MEN  WHO  CONTROL  THE  DESTINY  OF  EUROPE  (Illus.)     -    -    -         -  72 

NEW  THINGS  IN  WAR       ....    John  S.  Gregory  97 

AUSTRIA'S  CIVILIZING  MISSION An  Austrian  Diplomat  103 

EUROPE'S  FOOD  SUPPLY   IN  WAR  TIME       -    -     -    -    James  Middleton  106 

THE  RED  CROSS  OF  THE  WARRING  NATIONS    -    -     -    -  Arno  Dosch  no 

THE  EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR  ON  THE  UNITED  STATES    -    -      Charles 

Frederick  Carter  1  1 3 

CARING  FOR  THE  SOLDIER'S  HEALTH    - .    .    .  ,,5 

A  CHANCE  FOR  AMERICAN  SHIPPING     -     -     -     -    Sylvester  Thompson  119 

FINANCIAL  ASPECTS  01-  THE  WAR     -    -     -    -  Alexander  Dana  Noves  122 
RIGHTS  AND  DUTIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AS  A  NEUTRAL 

Charles  Cheney  Hyde  126 

THE  BALKANS       129 

ITALY'S  HATRED  OF  AUSTRIA 1:52 

"MADE  IN  GERMANY"    -    -    - .    .    . ,32 

HOLLAND  DEFENDED  BY  WATER  ------ ,33 

WHAT  AMERICA  THINKS  OF  THE  WAR Bv  C.  D.  AL  \^4 

CHRONOLOGY  OF  THE  DIPLOMACY  THAT  LED  TO  WAR  -----  ,35 

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WORLD  BATTLES  BEING 
FOUGHT  AGAIN 


TRAFALGAR  1805 


IN    WHICH    ENGLAND    DHMONSTRATHD   THE   TWO-POWl  R    STANDARD  OF    HER   NAVY 
AND  KEPT  THE  SUPREMACY  OE  THE  SEA 


WATERLOO  1815 


ENGLAND    HAS    NOW     FOR    IHM     FIRST    TIME     SINCE    WATERLOO    SENT    TROOPS    TO 

WESTERN     EUROPE,    LANDING    THEM    IN    BELGIUM    TO    KEEP    THE    KAISER 

OUT   OF    ANTWERP    AS    THEY    KEPT    NAPOLEON    OUT    BEFORE 


KONIGGRATZ  1866 


THE    BATTLE  THAT    ENDED  THE   WAR   WHICH    PRUSSIA    BEGAN    TO    UNIFY   GERMANY 
JUST  AS  AUSTRIA-HUNGARY  ATTACKED  SERVIA  TO   UNIFY   ITS   DOMINIONS 

BATTLES  OF  THE  FRANCO-PRUSSIAN  WAR 

>-    TO    BE    FOUGHT   AGAIN    ON   THE    SAME    GROUNDS    FOR   THE    SAME    STAKE,  WHICH    IS 

^  ALSACE-LORRAINE  AND  THE   DOMINANT  POSITION   IN    EUROPE 

CQ 


T 


HE  nations  of  Europe  are  interrupting  history  again,  fighting  over  the  old 

^         I  battles  on  the  old  battlefields.     One  hundred  \ears  ago  Napoleon  ranged 

J         I  himself  and  the  greatest  army  of  the  age  against  all  Europe,  and  almost 

his  most  cherished  ambition  was  the  breaking  of  the  supremacx'  of  England 

on  the  sea.     England  then  as  now  had  a  "two-power  standard"  for  her  navy. 

It  was  demonstrated  at  Trafalgar  where  Nelson  met  and  defeated  the  combined  forces 

of  the  French  and  Spanish  fleets.     England  sent  an  army  into  Belgium  against  the 

Emperor  Napoleon  in    1815.     There  has  been    no  English  army  in  western   Europe 

since,  until  now  when  the  Emperor  William  invades  Belgium  and  threatens  Antwerp. 

the  best  base  of  operations  against  England.     England  again  has  an  arm\-  tr\ing  to 

do  again  what  was  done  at  Waterloo.     In  1866  Bismarck  went  to  war  with  Austria 

because  he  felt  that  such  a  war  would  unify  Germany.     In  1914  Austria  goes  to  war 

with  Servia  to  solidif\'  its  heterogeneous  dominions. 

Forty-four  years  ago  Prussia  went  to  war  with  France  for  Alsace  and  Lorraine  and 
the  dominant  position  in  Europe.  For  the  same  stake  over  the  same  ground  the 
same  people  are  fighting  to-day. 

With  the  declaration  of  war  the  world  turned  back  to  Trafalgar,  to  Waterloo,  to 
Koniggratz,  to  the  Franco-Prussian  War.  Nothing  has  been  settled.  These  same 
battles  are  being  fought  again.  The  names  are  a  little  different,  the  battlefields  a 
few  miles  apart,  but  the  same  principles  are  there.  In  the  paintings  of  these  b\-gone 
fights  is  a  vivid  picture  of  the  glory,  heroism,  death,  ruin,  waste,  and  futilit)'  of  it  all. 

345568 


ENGLAND'S  TWO-POWER  STANDARD   lOO  YEARS  AGO 

THE  DEATH  OF  NELSON  AT  TRAFALGAR,  WHERE  THE  ENGLISH  FLEET  DEFEATED  THE  FLEETS 
OF  FRANCE  AND  SPAIN  AND  PUT  AN  END  TO  ANY  DANGER  OF  INVASION  AND  OPENED  THE  SEAS 
TO    BRITISH    COMMERCE.       ENGLAND  HAS    THE    SAME    PROHLI-.M    NOW 


By  permission  of  the  Berlin  Photo^aphic  Company 

THE    BAVARIANS    BEFORE    PARIS,     1 87O 


THE    BATTLE    OF    MARS-LA-TOUR 

IN    THE    FRANCO-PRUSSIAN    WAR  THE    LARGEST  NUMBER  OF  GERMANS    UNDER    ARMS    AT    ONE    TIME    WAS 
835,000.       IN    THE    PRESENT    WAR    EMPEROR    WILLIAM    HAS    AT    LEAST    4,000,000    MEN    AVAILABLE 


<-'ipyrji;lii,  I.).,;,  by  Hr.iiMi,  ilemcnl  \- Cuiiipaiiy,  New  York 

IHH    PIECE    IN    DANGER" 


THE  CAUSES  OF  CONFLICT 


THE  nations  of  Europe  had  each 
marked  the  course  of  their  ambi- 
tions —  and  these  courses  crossed. 
The  Kaiser's  Government  believes 
in  the  Pan-Germanism  that  means 
German  influence  extending  through  the  Bal- 
kans to  the  /Egean  Sea,  Germany  in  control  of 
the  Dutch  and  Belgian  harbors,  in  a  further 
development  of  the  German  colonial  empire,  in 
the  maintenance  of  the  divine  right  of  kings,  and 
German  supremacy  on  the  sea.  Russia,  too, 
has  a  constructive  programme.  Some  day 
Russia  hopes  to  reach  the  open  sea  on  the 
Scandinavian  peninsula,  to  gain  access  to  the 
Mediterranean  either  by  ownership  or  control 
of  the  Balkans  and  to  open  the  Black  Sea 
by  the  possession  of  Constantinople.  Nor 
has  Russia  given  up  hope  of  an  open  port  on 
the  Pacific  and  the  control  of  Manchuria  wrested 
from  them  by  the  Japanese.  Moreover,  Russia 
e\en  more  than  Germany  is  the  stronghold  of 
autocracy.  The  Russian  and  German  ambi- 
tions only  clash  vitally  in  the  Balkans. 

in  contrast  to  these  constructive  desires  of 
Germany  and  Russia,  England  has  chiefly  a 
defensive  attitude.  Her  empire  encircles  the 
globe  and  she  is  in  command  of  the  sea.  She 
would  like  to  maintain  the  balance  of  power  as 
it  is.  She  feels  that  she  would  not  be  safe  if 
Germany  had  the  ports  of  Belgium  or  Holland, 
nor  would  she  welcome  her  present  all\',  Russia, 
in  Norway  or  Sweden.  England's  eflforts  to 
keep  any  strong  European  power  out  of  Con- 
stantinople maintained  the  Turk  in  Europe 
beyond  his  time.  She  docs  not  want  a  Russian 
or  German  naval  base  at  Constantinople  to 
threaten  her  Mediterranean  supremacy.  Of 
the  two,  however,  she  prefers  Russia  to  Ger- 
many, in  the  I-'ar  East  England  is  allied  with 
Japan,  which  blocks  the  Russian  advance  into 


Southern  Manchuria.  Moreover,  liberal  Eng- 
land believes  very  little  in  the  autocracy  either 
of  Germany  or  of  Russia.  But  though  Russia 
is  still  the  same  Russia  in  aims  against  which 
Kipling  warned  England  when  he  wrote:  "Make 
ye  no  truce  with  Adam-zad,  the  bear  that  walks 
like  a  man,"  it  is  not  the  same  Russia  in  activity. 
Since  the  Russian-Japanese  War,  Germany,  not 
Russia,  has  threatened  the  balance  of  power 
which  England  cherishes. 

With  one  great  exception  France,  like  Eng- 
land, is  also  content  with  what  she  has  and  is 
busy  with  its  development;  and  since  the  French 
and  English  soldiers  met  at  Fashoda  on  the 
upper  Nile  in  1898  their  ways  have  not  crossed. 
The  one  great  exception  to  the  content  of 
France  has  been  the  German  possession  of 
Alsace-Lorraine.  France  wants  revenge  for 
1870-71,  and  French  Republicanism  is  not  a 
good  neighbor  to  German  autocrac}-. 

Germany's  aims,  therefore,  come  into  vital 
conflict  with  the  aims  of  Russia,  France,  and 
England.  That  is  why  England  has  made  a 
truce  with  the  Bear  and  joined  with  its  ancient 
enemy  France. 

Germany's  ambitions  have  isolated  her  from 
the  rest  of  Europe,  except  Austria.  In  Austria, 
Germany  has  found  "a  brilliant  second"  for  its 
policies,  although  the  second  has  of  late  tried 
to  pla\-  first  part.  England  and  Russia  oppose 
Austria,  for  they  feel  that  it  is  playing  the 
German  game  in  the  Balkans.  Italy,  too,  has 
added  to  a  historic  animosity  a  dislike  of  Aus- 
tria's Balkan  polic\',  for  Itai\'  itself  wants  not 
onl\-  the  ports  of  Albania,  but  the  Austrian 
ports  of  Trieste,  Pola,  and  Fiume,  at  the  head 
of  the  Adriatic. 

Such  are  the  conflicting  national  ambitions 
which  ha\e  for  a  decade  kept  Europe  talking  of 
the  war,  which  is  now  upon  us. 


WHY  THE  NATIONS  FIGHT 


BY 


ALBERT  BUSHNELL  HART 

(professor  of  uistory,  harvard  university) 


FUR  the  wreck  of  this  conflict  which  will 
increase  from  day  to  da\',  is  there 
any  good,  clear,  inevitable  reason?  No 
Napoleon  has  forced  his  neighbors  to 
war.  No  Bismarck  has  racked  Prussia 
in  order  to  make  Germany.  No  Agadir  incident 
has  set  off  the  match.  No  in\incible  horde  is 
advancing  out  of  Asia.  Europe  got  through 
two  Balkan  conflicts  without  general  war. 


It  is  no  explanation  to  say  that  this  king 
or  that  emperor  or  the  other  president  or  prime 
minister  wants  war.  Sovereigns  nowada>  s  are, 
at  their  strongest,  only  train-dispatchers  who 
can  order  a  switch  thrown  in  one  or  another 
direction.  No  monarch  can  go  against  the  spirit 
of  his  people.  Ever\'  country  included  is  united 
in  what  is  considered  a  natural  war.  It  is  not  a 
war    of    dynasties    or    statesmen    or    military 


10 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


leaders.  It  is  not  a  war  of  revenge  for  Archduke 
Franz  Ferdinand. 

Questions  of  trade  and  markets  play  a  large 
part  in  the  drama  —  but  it  is  not  the  love  of 
money  which  leads  great  navies  to  spend  5,000 
million  dollars,  in  order  to  secure  a  trade  in 
which  the  profit  cannot  be  more  than  200  mil- 
lions a  year.  This  is  a  war  of  peoples  and  not  of 
interests. 

The  military  spirit,  commercial  expansion, 
desire  for  territory,  and  the  self  assertion  of  gieat 
nations  are  things  that  in  the  long  run  may  over- 


crisis,  the  Irish  in  Great  Britain  and  the  Walloons 
in  Belgium  have  sunk  their  consciousness  of 
race  in  their  consciousness  of  nationality.  East- 
ern Europe  stilt  bears  the  marks  of  the  succes- 
sive waves  of  barbarian  invasion  out  of  the 
heart  of  Asia.  The  Hungarians  and  the  Bulga- 
rians are  both  races  that  forced  their  way  into 
Europe  where  they  found  the  Slavs,  the  Germans, 
and  the  Latins.  Then  the  Slavs  received  the 
fearful  weight  of  the  Turkish  invasion  and  for 
centuries  lost  independence  and  vitality. 
Yet  till  recently  there  was  no  strong  race  an- 


THE    GERMANS    AND   THE    SLAVS 

WHOSE  RACIAL  ANTIPATHIES  AND  WHOSE  CONFLICTING  AMBITIONS  TO  BE  TERRITORIALLY  AND  COMMERCIALLY 
SUPREME  IN  SOUTHhASTERN  EUROPE  ARE  LARGELY  RESPONSIBLE  FOR  THE  WAR.  IT  IS  NOTEWORTHY  THAT 
THE    SLAVIC    PEOPLES    FAR    OVERLAP     IHE    POLITICAL    BOUNDARIES,    EVEN    IN    EASTERN    GERMANY 


come  all  the  checks  of  Parliaments  and  states- 
men and  The  Hague  conferences.  But  none 
of  them  could  have  brought  about  the  fearful 
conditions  of  the  year  1914.  The  strongest  and 
determining  reason  for  war  is  the  growth  of  •  e 
antipathies;  the  world  has  at  last  realized  ^t 
the  political  boundaries  of  Eastern  Europe  cut 
across  older  and  more  persistent  divisions  of 
race,  language  and  religion,  and  thus  bring  con- 
flicts with  nations  and  between  them. 

Eunjpe  is  a  mosaic  of  races.  In  most  countries 
the  race  elements  have  amalgamated  or  have 
ceased    to  conflict   with   each   other.     In    this 


tipathy  between  Germans  and  Slavs.  Ger- 
many and  Russia  have  not  been  at  war  with 
each  other  since  the  O.ar  Peter  the  Third  saved 
Frederick  the  Great  in  1762.  Till  forty  years 
ago  the  Bohemians  and  Germans  got  on  tolera- 
bly well  side  by  side.  The  race  strains  which  are 
pulling  Europe  to  pieces  at  last  have  showed 
themselves  by  rousing  country  against  country; 
and  inside  Austria.  There  the  antipathy  be- 
tween G»ermans  and  Slavs  has  grown  so  bitter 
that,  in  the  judgment  of  the  Austrian  states- 
men, the  Germans  must  fight  Slavs  either  out- 
side of  Austria  or  inside  of  Austria.      They  have 


WHY    THE   NAIIUNS   FIGH  f 


1 1 


preferred  to  make  the  issue  perfectly  clear  by 
declaring  war  on  the  one  markedly  successful 
and  independent  Slav  state  outside  of  Russia. 

The  challenge  aroused  Russia,  but  did  not 
iircctly  concern  other  Powers  farther  west. 
Most  of  them,  to  judge  from  the  proclamations 
and  official  communications,  are  fighting  only  in 
self-defense.  In  the  midst  of  the  appalling  misery 
of  the  time,  there  shines  out  a  comic  gleam  in 
the  exchange  of  discourtesies  about  mobiliza- 
tion. As  soon  as  the  trouble  began,  every  one 
of  the  four  Central  EiHropean  Powers  began  to 


the  court  of  war,  the  only  one  thi.t  executes  its 
own  decrees. 

Perhaps  this  war  is  what  Tolstoi  thought  all 
wars  to  be,  merely  a  blind  movement  of  human 
beings,  they  know  not  why,  and  they  know  not 
whither,  like  a  foray  of  soldier  ants.  Neverthe- 
less, reasons  for  war  can  be  found  in  the  make-up 
of  Europe,  in  the  character,  in  the  aims  and  am- 
bitions of  the  great  Powers.  The  continent  of 
Europe  is  divided  into  ten  groups  of  nations. 
Four  of  these  are  the  minor  groups  of  the  Bal- 
kans; Scandinavia;  the  neutralized  Powers  of 


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Dijljrm;^, 


BULGARIA 


THE    RACES   IN   AUSTRIA-HUNGARY  , 

SERVIA's  success  in  the  BALKAN  WAR  ACTED  AS  A  GREAT  STIMULUS  TO  THE  PROPAGANDA  FOR  A 
GREATER  SERVIA  AND  THE  REVOLT  OF  AUSTRIA'S  SOUTHERN  SLAV  PROVINCES.  IN  AUSTRIA  ITSELF  AROSE 
THE    IRREPRESSIBLE    CONl-LICT    BETWEEN    TEUTON    AND    SLAV 


move  troops  with  all  possible  speed  toward  its 
threatened  frontiers,  at  the  same  timo  calling 
the  world  to  witness  that  they  were  not  "mobi- 
lizing." Every  nation  threatened  every  other, 
hoping  thus  to  frighten  its  neighbor  into  giving 
way  without  war.  The  responsibility  for  the 
war  rests  upon  no  indi\idual  and  upon  no  one 
nation,  but  upon  the  interlocking  of  Europe 
commerciall\-,  territoriall\-,  and  raciall\',  so  that 
one  Power  after  another  was  drawn  in  the 
maelstrom.  Perhaps  statesmen  felt  that  the 
cleaning  time  had  come  at  last;  and  that  the 
rival  claims  and  pretensions  must  bo  settled  by 


Holland,  Belgium,  and  Switzerland;  and  Spain 
and  Portugal.  Alongside  these  and  overtower- 
ing  them  in  wealth  and  inilitar\'  strength,  are 
the  six  great  Powers,  ltal\',  Russia,  Great  Bri- 
tain, France,  Austria-Hungar\',  and  German) . 
Europe  has  for  some  centuries  been  divided 
between  four  main  religions.  The  Moslems  up 
to  two  years  ago  still  counted  eight  millions  of 
Turks,  Bosnians,  and  Albanians,  but  there  are 
now  only  about  three  or  four  millions  left  in 
Europe.  The  Protestants,  principall\'  Germans. 
English,  Swiss,  and  Hungarians,  are  about  loo 
millions.    The  Roman  Catholics  in  all  the  Latin 


12 

countries,  Southern  Germany,  Croatia,  Albania, 
Bohemia,  and  in  Russian  Austria  and  Russian 
Poland  are  about  i8o  millions.  The  Greek 
Catholics  include  Russia,  the  Balkan  countries, 
and  a  few  provinces  in  the  Austrian  Empire, 
but  by  no  means  all  the  Slavs.  Their  number  is 
about  !  lo  millions. 

Differences  of  religion  have  caused  many 
European  wars,  but  during  the  last  hundred 
years  ever\'  European  country  has  been  obliged 
to  tolerate  churches  other  than  that  estab- 
lished by  the  State.     These  sects  are  attached 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


SERVIA   BEFORE  THE   BALKAN   WARS 

SEPARATED  FROM  MONTENEGRO  BY  THE  TURKISH 
TERRlTORY.TfIt  SANUJAKOFNOVIBAZAR  IN  WHICH  GER- 
MAN AND  AUSTRIAN  INFLUENCE  PREDOMINATED  UNTIL 
THE  SUCCESS  OF  SERVIA  IN  THE  BALKAN  WAR  EN- 
ABLED HER  TO  INCREASE  HER  TERRITORY 

to  their  country.  Protestant  and  Roman  Cath- 
olic Magyars  arc  a  unit  when  it  comes  to  a  dis- 
cussion of  their  place  in  the  Austro-Hungarian 
Empire;  and  there  is  no  visible  difference  be- 
tween the  Catholic  Bavarians  and  the  Protes- 
tant Prussians  in  their  support  of  their  country 
in  the  present  war. 

Four  comparatively  small  groups  of  people 
of  Asiatic  origin  are  the  linns,  Magyars,  Bul- 
garians and  lurks,  in  all  abcjut  14  milhons. 
The  Scandinavian  group  is  small,  though 
effective,  and  the  three  countries  l<jgelher, 
Norway,  Sweden,  and  Denmark,  have  ten  and 


a  half  million  people.  The  English,  Scotch, 
Welsh,  and  Irish,  between  whom  there  seems 
to  be  no  race  division  in  time  of  national  danger 
are  46  millions.  The  Latin  powers,  Spain,  Por- 
tugal, France,  Belgium,  and  Italy  count  106 
millions.  The  2|  million  Greeks  are  akin  to 
the  Latin.  The  Germans  in  Germany,  German 
Switzerland,  and  Austria-Hungary  are  a  com- 
pactly situated  mass  of  795  millions.  The  Slavs 
of  Russia,  including  the  Poles,  and  not  the 
Finns,  together  with  ^e  Roumanians  (who 
claim  to  be  a  Latin  race,  but  seem  to  have  more 


SERVIA    AFTER  THE    BALKAN   WARS 

WITH  ADDED  PRESTIGE  WHICH  ENCOURAGED  THE 
GREATER  SERVIA  PROPAGANDA  AGAINST  AUSTRIAN 
RULE  IN  BOSNIA  AND  ADDED  TERRITORY  CONNECTING 
WITH  MONTENEGRO  AND  FORMING  A  SOLID  SLAV  BAR- 
RIER ACROSS  THE  PAN-GERMAN  MARCH  TO  THE  EAST 

Slav  blood  than  an\thing  else),  the  Servians 
and  the  various  Slavic  elements  in  Austria- 
Hungary  arc  in  all  1 1 1  millions. 

Before  sketching  the  status  of  the  great 
powers,  the  place  and  influence  upon  the  war 
of  the  minor  groups  must  be  noticed.  The  Bal- 
kans is  an  example  to  the  world  of  the  immense 
difficulty  of  carr\ing  on  states  which  contain 
large  numbers  of  people,  who  in  race  and  in 
svmjKilhies  belong  to  some  neighbor.  The 
second  Balkan  War  in  igi3  came  about  solely 
because  there  were  so  many  Bulgarians  in  (jreek 
and  Servian  territory,  and  so  many  Greeks  and 


Wll\    MIL    NAIIONS   FIGHI 


13 


Servians  in  Bulgarian  territory.  No  geograph- 
ical boundary  line  can  be  made  to  fit  with 
these  race  groups  The  effort  to  adjust  the  mat- 
ter by  killing  oif  villagers  of  different  race  from 
that  of  the  conqueror  of  a  region  was  so  thor- 
ough-going as  to  shock  mankind,  but  ncjt 
drastic  enough  to  solve  the  problem.  If  the 
war  is  primaril\'  a  fight  between  the  organized 
Slavs  and  the  Germans,  the  Balkans  are  not 
much  interested,  since  there  are  only  about 
five  million  Slavs  south  of  the  Danube.  Emperor 
William  last  year  called  for  a  larger  army  and  a 
bigger  war  chest,  because  he  felt  that  the  armies 
of  the  Balkans  altered  the  balance  of  European 
military  power.  If  the  Balkan  Powers  could 
have  stood  together  till  this  \'ear,  Austria  could 
not  have  declared  war  on  Servia.  Bulgaria  and 
Greece  may  easily  be  drawn  into  the  conflict, 
particularly  if,  as  seems  likel\',  Turkey  makes 
war  on  the  German  side;  and  when  the  general 
peace  comes,  it  must  include  a  settlement  of  the 
Balkan  question. 

The  Scandinavian  Powers  arc  unwilling 
sharers  in  the  danger  of  war  because  two  of 
them  control  the  natural  entrance  into  the 
Baltic  Sea;  and  the  Swedes  are  convinced  that 
Russia  wants  to  subvert  them.  Portugal  is  an 
ally  of  E^ngland,  and  proposes  to  join  in  the  war. 
Spain  may  very  likely  enter  the  lists  if  France 
seems  to  need  aid. 

The  three  little  neutralized  Powers,  Belgium, 
Holland,  and  Switzerland,  have  already  learned 
what  "neutrality"  means  between  desperate 
nations.  The  Emperor  William  a  few  months 
ago  was  much  pleased  by  the  Swiss  manoeuvres, 
because  they  prove  that  he  could  "spare  two 
army  corps."  The  remark  meant  of  course  that 
neither  France  nor  Germany  could  safely  force 
a  way  through  Switzerland.  It  meant  also  that 
the  Germans  intended  to  use  Belgium  as  their 
highwa\'  into  France,  treat>'  or  no  treat}',  in- 
ternational law,  or  no  international  law.  Hol- 
land has  no  protection  from  Germany  except 
the  troops  and  ships  of  the  nations  that  com- 
prise the  Triple  Entente. 

ITALY 

Italy  joined  the  Triple  Alliance  about  twent\' 
years  ago,  because  she  was  then  on  very  bad 
terms  with  France.  To  Germany  and  Austria 
the  Italian  navy  and  merchant  marine  were  a 
special  attraction. 

Italy  has  three  territorial  objecti\es  which 
must  largel\'  affect  her  position:  (i)  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Adriatic  Sea,  a  decided  conflict 
of  interest  with  Austria  has  developed;  (2) 
Italy  desires  the  extension  of  her  colonies,  as 
Tripoli  is  at  present  her  only  valuable  colonial 
possession.  Italy  desires  to  annex  Trentino, 
an  Italian-speaking  district  in  the  southern 
T\roI,  and  Trieste,  the  population  of  which  is 
Italian.  But  they  might  as  well  attempt  to 
pluck  out  the  right  c\e  of  Emperor  Francis 
Joseph  as  to  take  Trieste  for  it  is  the  onl\  sea 
port  in  the  Austrian  half  of  the  Austrian-Hun- 
garian Empire. 


Russia  has  for  centuries  been  a  reservoir  of 
compressed  political  gas,  pushing  in  every  di- 
rection for  an  outlet.  When  Peter  the  Great 
came  to  the  throne  two  centuries  ago  his  coun- 
try was  almost  shut  off  from  the  Baltic  by  the 
Germans  and  Swedes  —  and  the  Tartars  cut 
him  off  from  the  Black  Sea.  War  after  war  was 
necessary  to  gain  free  access  to  the  Black  Sea 
and  the  Baltic  Sea.  Meanwhile  the  Russians 
pushed  into  the  thinly  settled  area  of  North 
Asia  until  they  reached  the  Pacific. 

The  obvious  line  of  approach  to  the  world's 
commerce  for  Russia  is  through  the  Bos- 
phorusand  the/Egean  Sea  to  the  IVlediterranean. 
That  route  is  held  by  the  Turks,  who  for  the 
last  fift>'  \ears  have  been  backed  up  by  first 
the  English  and  French,  and  then  by  the  Ger- 
mans. 

Russia  has  gradually  torn  away  fragments 
of  the  Turkish  Empire  along  the  Black  Sea  and 
has  aided  in  building  Roumania  and  Bulgaria 
out  of  the  ruins  of  Turkish  provinces.  In  1878 
a  Russian  army  marched  till  it  was  in  sight  of 
the  minarets  of  (Constantinople,  but  the  English 
under  Disraeli  compelled  r<ussia  to  give  up  the 
fruits  of  that  victory.  As  the  great  Slav  Power, 
Russia  is  not  always  keenly  interested  in  the 
expansion  of  small  Slav  Powers;  but  it  has  for 
years  urged  the  policy  of  pan-Slavism,  whatever 
that  may  mean.  If  the  issue  of  German  against 
Slav  is  clcarl}'  raised,  as  it  seems  to  be  in  this 
war,  Russia  could  no  more  keep  out  of  it  than 
she  could  forbid  her  subjects  to  attend  the 
Greek  Catholic  Church. 

It  is  a  singular  fact  that  till  1914  there  never 
had  been  a  serious  war  between  Russia  and 
Austria.  Though  the  Russians  were  defeated 
by  the  French,  English,  and  Picdmontese  in 
1855,  and  b\'  the  Japanese  in  1905,  they  have 
in  man\'  wars  shown  militar\'  talent  and  a  fine 
fighting  force.  Russia  is  the  onl\'  nation  which 
without  the  assistance  of  allies  defeated  the 
great  Napoleon. 

In  case  of  victor\'  the  Russians  will  certainly 
demand  Constantinople,  which  means  that  the 
Turk  would  be  finally  shoved  out  of  Europe; 
England  and  France  would  probabI\'  favor  that 
solution  of  the  Near-Eastern  question.  If 
Sweden  should  be  involved  in  the  war,  Russia 
ma\'  claim  part  of  that  countr\'.  Some  "recti- 
fication of  the  frontier"  might  be  exacted  from 
Austria.  On  the  other  hand,  if  Russia  should 
be  seriousix'  defeated,  the  Finns  and  the  Poles 
ma\'  rise.  As  late  as  iHb^  there  was  an  insur- 
rection in  Poland.  Otherwise  it  is  not  likely 
that  the  great  colossus  of  Europe  will  be  under 
an\'  circumstances  put  in  a  less  favorable  posi- 
tion than  that  which  she  occupied  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  war. 

England  in  this  contest  is  not  fighting  to  gain 
an\thing  new,  but  simpl\'  to  hold  what  she 
has:  first  of  all  her  commerce.  .Xnd  there  seems 
a  reasonable  chance  of  protecting  English  mer- 
chantmen while  German  and  Austrian  must  lie 
in  port  or  be  captured.  The  Japanese  have  un- 
dertaken to  look  after  English  interests  in  Asia. 


M 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


The  English  hope  to  shut  the  German  navy 
up  in  the  North  Sea,  for  without  a  suppl>-  of 
food  stuffs  from  other  parts  of  the  world  Eng- 
land would  be  starved  out  after  a  few  months; 
while  France,  German}',  Austria,  and  Russia 
can  probabl}'  feed  themselves  and  their  troops. 
The  English  colonies  scattered  all  over  the 
world  are  a  bait  to  the  Germans.  Canada, 
Australia,  and  probably  South  Africa  can  take 
care  of  themselves,  but  India  is  a  problem  which 
nobody  at  present  can  solve.  German\',  Russia, 
or  France  can  be  badl\'  defeated  without  losing 
much  territor\'  or  dropping  a  place  in  the  «cale 
of  nations;  but  not  so  with  Great  Britain.  A 
victory  of  the  German  powers  would  infallibly 
deprive  Great  Britain  of  a  part  of  her  coj- 
onies,  a  large  portion  of  her  trade,  and  the 
prestige  of  being  the  greatest  sea  ^ower  in 
the  world. 


Of  all  the  great  powers  France  is  the  freest 
from  internal  dissension.  The  207,000  square 
miles  of  the  main  country  has  but  40  millions 
of  population;  and  the  French  have  been  almost 
in  despair  because  Germany  grows  so  much 
faster  and  therefore  has  so  many  more  recruits. 
The  colonies  of  France  in  Africa  and  Eastern 
Asia  are  nearly  as  large  as  the  United  States 
and  its  dependencies;  but  they  contain  only 
41  millions  of  an  indifferent  population.  Almost 
the  whole  population  of  France,  so  far  as  it  has 
religious   affiliations,   is    Roman   Catholic. 

France  is  supposed  to  be  the  thriftiest  large 
countr\'  in  Europe,  and  is  able  to  raise  nearly  a 
thousand  million  dollars  a  year  for  national  and 
local  public  purposes;  but  the  debt  is  more  than 
six  years'  national  income,  and  it  will  be  much 
increased  by  the  war.  The  country  has  had  a 
splendid  foreign  trade  of  1,700  miilion  dollars 
of  exports  and  2,000  million  of  imports,  and  it 
owns  a  considerable  merchant  marine. 

If  the  central  powers  should  get  control  of  the 
sea  it  would  go  hard  with  the  French  colonies, 
which  it  is  supposed  the  Germans  hope  to  se- 
cure. What  the  French  expect  from  the  war 
is  first  of  all  the  recovery  of  Alsace-Lorraine 
which  the  school  children  are  taught  to  con- 
sider two  French  provinces  temporarily  in 
possession  of  a  foreign  power.  It  was  a  tactical 
mistake  for  the  Germans  to  wrest  from  France 
provinces  which  have  shown  themselves  so 
French  in  feeling,  that  they  have  nevei  been 
allowed  to  have  a  popular  government.  The 
French  frontier  sweeps  about  within  sight  of 
'Met/.,  which  is  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses 
in  Europe.  If  the  French  have  the  physical 
power,  and  their  allies  will  back  them  up, 
Alsace-Lf)rraine  will  be  claimed  as  their  reward 
at  the  end  of  the  war. 

A  second  important  r^bject  of  l-  ranee  is  to  wipe 
out  the  fearful  disgrace  of  tin-  war  of  1H70  and 
1H71.  Napok-on  the  I  hircl  put  his  countr\'  in  a 
position  to  be  disciplined;  but  it  was  the  I  rench 
nation,  the  I  rench  people,  and  the  I- rench  army 
that     were    defeated     an'l     humiliated.     They 


mean  to  prove  to  mankind  that  they  cannot  be 
so  treated  a  second  time. 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 

The  centre  of  the  crater  in  European  affairs 
is  Austria-Hungary,  through  which  for  ages  has 
run  the  boundary  between  the  German  and  the 
Slav  races. 

The  Austrian-Hungarians  have  but  one  sea- 
coast  stretching  between  the  two  ports  of  Trieste 
and  Fiume,  beside  the  mountainous  coast  of 
Dalmatia,  which  has  a  Serb  population.  Never- 
theless she  has  developed  a  creditable  commerce 
and  her  ships  run  to  Constantinople,  to  India, 
and  to  New  York.  A  main  object  of  Austria  in 
this  war  is  to  push  that  coastline  farther  south, 
wiping  out  Montenegro  and  part  of  Albania; 
or  even  to  follow  out  a  plan  cherished  for 
half  a  century  to  obtain  a  tongue  of  land  be- 
tween Bosnia  and  the  /Egean  Sea,  with  the  port 
of  Salonica. 

The  three  objectives  of  Austria  in  the  war 
therefore  appear  to  be:  (i)  The  "execution"  of 
Servia  as  a  lesson  to  all  Serbs  of  what  will  hap- 
pen to  any  head  that  raises  itself  above  the 
level;  (2)  the  extension  of  territory  southward; 
(3)  The  holding  of  the  Slav  population,  partly 
by  force,  and  partly  by  tr>'ing  to  bring  those 
people  to  feel  that  their  country  is  in  danger. 
For  it  must  never  be  forgotten  that  both  the 
Balkan  people  and  the  Austrian-Hungarian 
Slavs  if  they  cannot  be  independent  will  at  least 
not  be  Russian.  Probablv  every  group  of  Slavs 
inside  the  Austrian-Hungarian  boundary  will 
stay  there,  rather  than  incur  any  such  danger. 

Whatever  happens  to  any  other  power, 
Austria-Hungary  is  playing  a  desperate  gam- 
bler's game  in  this  war.  The  Magvars  who  have 
long  hated  and  thwarted  the  Germans,  have 
now  united  with  them  to  keep  their  Slav  fellov. 
citizens  in  order.  If  Austria  and  Germany  are 
victorious,  the  empire  will  be  safe  fort  he 
time;  although  no  one  outside  the  boundaries 
of  that  empire  can  guess  the  possibility  of  Slav 
risings  during  the  war;  or  the  likelihood  that  the 
Slavs  will  take  to  heart  the  lesson  that  thev 
must  remain  inferior  and  subordinate  in  Aus- 
trian-Hungarian affairs. 

GERMANY 

By  common  consent  the  most  formidable 
military  power  in  Europe  is  Germany.  In 
area  (20c), 000  square  miles)  it  is  almost  exactly 
equal  to  F'rance,  but  the  population  is  65,000,000 
of  whom  52,000,000  are  Germans,  and  2,000,000 
are  Slavic  Poles.  With  that  exception  there  is 
nowhere  in  the  land  a  seriously  discontented 
race  element.  In  its  colonies,  which  are  chiefly 
African,  the  million  square  miles  contain  only 
24,000  white  people.  In  the  Empire  there  are 
40,000,000  Protestant,  24,000,000  Roman  Cath- 
olics and  half  a  million  Jews. 

The  national  taxes  are  nearly  1  ,(Kto  million  dol- 
lars a  year  and  the  debt  is  about  twelve  years' 
income.  1  he  country  has  a  magnificent  sys- 
tem of  railroads,  and  canals,  and  a  splendid  mer- 


THE   ALLIANCES    I  HA  T    MADl-,    IHL   WAR 


15 


chant  marine  of  more  than  3,000,000  tons;  and 
an  inward  and  outward  ttade  of  5,000  milh'on 
dollars.  No  country  has  ever  made  such  efforts 
to  carry  on  business,  government,  and  military 
affairs  in  a  scientific  and  s)'stematic  way. 

Germany's  objects  in  the  war  are  perfectly 
clear.  First  of  all,  to  give  notice  to  all  the  Ger- 
mans in  Europe,  to  the  Magyars,  and  to  the 
German,  Austrian,  and  Hungarian  Slav^  who 
"stay  good,"  the  assurance  that  Germans'  will 
fight  for  them  and  with  them.  In  the  second 
place  the  Slavs  outside  those  two  empires  are 
notified  that  the  Germanic  power  is  massed 
against  them.  In  the  third  place,  if  only  Ger- 
many can  get  the  command  of  the  sea  (in  which 
Austria  can  be  of  very  little  aid)  the  French  and 


English  colonies  must  fall.  A  decided  land 
victory  over  the  allies  in  Europe  might  justif>' 
the  demand  for  possession  of  colonies  that  had 
not  been  taken  by  the  fleet.  Germany  is  not 
likely  to  look  for  Russian  territory,  except  per- 
haps one  of  the  German  speaking  provinces  on 
the  Baltic;  but  if  she  can  she  will  insist  upon  a 
free  hand  in  Asia-Minor,  either  by  an  under- 
standing with  Turkey  or  by  crushing  Turkey. 
Finall\',  if  Germany  is  able  to  bring  it  about, 
Holland  will  almost  surely  be  annexed.  It  is  the 
natural  distributing  point  of  German  commerce, 
and  with  Holland  goes  a  tidy  lot  of  Asiatic 
islands.  A  victorious  Germany  will  not  go 
into  any  peace  negotiations  congress  without 
bringing  home  a  substantial  conquest  of  colonies. 


THE  ALLIANCES  THAT  MADE  THE  WAR 


BY 


ROLLO  OGDEN 

(editor  of   "the  new    YORK  EVENING   POST"j 


THERE  may  be  doubt  who  lighted 
the  match  that  has  wrapped  Eu- 
rope in  a  flame  of  war,  but  there 
can  be  no  question  what  constituted 
the  material  of  conflagration.  It 
was  the  grouping  of  the  great  Powers.  They 
were  as  a  series  of  powder  magazines  so  con- 
nected that  when  one  was  exploded  the  others 
blew  up.  Fire  started  in  the  Triple  Alliance  set 
the  Dual  Alliance  ablaze;  and  the  Triple  En- 
tente spcedils'  showed  that  it,  too,  was  highl\' 
inflammable.  The  verdict  of  history  will  agree 
with  the  calmest  contemporar\-  judgment  in 
holding  that  but  for  these  various  alliances, 
these  balancings  of  the  nations,  these  arrange- 
ments, treaties,  understandings,  Europe  could 
not  have  been  suddenl\'  tifrned  into  a  vast 
shambles. 

It  would  be  hard  to  find  a  swifter  conception 
or  clearer  statement  of  this  truth  than  in  the  col- 
umns of  a  leading  organ  of  German  public 
opinion,  on  the  very  eve  of  the  war.  The 
frankfurter  Zeitung  of  July  27  had  a  searching 
analxsis  of  the  perilous  situation  created  b\'  the 
savage  ultimatum  of  the  Austrian  (Government 
to  Servia.  The  significance  of  that  act  pene- 
trated the  European  mind  much  more  quickl\' 
than  it  did  the  American.  This  was  partl\' 
because  the  press  of  the  United  States  was 
badl>'  served  by  its  foreign  correspondents  in 
that  affair.  They  cabled  almost  nothing  about 
it,  even  da\s  after  every  intelligent  newspaper 
in  England,  in  France,  in  Russia  and  in  Cjer- 
many  was  expressing  a  sense  of  the  terrible 
danger  confronting  F.urope.  It  was  again  a 
case  (as  with  the  lell-tale  premonitions  of  the 
Balkan  War)  when  those  who  suppl\-  European 
news  to  the  American  press  found  it  easiest  to 


ignore  the  whole  matter,  as  simply  another  of 
those  far-off,  tedious  quarrels  in  southern  Eu- 
rope in  which  the  public  of  the  United  States 
took  no  interest.  Near  by,  however,  the  alarm 
was  instant  and  acute.  To  go  back  to  the 
Frankfurter  Zeitung  s  article  of  July  27,  it  began 
by  saying  that  the  Austrian  demand  on  Servia 
would  be  a  severe  test  of  "the  existing  system  of 
European  politics."  It  immediatel}'  perceived 
that  the  Triple  Alliance  (Germanx*,  Austria, 
Ital>)  would  be  strained  in  its  last  fibre.  It  was 
in  no  doubt  that  the  Dual  Alliance  (Russia, 
France)  would  at  once  vibrate  in  response,  and 
that,  the  Triple  Entente  (Russia,  France, 
England)  also  beginning  to  function,  the  nerves 
of  all  Europe  would  be  racked.  Then  would 
come  the  answer  to  the  question  whether  these 
alliances  were  reall\'  a  splendid  "instrument  of 
peace."  As  such  the\'  have  long  and  loudl>' 
been  boasted,  but  the  intelligent  Liberal  news- 
paper of  Frankfort  proceeded  to  say:  "We 
have  not  shared  that  belief,  but  on  the  contrary 
have  firml\-  maintained  that  European  peace 
did  not  depend  upon  an  equipoise  of  Powers  in 
groups,  but  upon  the  broad  basis  of  a  justly 
ordered  union  of  the  peoples."  Then  it  added 
that  the  proof  as  to  who  was  right  would  soon  be 
forthcoming.  If  the  Triple  Alliance  prevented 
war,  it  would  be  trul\'  "rich  in  blessings  to 
European  politics,"  but  if  not,  it  would  be  seen 
to  be  "a  chain  binding  the  peace  of  Europe  to 
the  will  of  persons  and  cliques  in  whom  the 
citizens  of  states  governed  in  the  spirit  of  liberty 
could  place  small  trust." 

The  e\ent  demonstrated  that  the  fear  was 
belter  grounded  than  i1k'  hope.  Directl\'  to 
alliances  that  were  long  held  up  as  the  surest 
safeguards  of  peace,  is  traceable  the  most  stu- 


\6 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


pendous  and,  in  nigh  probabilit\-,  the  most  de- 
vastating war  Europe  has  ever  known.  Almost 
as  the  guns  began  to  go  off,  the  President  of 
France  and  the  Czar  of  Russia  were  toasting  in 
St.  Petersburg  the  Dual  Alliance  which,  in  their 
phrase,  made  peace  a  certainty.  Hardl>-  had 
the  words  "la  paix  assure"  died  on  their  lips 
when  declarations  of  war  were  thundering  all 
round  the  horizon.  The  famous  "Go,  m\'  son, 
and  see  with  how  little  wisdom  the  world  is 
governed,"  gains  new  point  from  the  melan- 
choly crumbling  into  ruin  of  the  fabric  which 
the  best  statesmanship  of  Europe  has  been  for 
thirty  \  ears  erecting. 

To  understand  the  ss'stem  of  alliances  we 
must  know  something  of  the  system  which  pre- 
ceded it  and  which  it  displaced.  This  was  the 
old  doctrine  of  a  European  equilibrium.  It  was 
commonly  known  as  the  Balance  of  Power. 
This  has  never  been  described  more  pictur- 
esquely, and  at  the  same  time  philosophically, 
than  b\'  Kinglake: 

Any  prince  who  might  be  inclined  to  do  a  wrong  to 
another  State  casts  his  eyes  abroad  to  see  the  con- 
dition of  the  great  Powers.  If  he  observes  that  they 
are  all  in  a  sound  state  and  headed  by  firm,  able 
rulers  who  are  equal,  if  need  be,  to  the  duty  of  taking 
up  arms,  he  knows  that  his  contemplated  outrage 
would  produce  a  war  of  which  he  cannot  foresee  the  . 
scope  or  limit,  and,  unless  he  be  a  madman  or  a 
desperado  desiring  war  for  war's  sake,  he  will  be 
inclined  to  hold  back.  On  the  other  hand,  if  he  sees 
that  any  great  nation  which  ought  to  be  foremost  to 
resist  him  is  in  a  state  of  exceptional  weakness  or 
under  the  governance  of  unworthy  or  incapable 
rulers,  or  is  distracted  by  some  whim  or  sentiment 
interfering  with  her  accustomed  policy,  then  perhaps 
he  allows  himself  to  entertain  a  hope  that  she  may 
not  have  the  spirit  or  the  wisdom  to  perform  her 
duty.  That  is  the  hope,  and  it  may  be  said  in  these 
days  it  is  the  one  only  hope  which  would  drive  a 
sane  prince  to  become  the  disturber  of  Europe. 

This  was  the  general  theory  of  alliances  — 
fluid  and  changing  as  will  be  seen  —  which  ob- 
tained in  Europe  for  fifty  years  after  the  Napo- 
leonic wars.  It  was  brought  to  an  end  by  Bis- 
marck. In  place  of  it  he  set  up  the  idea  of 
rigid  and  hard-and-fast  alliances.  Himself 
the  creator  of  the  Triple  Alliance  and  —  by 
reflex  action  —  of  the  Dual  Alliance,  it  is  the 
w(jrkings  of  his  mind  that  we  must  study  if  we 
would  comprehend  the  "system"  of  modern 
Europe  that  emerged  from  it.  A  wonderful 
brain  it  was,  that  one  of  Bismarck's,  and  for 
years  it  was  busy  combining  and  shifting  and 
re-combining  the  Powers,  as  a  chessmaster 
works  (jver  the  possible  moves,  f  o  a  statesman 
who  could  occupy  his  sleepless  hours  by  select- 
ing a  new  (>abinet  for  Portugal,  the  game,  or 
task,  of  so  arranging  and  allying  the  countries 
of  Europe  as,  in  the  first  place,  to  further  Ger- 
man polic\',  and  next,  to  keep  the  peace  as  lf)ng 
as  possible,  must  have  been  fascinating.  He 
dill  not  leave  the  world  in  ignorance  of  his  view- 
points or  his  methods.  No  more  repaying 
chapters  will  one  lind   in   his   "(jcdanken   and 


Errinerungen"  than  those  in  which  he  unfolds 
his  theories  of  European  alliances.  What  he 
writes  has  to  be  carefully  checked  at  certain 
points,  but  as  we  read  we  feel  that  we  are  being 
let  into  the  first  plans  of  the  architect  who  built 
the  edifice  that,  until  the  other  day,  stood  be- 
fore us  in  its  proud  and  fair  proportions. 

It  all  dates  back  to  the  battle  of  Koniggriitz 
in  1866.  By  this  is  meant  that  immediately 
after  that  crushing  military  overthrow  of  Aus- 
tria, Bismarck,  whose  spirit,  more  truly  than 
Metternich's,  ever  "wrestled  with  to-morrow," 
perceived  that  Germany  might  soon  need  an 
alliance  with  Austria,  if  not  her  friendship. 
Thereupon  he  proceeded  to  enforce  an  amazing 
policy  of  moderation  upon  the  reluctant  King 
William  and  the  impatient  forwards  of  the 
Prussian  army.  He  vetoed  a  march  into  Vienna. 
In  preparing  for  the  treaty  of  peace  at  Nikols- 
burg,  he  insisted  that  no  territory  should  be 
demanded  from  Austria.  Why  take  land  that 
would  have  to  be  occupied  by  Prussian  soldiers 
when  every  available  man  would  soon  be  needed 
for  the  greater  struggle  with  France?  It  re- 
quired all  of  Bismarck's  force  and  authority  to 
carry  through  a  settlement  of  this  tenor.  Only 
by  the  aid  of  the  Crown  Prince  was  he  able  to 
break  down  the  strong  opposition  of  the  King. 
But  he  succeeded;  and  his  foresight  was  com- 
pletely justified  later.  Having  in  his  pocket 
the  secret  treaties  of  offensive  and  defensive 
alliance  with  Bavaria,  Wurttemberg  and  Baden, 
and  with  Austria's  benevolent  neutrality  as- 
sured, he  was  free  to  go  on  spinning  his  diplo- 
matic and  military  net  about  Napoleon  HI. 

This  germ  of  an  alliance  with  Austria,  Bis- 
marck set  himself  to  cultivate  and  expand  after 
the  defeat  of  France  and  the  consolidation  of 
the  German  Empire.  He  had  no  fancy  for 
temporary  coalitions.  They  gave  him  night- 
mares, he  said.  What  he  desired  was  an  endur- 
ing combination  of  great  Powers.  The  Triple 
Alliance,  as  he  originally  conceived  it,  consisted 
of  an  alliance  of  the  three  Emperors.  Later 
he  hoped  to  bring  in  Italy.  He  had  cherished 
the  plan  even  before  the  end  of  the  French  war, 
and  immediately  after  the  peace  of  Frankfort 
set  about  accomplishing  it.  Europe  soon  saw 
it  in  apparent  effect.  The  Dreikaiscrbiind  — 
Austria,  Russia,  Germany  —  functioned  suc- 
cessfully for  three  or  four  years.  It  was  broken 
up  in  1H75,  by,  as  Bismarck  maintained,  the 
provocations  and  lies  of  GortchakolT.  Whether 
in  that  year  Bismarck  really  intended  to  make 
another  war  upon  France,  is  still  disputed.  It 
is  certain  that  Mollke  urged  him  to  do  it.  It  is 
also  certain  that  luigland  and  Russia  were  ser- 
iously alarmed,  and  that  at  this  time  began  the 
Russian  inclination  to  France,  out  of  which 
soon  grew  the  Dual  Alliance.  This  compelled 
Bismarck  to  alter  his  scheme,  to  abandon  his 
hope  of  a  firm  understanding  with  Russia,  which 
he  protested  to  the  end  that  he  alwavs  would 
have  preferred,  since  he  believed  that  Russia 
was  the  natural  ally  of  (iermany,  and  at  the 
same  time  the  strongest  one  she  could  have,  and 


THE   ALLIANCES   THAT    MADE   WAR 


17 


to  fall  back  on  the  onl\'  powerful  alliance  then 
open  to  him  —  that  with  Austria  and  Italy, 
in  this  way  was  born  the  Triple  Alliance  which 
has  lasted  for  more  than  thirty  years  since  Bis- 
marck formed  it,  and  which  was  the  immediate 
cause,  through  its  obligations  and  binding  mil- 
itary agreements,  of  the  present  war  in  Europe. 

Italy's  motive  for  joining  the  Triple  Alliance 
has  always  seemed  a  little  obscure.  How  could 
Bismarck  persuade  her  to  clasp  hands  with  her 
hereditary  enem>-,  Austria?  It  has  been  said 
that  he  did  it  by  pla\ing  upon  her  vanity.  Italy 
was  flattered  by  being  invited  into  the  circle 
of  the  great  Powers.  But  there  was  another 
and  a  real  inducement,  which  Bismarck  knew 
how  to  lay  before  Italy  in  attractive  form.  She 
was  jealous  of  French  expansion  in  North  Africa. 
Against  that  she  could  fortify  herself  by  entering 
the  Triple  Alliance.  And  when  the  lime  came 
for  her  descent  upon  Tripoli,  she  would  have,  as 
she  did  have  two  vears  ago,  a  free  hand.  This 
must  have  been  the  chief  consideration  in  the 
mind  of  those  Italian  statesmen  who  have  for 
a  generation  held  Italy  true  to  what  seems  for 
her  an  unnatural  and  awkward  alliance.  Now 
that  she  has  achiexed  the  main  end  she  aimed 
at,  it  is  not  strange  that  she  has  been  showing 
signs  of  coldness  to  an  alliance  that  could  here- 
after mean  for  her  onlv  small  benefit  and  great 
burdens. 

Bismarck  was  perfectly  frank  in  stating  the 
object  he  pursued  in  forming  and  maintaining 
the  Triple  Alliance.  His  reasons  were  partly 
dvnastic.  The  houses  of  Hohenzollern  and 
Hapsburg  he  would  firmly  establish  beyond  the 
shock  of  republican  or  socialistic  agitation. 
The  Romanofi"s  he  would  have  gladly  included, 
had  not  Russia  drawn  apart.  He  feared  that 
there  would  be  a  great  struggle  between  the  two 
European  tendencies  which  Napoleon  called 
the  Republican  and  the  Cossack.  Bismarck 
was  for  the  system  of  order  on  the  monarchical 
basis,  and  it  was  to  stilfen  and  strengthen  it 
that  he  created  the  Triple  Alliance.  But  he 
had  also  a  military  purpose  —  a  defensive  pur- 
pose, as  he  contended.  He  desired  to  add  to 
the  fighting  power  of  Germany  the  armies  of 
Austria  and  Italy,  in  such  a  way  that  the  Em- 
pire could  be  free  from  danger  of  attack,  and 
might  enter  securely  upon  that  work  of  national 
development  and  increasing  influence  in  the 
councils  of  Europe  which  he  thought  of  as  be- 
longing b\-  right  to  the  greater  Germany  which 
he  had  builded.  And  it  is  certainly  a  high 
tribute  to  his  prescient  and  puissant  statecraft 
that  this  creation  of  his  genius  should  have 
endured,  with  scarce  a  change  in  form,  till  this 
day.  The  Triple  .Alliance  has  been  regularl\-  re- 
newed, at  each  period  of  expiration,  as  if  it  were 
one  of  the  fixed  institutions  of  European  politics. 

It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  the  Triple  Alli- 
ance was  an  alliance  in  ever\thing.  Each 
country  in  it  was  free  to  act  as  it  chose  in  those 
matters  which  lay  outside  the  agreed  scope  of 
common  action.  The  result  is  that  there  has 
often  appeared  to  be,  in  questions  not  exclu- 


sively European,  a  regrouping  of  the  Powers 
as  if  in  utter  disregard  of  the  Triple  Alliance. 
One  such  case  arose  at  the  close  of  the  war  be- 
tween Japan  and  Clhina.  In  opposition  to 
England,  Russia  and  France  were  closely  drawn 
together  with  Germany  in  protesting  against 
the  proposed  cession  of  territory  to  the  Jap- 
anese. This  they  did  indeed  prevent.  At 
that  period  both  Russian  and  French  diplomacy 
was  strongly  anti-English;  and  an  observer  at 
that  time  knowing  nothing  of  what  had  gone 
before,  would  have  concluded  that  the  real 
Triple  Alliance,  if  one  existed  at  all,  was  between 
France,  Russia,  and  Germans!  So  like  a  dis- 
sol\  ing  view  does  the  whole  s\stem  of  European 
friendships  and  alignments  often  appear. 

No  student  of  European  politics  could,  for 
example,  have  predicted  an\where  between 
iHgc)  and  1003  that  Europe  would  in  a  few  years 
see,  over  against  the  'Triple  .Mliance,  and  supple- 
mentary to  the  Dual  Alliance,  a  Triple  Entente 
uniting  Trance,  Russia,  and  England  and  bid- 
ding fair,  as  it  does  at  this  moment,  to  refashion 
the  whole  political  system  of  Europe.  This 
was,  given  the  past  history  and  diverse  interests 
of  the  countries  composing  it,  an  even  stranger 
mating  of  opposites  than  the  alliance  which 
bound  Italy  and  Austria  up  in  the  same  bundle. 
That  England  could  act  in  heart>-  unison  with 
France  seemed  only  less  unlikel\'  than  that  she 
could  so  act  with  Russia.  -But  she  actually 
joined  both  in  the  Triple  Entente!  Its  nature 
has  all  along  been  indefinite;  its  scope  has  not 
been  known  accurately  by  the  other  European 
Powers;  it  has  been,  as  it  were,  the  mystery  of 
diplomacy.  There  was  no  absolute  treaty 
underlying  it.  This  was  made  certain  by  the 
statement  within  a  year  of  the  British  Prime 
Minister,  in  answer  to  a  question  put  to  him  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  that  England  had  not 
bound  herself  by  treaty  to  act  jointly  with 
France  and  Russia.  This  left  the  matter  still 
ver\'  much  in  the  dark.  The  first  clear  light 
was  gi\en  by  Sir  Edward  Grey  just  before  the 
war  broke  out.  He  explained  that,  while  no 
specific  and  binding  agreement  had  been  made 
with  France,  an  exchange  of  notes  had  taken 
place  between  the  two  Governments.  The 
purport  of  them  was  that  if  either  countr\-  were 
attacked  b\'  a  third,  the  two  would  consult  to- 
gether for  common  defense.  Sir  Edward  had 
nothing  to  say  to  the  Commons  about  Russia. 
But  in  the  ofiicial  publication  of  diplomatic 
correspondence  which  he  authorized  shortly 
afterward,  was  a  telegram  from  the  Czar  to 
King  George  urging  him  "to  stand  b\"  Russia 
and  France.  This  would  impl\-  that  all  three 
were  placed  very  much  on  the  same  basis  b\'  the 
Triple  Entente.  Not  a  formal  pact,  it  was  of  the 
nature  of  "a  gentleman's  agreement."  All 
depended  upon  the  good  will  and  good  faith  in 
which  it  was  lived  up  to.  In  the  result,  it  ap- 
pears to  have  been  as  effective  as  an  actual 
alliance  cemented  by  treat\-;  having  most  of  the 
advantages  of  the  latter  without  some  of  the 
embarrassments. 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


How  the  Anglo-Russian  entente  cvdiaie  was 
brought  about,  is  not  definitel\'  and  fully  known. 
But  the  work  of  perfecting  a  good  understand- 
ing between  England  and  France  was  done 
under  the  e\'es  of  the  whole  world.  Sir  Thomas 
Barcla\',  in  his  recent  volume  of  "Anglo- 
French  Reminiscences,"  has  detailed  most  of 
the  steps.  Great  difficulties  had  to  be  o\er- 
come.  There  was  inherited  suspicion  along 
with  historical  causes  of  bitterness,  on  both 
sides.  Moreover,  there  has  been  recent  in- 
stances of  severe  friction.  The  position  and  the 
interests  of  France  and  England  in  Egypt 
furnished  material  for  sharp  controversies  and 
almost  open  quarrels  during  a  period  of  years. 
The  French  annexation  of  Madagascar  was  a 
thorn  in  the  side  of  Great  Britain.  In  1898, 
.Major  Marchand  at  Fashoda  brought  the  two 
countries  to  the  very  verge  of  war.  And  as 
long  as  Lord  Salisburx',  who  neither  liked  nor 
trusted  the  French,  was  in  charge  of  the  conduct 
of  British  foreign  relations,  nothing  was  possible 
except  the  continuation  of  a  policy  of  pin- 
pricking  on  both  shores  of  the  Channel.  A  bet- 
ter spirit  showed  itself  when  Mr.  Balfour  be- 
came Prime  Minister;  and  little  by  little,  by  the 
aid  of  commercial  organizations,  by  the  tactful 
offices  of  King  Edward,  and  by  means  of  a  more 
intelligent  diplomacy  in  Paris  as  well  as  in  Lon- 
don, the  two  countries  entered  upon  cordial 
and  even  close  relations.  The  great  outward 
and  visible  sign  of  this  significant  change  was 
the  Anglo-French  Arbitration  treat\'  of  1904. 
Indeed,  in  this  was  the  formal  decision  of  France 
finally  to  give  England  an  entirely  free  hand  in 
Egypt,  as  well  as  England's  consent  that  Mor- 
occo should  thereafter  be  ear-marked  for 
France;  and  any  other  question  that  might  arise 
to  disturb  the  good  feeling  between  the  two 
countries,  they  agreed  to  refer  to  arbitration. 
After  this,  the  pressing  on  to  the  fuller  and  more 
fruitful  Entente,  into  which  Russia  was  soon 
drawn,  was  natural  and  easy.  Thus  against 
Bismarck's  Three  came  to  stand  a  Three  which 
he  and  all  the  statesmen  of  his  day  would  have 
asserted  that  it  would  be  absolutely  impossible 
to  bring  together.  But  the  political  impossi- 
bility of  one  generation  is  often  the  established 
fact  of  another. 

Though  the  Triple  Alliance  was  in  cfTect  for 
a  generation,  it  was  until  very  recently  of  the 
nature  of  a  dormant  force.  Not  what  it  did, 
but  what  it  might  do,  was  long  the  chief  con- 
cern of  the  other  Eurrjpean  powers,  it  was 
plainl\'  a  high  potential.  Yet  the  purely  or- 
namental or,  at  least,  exterior  functions  of  the 
Triple  Alliance  were  for  many  years  the  only 
public  proof  that  it  gave  of  its  existence,  'f  here 
was  the  annual  exchange  of  ro>aI  visits  between 
Vienna  and  Berlin  and  Rome;  there  were  the 
military  reviews,  the  naval  displays,  the  ban- 
(luels,  the  toasts,  the  embracings.  Similarly, 
the  Dual  Alliance  seemed  content  to  take  it  out 
in  nourishes  about  the  unliving  friendship  be- 


tween Russia  and  France.  But  a  sharp  warn« 
ing  was  given  six  }ears  ago.  An  overt  act 
showed  that  the  latent  possibility  in  the  Triple 
Alliance  might  any  day  become  a  threatening 
reality.  In  1908,  the  Austrian  Govern. nent 
suddenly  announced  the  annexation  to  Austria 
of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina.  These  two  prov- 
inces had  by  the  Treaty  of  Berlin  been  placed 
under  an  Austrian  protectorate;  but  their  cool 
taking  over  as  part  and  parcel  of  a  Dual  Mon- 
archy, was  a  direct  challenge  to  European  dip- 
lomacy. Russia  was  deeply  moved.  Every 
Slavic  fibre  in  her  heart  thrilled  with  remon- 
strance against  this  subjection  to  Austria- 
Hungar\'  of  Slav  populations.  England  was  the 
first  to  protest.  Sir  Edward  Grey  urged  that 
no  step  in  disregard,  if  not  violation,  of  a  public 
treaty  of  Europe  could  be  warranted  except 
by  a  congress  of  the  Powers,  of  which  he  pro- 
posed the  early  summoning.  But  Germany,  of 
course,  aware  in  advance  of  the  Austrian  plans, 
objected;  and  when  Russia  thereupon  began  to 
hint  at  using  force  against  Austria,  the  action 
of  the  Kaiser  was  swift  and  menacing.  He 
threatened  an  instant  mobilization  on  the  Rus- 
sian frontier;  and  the  Czar's  military  advisers 
warned  him  that  the  Russian  army  was  in  no 
condition  to  resent  this:  On  the  24th  of  last 
Jul}',  however,  the  Minister  of  War  informed 
the  Grand  Council  at  St.  Petersburg  that  1914 
was  very  different  from  1909,  and  that  Russia 
was  now  in  position  to  ignore  or  def\'  the  mil- 
itary threats  of  German\'.  This  shows  how  the 
affront,  as  Russia  considered  it,  of  the  annexa- 
tion of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  had  rankled  in 
the  Czar's  mind  these  six  \ears,  and  how  he  was 
determined  not  to  be  caught  again  by  an  an- 
ticipatory German  mobilization.  The  Bosnian 
incident  may  also  have  had  its  effect  on  the 
year's  crisis  in  another  way.  It  may  have 
made  Berlin  over-confident.  Having  fright- 
ened Russia  from  interfering  with  Austria's 
forward  policy  once,  why  not  think  to  do  it 
successfully  twice?  However  this  may  have 
been,  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  events  of 
1908-9  were  the  sure  prelude  to  the  war  of  1914. 
In  whatever  way  that  war  may  end,  one  re- 
sult of  it  is  certain  to  come.  The  Triple  Alli- 
ance will  expire.  This  would  happen  even  if 
German  and  Austrian  arms  should  triumph. 
In  that  case  Italy  would  come  in  for  something 
very  different  from  an  invitation  to  renew  the 
Triple  Alliance.  Victory  by  England,  France 
and  Russia  would  clearly  make  such  a  renewal 
impossible.  Indeed  the  whole  system  of  Eu- 
ropean alliances  will  be  radically  altered  by 
the  war.  Perhaps  in  time  we  may  see  it  dis- 
placed by  some  form  of  that  ^^olkerveretn  of 
which  the  l-raukfiirtcr  Zeitung  spoke.  At  all 
events,  the  Triple  Alliance,  which  was  said  to 
have  kept  the  peace  of  fiurope  for  thirty  years, 
and  which  has  now  plunged  it  into  the  most 
terrible  of  all  wars,  will  soon  be  as  dead  as  the 
Hol\'  Allia'Hi-  of  our  grandfathers. 


A  WAR    CORRESPONDENT'S   IMPRES- 
SIONS OF  THE   FIGHTING  ARMIES 


BY 


JAMES  F.  J.  ARCHIBALD 

[Mr.  Archibald  has  seen  service  in  fifteen  campaii^ns,  has  been  with  twenty-six  armies  in  the  field, 
and  has  seen  sixteen  armies  in  actual  international  war. —  The  Editors.] 


FROM  a  purely  military  standpoint  the 
Fuiropean  crisis  of  to-day  presents  a 
situation  that  staggers  the  mind  of  any 
one  conversant  with  the  technical  side 
of  warfare.  Bullets  and  bayonets  are 
the  spectacular  sources  toward  which  the  public 
invariably  turn  for  their  news  sensations,  but  as 
a  matter  of  fact  they  are  of  the  smallest  import- 
ance in  the  military  scheme.  First  of  all  comes 
the  problem  of  the  commissariat  and  then  that 
of  transportation. 

It  was  Russia's  line  of  communication  that 
defeated  her  in  Manchuria,  not  the  Japanese. 
Her  distance  from  her  base  of  supplies  and  her_ 
general  unpreparedness  brought  defeat  to  her 
arms,  but  to-day  a  different  situation  arises. 
The  combatants  who  have  cast  their  lot  for  war 
border,  geographically,  so  closely  upon  one 
another  that  the  problem  of  transportation 
does  not  enter  largely  into  the  present  campaign ; 
the  theatre  of  war  is  comparatively  so  small 
that  there  remains  but  one  serious  problem,  the 
commissariat,  and  that  has  been  fully  antici- 
pated by  Austria  and  Germany.  It  remains  to 
be  seen  whether  Russia  and  France  have  food 
supplies  sufficient  to  maintain  their  forces  for 
the  next  eight  or  ten  months,  while  their  sea 
communications  are  in  jeopardy  or  possibly 
interrupted. 

During  the  last  few  years  1  have  spent  many 
months  in  the  field  with  these  various  armies. 
Tlie  Russians  impressed  me  as  a  magnificent 
fighting  force.  They  are  heavy  and  slow  in 
movement,  but  their  rank  and  file  knows  no 
thought  but  that  of  obedience.  I  saw  the  Boers 
lose  fight  after  fight,  and  position  after  position, 
because  the  rank  and  file  "thought  it  out"  for 
themselves  and  disregarded  orders,  but  the  Rus- 
sian soldier  will  go  unthinkingly  into  any  posi- 
tion where  his  officers  lead  him.  I  have  seen 
entire  regiments  of  Russians  wiped  out  to  a 
man  by  the  enemy's  artillery  fire  apparently 
without  an  idea  of  retreat.  They  were  ordered 
to  hold  their  position  and  they  held  it,  even 
with  their  bodies,  in  death.  Such  sacrifice  is 
necessary  in  warfare,  and  it  enables  command- 
ers to  play  their  grim  game  in  their  own  way. 

The  Ser\ians  will  be  no  easy  task  for  Austria, 
but  tlie  result  as  between  the  two  countries  is 
inevitable,  for  Austria  must  conquer  with  her 
superior  force,  her  superior  equipment,  and  hei 


splendid  training.  A  comparatively  small  force 
can  simply  hold  them  in  check,  while  .Austria's 
main  army  joins  Cjermany  on  the  north  to  repel 
Russia,  and  later  when  less  occupied,  if  victor- 
ious, the  Cjermans  and  Austrians  can  push 
against  Ser\ia. 

Roumania  will  be  an  important  element,  and, 
if  it  is  possible  for  her  to  remain  neutral,  she 
will  gain  mucii  in  this  struggle.  Less  than  four 
months  ago  I  had  a  long  talk  with  Crown 
Prince  Ferdinand  of  Roumania,  and,  in  antici- 
pation of  some  such  trouble,  he  said  that  he  had 
advised  his  uncle,  King  Carol,  to  remain  neu- 
tral at  any  cost.  However,  the  engagement 
of  Prince  Ferdinand's  oldest  son  to  a  daughter 
of  the  Czar  of  Russia  may  have  its  bearing  on  the 
situation.  If  Roumania  remains  neutral  it 
prevents  Russia  from  going  to  Servia's  aid  ex- 
cept by  frontal  attack  through  Austria  and 
Hungary.  If  Bulgaria  enters  the  fight  with 
Servia  the  Russian  troops  could  be  landed  on 
the  Black  Sea  and  put  into  action  in  two  da\s 
by  rail  communication.  j 

My  recent  tour  of  the  Balkans  convinced 
me  that  it  will  be  a  most  difficult  task  to 
bring  any  enthusiasm  among  the  lower  classes 
in  either  of  these  countries  except  Roumania, 
where  the  peasants  are  of  a  higher  class.  Rou- 
mania is  strictly  for  peace,  but  I  have  never 
seen  a  more  magnificent  force  of  men  than  con- 
stitute her  army.  Her  aeronautic  corps  is 
highl\'  advanced  and  her  artiller\'  equal  in 
efficiency  to  that  of  the  French.  The  whole 
country  is  more  like  France,  and  French  influence 
is  more  in  evidence  than  that  of  any  other 
country  in  Europe.  In  Bulgaria  and  Servia 
the  lower  classes  have  had  their  fill  of  the  hor- 
rors of  war,  and,  although  the\'  will  be  com- 
pelled to  fight,  their  mo\ements  will  lack  much 
of  the  zest  and  patriotic  enthusiasm  shown  at 
the  time  the\'  fought  the  demoralized  Turks. 

It  is  different  in  .Austria.  I  recentl>'  spent 
several  months  in  German\-, Austria,  and  Hun- 
gary, and  found  a  war  spirit  per\ading  the  en- 
tire countr\'.  The  Austrian  soldiers  form  an 
ideal  military  force.  They  are  as  strong  and 
hard\'  as  the  Germans,  but  have  all  the  ac- 
tive mobililN  of  the  IVench.  The  Hungarians 
are  of  the  same  t\  pe  and  are,  if  that  were  possi- 
ble, even  more  patriotic  and  more  greatl\-  im- 
bued with  the  war  spirit.     An  incident  which 


IHH  WORLD'S  WORK 


20 

came  to  my  notice  recently  serves  to  show  that 
spirit.     I  was  visiting  for  a  couple  of  weeks  in 
Belgrade,  and  was  invited  by  the  Austrian  Min- 
ister,  Count   Forgach,   to  attend   a  review  of 
several  thousand  troops  at  Semlin,  just  across 
the  river  in  Hungary.     While  riding  back  to 
the  barracks  after  the  review,  the  commanding 
officer  of  the  regiment  of  Hungarian   Hussars 
with  whom   1   rode  called  up  man  after  man 
from  the  ranks  to  speak  to  me.     Every  one  of 
them  were  American  citizens,  eight  of  them  be- 
longed  to  the   Penns>lvania   National   Guard, 
and  each  of  them  had  returned  to  Hungar\-  for 
his  military  service  as  a  matter  of  pleasure,  not 
duty.     The  war  spirit  is  very  strong.     1  doubt 
if  there  is  any  other  country  interested  in  this 
war  where  the  patriotism   will   be  as   keenly 
shown,  with  the  possible  exception  of  France. 
There,  of  course,  the  same  feeling  is  universal. 
Austria   and   Servia   have   precipitated   this 
titanic  struggle,  but  underl\ing  that  local  sit- 
uation which  came  to  a  head  following  the  m- 
vestigation    of   the    assasination   of   Archduke 
Ferdinand  and  his  wife  in  Sarajevo,  there  is 
the  great  problem  of  an  economic  war  between 
the  Slav  and  the  Teuton  for  supremacy  in  the 
Balkans.     Russia  has  not  been  supporting  Ser- 
via for  the  last  years  for  Servia's  good;  she  has 
not  poured  arms  and  ammunition  and  instruct- 
ir.g  officers  into  Servia  for  Servia's  good;  neither 
has  she  made  presents  of  batteries  of  artillery 
to  the  Bulgarian  Czar  for  the  good  of  Bulgaria. 
Russia  has  been  preparing  for  this  struggle  ever 
since  she  was  checked   by  Japan   in  the  F'ar 
East.     Austria  has  known  this,  Germany  has 
known  it  —  in  fact,  every  one  seems  to  have 
known  it,  except  the  Servians  and  the  Bulgar- 
ians.    The\'   apparently   wish   to   believe   that 
Russia  is  helping  them  for  their  own  sake  as  a 
pure  matter  of  philanthropic  aid.     Russia  has 
entered  upon  the  struggle  to  determine  what 
nation  will  dominate  the  future  of  Europe. 

Turke\'  must  be  seriously  considered  in  this 
conflict.  Her  arms  might  easil>-  be  the  balance 
of  power.  There  is  no  better  fighting  force  in 
the  world  to-day  than  the  Turks.  1  saw  a  hun- 
dred thousand  Turks  mobilized  in  Albania 
during  the  revolution  before  the  Balkan  War, 
with  as  little  trouble  as  we  would  move  a 
brigade  —  magnificent  fatalists,  armed  and 
ecjuipped  in  the  most  modern  manner.  These 
men  went  down  to  defeat  before  an  inferior 
people  and  an  inferior  ff)rce,  beaten,  not  by  the 
arms  of  the  enem\',  but  by  politics  at  home.  A 
few  weeks  ago  I  saw  these  same  lurks  in  Con- 
stantinfjple.  They  again  had  their  old  spirit  — 
their  ec|uipmcp*  was  even  better,  and  the  use- 
less domains  r,  leir  empire,  which  has  been  a 
drain  on  them,  had  been  cut  off.  A  new  party 
is  in  power,  and  the  Turkey  of  to-day  must  be 
reckoned  with  in  this  struggle,  both  in  arms  and 
in  diplomacy.  There  is  nf)  better  infantry  in 
the  world  than  the  Turkish  infantry;  their  ab- 
sU-mious  habits,  their  national  temperance, 
which  is  a  part  of  llii-ir  laitli.  put.  thoni  among 
the  best  foot  soldiers  ol  the  world. 


France  seems  to  be  prepared  to  the  minute, 
and  her  patriotism  can  never  be  doubted;  but 
her  great  error  was  in  allowing  Germany  to 
strike  first.  France  should  have  had  her  mobli- 
ization  well  under  way,  and  not  allowed  herself 
to  be  caught  unprepared. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  find  two  armies  more 
unlike  in  every  detail  than  those  of  France  and 
Germany.  The  German  force  is  a  force  of 
great  strength,  of  solid  frontal  attack,  of  slow- 
moving  bodies  of  great  power  and  heav\'  dis- 
cipline. In  France  the  discipline  is  different. 
I  would  never  call  it  lax;  it  is  friendly.  The 
officers  and  men  are  in  closer  relations  than  in 
Germany,  but  their  efficiency  is  surely  just  as 
great.  The  French  army  is  far  more  mobile, 
their  artillery  is  the  best  in  the  world,  and  if 
it  be  properly  served  it  should  be  the  mainsta\' 
of  the  Republic's  fighting  force.  I  have  never 
seen  the  French  force  in  action  except  in  a 
small  way  in  Morocco,  but  even  there  their 
adaptability  was  proven,  and  they  showed  their 
true  worth  in  this  small  African  campaign. 

The  French  native  force  of  Northern  Africa 
is  bound  to  be  a  great  element  in  the  present 
struggle  against  Germany,  and  no  time  will  be 
lost  in  throwing  them  in  the  field  in  France. 
They  are  a  hardy,  fast,  fight-loving  mass,  and 
.  will  glory  in  doing  their  share  in  a  European  war. 
No  great  war  has  been  fought  since  the  de\el- 
opment  of  the  aeroplane,  and  all  militar}'  auth- 
orities look  forward  with  much  interest  to  the 
ultimate  result  of  the  world's  first  experiments 
in  this  branch. 

Each  country  engaged  has  spent  much  money 
and  much  thought  upon  this  most  important 
arm,  and  some  vital  elTects  are  bound  to  be  the 
result.  The  primary  effect  will  be  that  the 
present  state  of  aviation  will  tend  toward  short- 
ening the  war.  Many  days  and  weeks  of  wait- 
ing for  reports  from  scouts  and  scouting  ex- 
peditions will  be  obviated;  great  masses  oi" 
troops  and  important  movements  will  be  easil\ 
detected  by  this  modern  method.  Thousands 
of  lives  were  formerly  sacrificed  in  the  necessary 
endeavor  to  deploy  and  discover  the  enemy.  I 
sat  on  the  top  of  a  hill  in  Manchuria  with  the 
stafl"  of  Lieutenant-General  Baron  Sassulich, 
and  saw  him  send  three  regiments  forward  to 
certain  death,  simply  to  discover  the  enemw 
It  took  them  half  of  a  broiling  hot  day,  and  ver\' 
few  of  them  returned  after  they  had  accom- 
plished their  task.  To-day  one  man  can  ac- 
complish that  work  in  an  hour. 

Trance  is  undoubtedly  belter  prejiared  f(jr 
this  branch  of  the  service  than  an)'  other  of  the 
countries  at  war.  Each  privately  owned  aero- 
plane will  be  placed  at  the  service  of  the  Govern- 
ment, and  the  factories  in-France  will  be  able  to 
keep  the  supply  equal  to  the  military  demand. 
Tor  I-" ranee  it  will  be  most  important,  for  it  will 
allow  Ihem  to  keep  in  constant  communii  .i- 
lion  willi  their  allies  even  should  all  telegraphic 
and  sea  intercourse  be  interrupted.  It  will 
even  permit  the  importation  of  minor  supplies 
and  .immuniliuii  into  a  besieged  city. 


THE  TROOPS    THAT  HAVE  SEEN  SERVICE 


2! 


As  Germany  has  devoted  much  consideration 
to  the  great  dirigibles,  she  is  ready  to  take  the 
oll'ensive  in  this  aerial  warfare,  and  as  the  radius 
of  activity  of  these  monster  airships  is  very 
<!reat  their  menace  will  be  serious  indeed.  Even 
1-^ngland  will  not  be  free  from  vital  attack. 

Austria  will  surprise  the  world  in  her  pre- 
paredness in  aviation.  As  a  member  of  the 
Austrian  Aero  Club  1  have  followed  the  progress 
of  her  development  for  the  last  five  years,  and 
it  has  been  most  active.  Under  Baron  Con- 
stantine  Economo,  a  cousin  of  Ambassador 
Constantine  Dumba,  the  private  air-fleet  of 
Austria  and  Hungary  has  grown  to  enormous 
proportions.  Baron  Economo  is  the  president 
of  the  Aero  Club  of  Vienna  and  has  been  work- 
ing in  conjunction  with  thegovernmental officials 
to  develop  a  corps  to  be  placed  at  the  command 
of  the  Emperor  in  a  time  such  as  this.  Their 
value  in  allowing  a  small  force  to  occupy  the 
attention  of  the  Servians  will  be  verv  great  as 
they  will  prevent  any  troop  movement  of 
strength  surprising  any  portion  of  the  Austrian 
line.  In  this  connection  a  motor  corps  has 
been  recently  organized  in  Austria  which  now 
numbers  many  hundreds,  and  their  value  in  the 
rapid  transportation  of  troops  and  supplies  is 
most  obvious.  It  includes  every  sort  of  motor- 
driven  vehicle,  automobile,  motor  cycles  and 
motor  trucks.     In  a  country  where  compulsory 


service  is  in  force  all  motors  and  iheir  drixers 
could  be  commandeered  in  any  event,  but  their 
organization  in  time  of  peace  forms  a  splendid 
foundation  for  a  war-time  movement  in  trans- 
portation. 

Russia's  aeronautic  corps  has  not  been  as 
highly  devek)pfd  as  that  of  the  other  countries, 
but  she  has  several  hundred  aeroplanes  and  their 
service  is  sure  to  be  of  \ital  importance  owing 
to  the  fact  that  she  must  oppose  two  nations 
on  the  frontier. 

Servia  has  ten  of  the  most  modern  air  craft, 
but  she  has  not  developed  their  efficiency  to  a 
degree  where  they  will  be  of  material  benefit 
during  the  present  struggle.  She  had  these  same 
craft  during  her  recent  war  and  did  not  make 
any  effective  use  of  them  whatsoever. 

The  great  problem  of  the  war  in  Europe  will 
be  food.  England  has  only  a  few  months'  food 
supply  on  hand  at  any  time.  She  is  entirels" 
dependent  upon  Canada,  America,  Argentina, 
and  .Australia,  and  should  the  control  of  the  sea 
be  in  doubt  for  a  moment  her  ships  could  not 
transport  the  supply.  France,  Germany,  and 
.Austria  will  also  experience  much  difficultv  in 
providing  their  food  supplies.  Russia  will  be 
in  a  better  position  as  she  will  be  able  to  subsist 
her  armies  from  her  eastern  provinces  which 
are  not  affected  by  the  war  or  even  to  supply 
herself  over  the  Trans-Siberian  railroad. 


THE  TROOPS  THAT  HAVE  SEEN 

SERVICE 


IT  IS  a  curious  fact  that  almost  all  the  troops 
in  thiswar  that  have  seen  actual  service  before 
are  in  the  armies  of  the  anti-German  allies. 
At  Mukden,  in  1905,  Russia  had  as  large  a 
single  army  as  ever  entered  battle  in  the 
history  of  the  world.  In  that  one  battle  Russia 
had  310,000  men.  The  soldiers  in  its  armies  in 
the  East  received  a  thorough  seasoning.  The 
large  proportion  of  these  veterans  is  available 
for  the  Russian  .Army  now.  They  have  proved 
themselves  to  be  excellent  soldiers.  The  re- 
ports of  the  United  States  army  observers  in 
Manchuria  bear  witness  to  the  stubborn  courage 
of  the  Russian  soldier  under  the  most  tr>ing 
conditions.  Even  with  the  poor  leadership 
(from  which  he  suffered  in  Manchuria)  he  will 
stand  tremendous  losses  without  breaking. 
The  Manchurian  veterans  will  toughen  the 
fibre  of  the  Russian  armw  Whether  the  lessons 
of  Manchuria  quickened  the  intelligence  and 
increased  the  skill  of  Russian  leadership  is  still 
to  be  seen. 

Russia's  ally,  France,  has  also  a  body  of 
troops  seasoned  b\'  actual  warfare  though  not 
nearl\'  so  large  a  body.  Within  the  last  ten 
years  France  has  had  as  man\-  as  70,000  troops 
in  Morocco  at  one  time.     Though  the  service  in 


Nortff  Africa  has  not  been  against  such  ad- 
versaries as  now  confront  the'  troops  of  the  Re- 
public, it  has  been  a  particularl\'  arduous  service 
in  a  difficult  countr\'.  Under  these  conditions 
the  French  North  African  force  has  become  one 
of  the  best  known  fighting  forces  in  the  world. 

England's  last  active  fighting  on  a  large  scale 
was  m  the  Boer  War  twelve  \ears  ago,  when  it 
had  a  million  men  in  the  field.  England  should 
be  able  to  draw  on  some  of  those  men,  and  the 
officers  in  command  of  the  British  armv  now- 
very  largel\-  got  their  actual  experience  in  the 
South  African  campaign. 

The  best  seasoned  troops  in  the  war  are  the 
Montenegrins  and  Servians,  veterans  of  two 
bloodx'  wars  hardl\-  a  \ear  gone  b\-. 

On  the  other  side  the  German  and  Austrian 
armies  are  without  actual  war  experience,  ex- 
cept for  the  Southwest  .African  campaigns  of 
1903-6  in  which  there  were  nearly  20,000  Ger- 
man troops  at  one  time.  German\-  has  not  had 
a  larger  b()d\'  of  troops  engaged  than  this  since 
the  Franco-Prussian  War.  Austria,  except  for 
such  comparativel>'  small  t)perations  as  the 
war  against  the  Begs  in  Bosnia  in  the  late 
'seventies,  has  had  no  active  warfare  since  the 
war  with  Prussia  in  1866. 


THE  ARMIES  OF  EUROPE 


THEIR  NUMBERS,  CHARACTER,  ARMS,  AND  THE   PROBLEMS   BEFORE  THEM  —  THE 
FORTIFICATIONS    AND    THE    STRATEGY    OF    THE    WAR 

BY 

FREDERIC  LOUIS  HUIDEKOPER 

[Mr.  Huidekoper,  who  has  foUoxved  the  principal  European  armies,  is  a  vcriter  of  acknowledged 
authority  on  the  campaigns  of  Frederick  the  Great,  Napoleon,  and  Von  Moltke,  as  well  as  on  mili- 
tary subjects  of  the  day. — The  Editors]  — 


THE  war  in  which  all  Europe  is  em- 
barked will  undoubtedly  be  the  most 
gigantic  struggle  in  the  histor\'  of  the 
world  —  so  gigantic  that  even  the 
Napoleonic  wars  will  seem  like  dwarfs 
in  comparison. 

To  understand  the  present  situation  in 
Europe  one  must  look  at  the  arms  and  aims  of 
each  country  in  turn. 

Ever  since  the  reign  of  I\an  the  Great  (1462- 
1505),  Russia  has  pursued  one  polic\-  with  ex- 
traordinar\-  consistency  her  effort  being  to  im- 
prove herself  by  close  contact  with  more  civil- 
ized nations,  and  to  obtain  access  to  the  sea, 
especially  in  warm  waters.  The  wars  which 
she  has  waged  against  Poland,  Sweden,  the 
Turks  of  the  Khanate  of  the  Crimea,  Prussia, 
Napoleon,  the  Turks  in  1877-1878,  and  Japan, 
her  stealthy  advance  in  Central  Asia  and  her 
intrigues  in  the  Far  East,  in  Persia  and  the 
Balkans,  are  all  part  and  parcel  of  this  policy. 
She  has  constituted  herself  the  protectress  of 
the  Slavonic  people  in  the  Balkans  in  return  for 
which  they  may  help  her  to  secure  Constanti- 
nople, the  plum  upon  which  she  has  looked 
with  longing  eyes  for  centuries. 

It  is  an  open  secret  that  Russian  expansion 
deliberately  plans  access  to  the  North  Sea  over 
Scandinavia's  prostrate  nationalism,  while  at 
the  same  time  it  is  reaching  for  a  United  Slavic 
Balkan  peninsula,  bordering  south  and  east- 
ward on  the  Adriatic,  the  Marmora,  and  the 
Black  Sea,  with  complete  control  of  their  strate- 
gic sea-gates,  the  Bosphorus  and  the  Darda- 
nelles. Germany,  geographically  inside  of  Rus- 
sia's enveloping  ambitions,  is  even  more  re- 
solved upon  an  expanding  empire,  which  shall 
extend  evenluall\-  from  Dutch  and  Belgian 
ports  on  the  North  Sea,  clear  through  what  is 
now  Turkey,  along  the  line  of  the  Bagdad  rail- 
road to  the  Persian  Gulf. 

Moreover,  there  is  the  possibility  that  if  the 
Austrian  Empire  breaks  up  on  the  death  of  its 
present  ruler  —  as  has  long  been  expected  —  the 
Kaiser  or  his  descendants  may  become  pos- 
sessed of  that  territory  and  the  important  port 
of  Trieste  on  the  Adriatic.  At  the  present  mo- 
ment, Russia's  interests  in  that  part  of  the  con- 
linent  dasli  with  Austria's.  Austria  is  keenl\ 
alive  to  its  need  to  contrtjl  the  Adriatic,  hence 


her  occupation  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  in 
1908,  her  resolution  not  to  permit  the  Servi- 
ans to  have  the  port  of  Scutari,  and  her  recent 
creation  of  the  Kingdom  of  Albania.  Her  re- 
cent stand  with  respect  to  Servia  is  based  upon 
her  determination  to  permit  no  interference 
with  her  rights  in  that  part  of  Europe. 

Back  of  these  Austrian  ambitions  is  the  Pan- 
Germanic  idea  —  the  German  slogan  of  the 
famous  March  to  the  East  — which  is  diametri- 
cally' opposed,  as  already  indicated,  to  a  Rus- 
sianized Balkans,  or  powerful  Slav-Balkan 
state. 

These  facts  afford  a  glimpse  into  the  in- 
trigues of  these  nations  and  the  struggle  be- 
tween Russia,  on  the  one  hand,  and  German\- 
and  Austria  on  the  other,  to  obtain  the  upper 
hand  in  the  Balkans  politically,  commerciall\-, 
and  by  the  effort  of  each  one  to  introduce  its 
system  of  military  training  —  all  which  were 
discussed  at  such  length  in  American  news- 
papers during  the  late  war,  but  without  any  at- 
tempt to  throw  light  on  the  fundamental  rea- 
sons from  which  they  sprang. 

The  map  of  Europe  shows  Great  Britain 
separated  from  the  continent  b\'  a  narrow  strip 
of  trouble  water  which  has  played  a  role  in 
history  only  equalled  by  the  Mediterranean. 
Her  security  is  dependent  mainly  upon  the 
ability  of  her  fleets  to  prevent  invasion.  Her 
land  forces  are  a  secondary  consideration.  Her 
task  is  to  defend  the  British  Isles;  to  protect 
the  carrying  trade  of  the  world  which  is  in  her 
hands;  to  keep  open  communication  with  her 
colonial  possessions  scattered  all  over  the  globe; 
and  to  prevent  her  food  supply  from  abroad 
from  being  cut  off  lest  she  starve  to  death. 

The  main  motive  in  France  is  revenge  for 
1870-71  and  the  reconquest  of  the  lost  prov- 
inces of  Alsace  and  I  .orraine. 

European  armament  and  European  armies 
are  at  the  same  time  the  result  of  these  con- 
flicting ambitions,  just  briefly  indicated,  and 
the  means  by  which  each  nation  hopes  to  satisfv 
its  own  territorial  hunger  at  the  expense  of  the 
other  nations. 

For  the  benefit  of  the  uninitiated  in  mililai\ 
matters,  it  may  be  said  that  almost  every  great 
nation  has  a  regular  army,  and  one,  two,  or  thrcf 
reserves.     In  lime  of  peace  the  regular  armies 


THE  ARMIES  OF   EUROPE 


23 


are  kept  on  a  reduced,  or  "peace  footing." 
When  war  is  imminent,  they  are  enlarged  to 
their  "war  footing"  by  augmenting  them  to  full 
strength,  either  by  additional  men  drawn  from 
the  reserves  or  by  recruiting,  and  by  organizing, 
equipping,  and  supplying  them  for  active  oper- 
ations in  the  field.  This  is  known  as  mobiliza- 
tion. Army  affairs  are  administered  by  a  coun- 
cil presided  over  by  the  Minister  of  War,  which 
includes  certain  high  military  ofilcers  charged 
with  duties  necessary  to  the  proper  manage- 
ment of  land  forces.  One  of  these  is  the  Chief 
of  the  General  Staff  who  is  nearly  always  the 
commander-in-chief  in  time  of  war.  The  Gen- 
eral Staff  prepares  all  plans  of  war,  sees  to  the 
proper  co-ordination  of  the  various  branches  of 
the  service,  and  superintends  the  execution  of 
the  plans  determined  upon.  There  are  two 
kinds  of  troops:  mobile,  and  fixed,  i.e.,  sta- 
tioned in  fortifications.  The  mobile  troops 
are  of  two  sorts:  those  of  the  line,  i.e.,  the  fight- 
ing men,  which  include  the  infantry,  cavalry, 
and  artillery;  and  those  of  the  staff.  Broadly 
speaking,  the  infantry  is  organized  as  follows: 

THE    ORGANIZATION    OF    AN    ARMY 
INFANTRY 

A  squad  is  8  men  under  the  command  of  a  cor- 
poral. 

A  section  is  16  men  under  the  command  of  a  ser- 
geant. 

A  platoon  is  from  50  to  75  men  under  a  lieutenant. 

A  company  is  3  platoons,  200  to  250  men,  under  a 
captain. 

A  battalion  is  4  or  more  companies  under  a  major. 

A  regiment  is  3  or  more  battalions  under  a  colonel, 
or  a  lieutenant-colonel. 

A  brigade  is  2  or  3  regiments  under  a  brigadier- 
general. 

A  division  is  2  or  more  brigades  under  a  major- 
general. 

An  army  corps  is  2  or  more  brigades,  supplemented 
by  cavalry,  artillery,  engineers,  etc.,  under  a  major- 
general  or  lieutenant-general. 


A  section  is  8  men  under  a  corporal. 

A  platoon  is  36  to  50  men  under  a  lieutenant,  or 
junior  captain. 

A  troop  is  3  to  4  platoons,  123  to  1  30  men,  under  a 
captain. 

A  squadron  is  3  troops  under  a  senior  captain,  or  a 
major. 

A  regiment  is  4  to  6  squadrons  tinder  a  colonel. 

A  brigade  is  3  regiments  under  a  brigadier-general. 

.'.  division  is  2  or  3  brigades  under  a  major-general. 

ARTlLLIiRY 

.\  battery  is  130  to  180  men,  with  4  to  6  guns  (8 
in  the  Russian  army)  under  a  captain. 

A  group  or  battalion  is  3  or  4  batteries  under  a 
major. 

A  regiment  is  3  or  4  groups  (battalions)  under  a 
colonel. 

When  regiments  are  combined  into  brigades, 
brigades  into  divisions,  and  divisions  into  arm\- 
corps,  cavalr\',  artiller\',  and  certain  other  auxi- 
liary troops,  such  as  engineers,  signal  corps, 


aeroplane  corps,  etc.,  are  joined  with  them  in 
such  proportions  as  has  been  found  necessarv. 
Hvery  unit,  from  the  company  up,  has  its  own 
supply  and  ammunition  wagons,  field  hospitals, 
el:. 

In  Europe  almost  every  man  has  done  com- 
pulsory service  with  the  colors,  varying  from 
one  to  four  \ears,  and  aside  from  the  usual  ilrills 
and  instruction,  has  received  training  in  nia- 
na'uvres,  great  or  small,  where  the  endeavor  is 
made  to  reproduce  the  exact  conditions  whi^^^h 
will  occur  in  war.  At  times,  however,  even  the 
"grands  mancifuvres"  degenerate  into  what 
smacks  strongly  of  opera  bouffe,  despite  every 
effort  to  the  contrary.  The  writer  vividly  re- 
collects a  charge  of  five  regiments  of  French 
cavalry  across  nearly  800  yards  of  absolutely 
open  country  against  a  battery,  a  battalion  of 
infantry, and  a  regimentof  dismounted  dragoons 
in  September  last,  and  the  unconcealed  disgust 
of  one  old  soldier  who  had  fought  in  the  battles 
around  Metz  in  1870  at  what  he  characterized 
as  "crass  idiocy."  Even  more  spectacular  was 
the  charge  of  eighty  squadrons  of  Bavarian 
cavalry,  numbering  more  than  9,000  men,  across 
about  1,000  yards  of  open  ground  against  a 
strong  position  held  by  a  brigade  of  Saxon  in- 
fantry and  several  batteries,  led  by  the  German 
Emperor  in  person  some  years  ago.  The  um- 
pires decided  that  it  was  successful,  whereat  the 
military  attaches  smiled  and  remarked,  as  did 
Marshal  MacMahon  of  the  charge  of  the  Light 
Brigade  at  Balaclava,  "C'est  magnifique,  mats 
ce  nest  pas  la  guerre!"  (It  is  magnificent,  but 
it  is  not  war!)  Upon  another  occasion  the 
Kaiser  indulged  in  a  similarly  preposterous 
charge,  but  upon  galloping  up  to  the  umpires 
and  inquiring,  "How's  that?"  was  greeted  with 
the  firm  but  diplomatic  answer,  "All  dead  but 
one,  Your  Majesty."  It  must  not  be  supposed 
that  such  license  is  always  the  case,  for  the 
training  is  often  severe,  and  in  the  various 
schools  of  musketry  the  utmost  attention  is 
paid  to  good  marksmanship  —  no  nation  being 
more  thorough  in  all  that  relates  to  military 
matters  than  Germany. 

To  understand  the  efficiency  of  European 
soldiers  and  the  never-ceasing  preparation  for 
war.  let  us  examine  the  s\stems  of  the  leading 
continental  powers,  beginning  with  the  one 
which  has  the  greatest  reputation. 

GbRMANY 

The  German  arm\'  on  a  peace  footing  consists 
of  31,459  officers  and  768. S40  men,  militar\' 
service  being  compulsory  and  universal  with 
certain  exemptions.  Liabilit\'  to  service  (Wehr- 
ptlicht)  begins  at  the  age  of  17  and  ends  at  45; 
actual  service  (Heerptlicht)  commences  at  20. 
With  the  active  army  the  term  of  service  is 
seven  \ears,  two  in  the  ranks  and  five  in  the 
reserve  for  the  infantry,  five  in  the  ranks  and 
four  in  the  reserve  for  the  cavalry  and  horse 
artillery.  The  soldier  is  permanentl\'  attached  to 
some  corps,  and  during  his  reserve  service  is 


24 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


twice  summoned  for  training  with  it  for  a  period 
limited  by  law  to  eight  weeks,  but  in  actual 
practice  rarely  six  weeks  and  more  usually  a 
month.  From  the  active  reserve  the  soldier 
passes  into  the  Landwehr  or  second  line  army, 
composed  of  two  "bans,"  the  first  of  5  years 
for  the  infantr\'  and  3  for  the  cavalry  and  horse 
artillery;  the  second  "ban"  of  6  to  7  years, 
or  8  and  9,  for  the  cavalry  and  horse  artiller\'. 
During  the  first  ban  there  are  two  periods  of 
training  of  8  to  14  da\s  each,  in  the  second  none, 
while  the  Landwehr  cavalry  is  exempted  alto- 
gether. The  final  reserve  is  the  Landsturm  — 
a  force  purel\'  for  home  defence  —  in  which  the 
men  remain  until  the\'  have  reached  the  age  of 
45;  in  other  words,  about  6  years.  The  Land- 
sturm is  composed  of  two  "bans,"  the  first  con- 
prising  all  men  between  1 7  and  39  who  for  any 
reason  have  received  no  military  training;  the 
second  includes  all  men,  trained  or  untrained, 
between  the  ages  of  39  and  45.  The  German 
army  admits  as  volunteers  for  one  year  only 
well-educated  young  men  who  pay  their  own 
expenses  and  who  serve  to  supply  all  the  Re- 
serve and  Landwehr  otficers.  There  are  alsD 
a  considerable  number  of  reserve  troops  inter- 
mediate between  the  active  army  and  the  Land- 
wehr, and  a  supplementary  (Ersatz)  reserve 
of  young  men  of  20  who  are  fit  for  service  but  in 
excess  of  the  required  number  of  annual  re- 
cruits. They  are  liable  for  three  periods  of 
training,  one  of  10  weeks,  one  of  6,  and  one  of  4, 
stress  being  laid  on  non-combatant  duties,  al- 
though they  are  also  available  for  depot  duty. 
The  object  of  these  various  reserves  is  to  keep 
the  active  regiments  up  to  full  strength  and  to 
replace  the  enormous  wastage  in  men  that  in- 
variably occurs  in  war. 

in  the  organization  of  the  German  army  six 
battalions  form  an  infantry  regiment,  two  regi- 
ments a  brigade,  two  brigades  a  division,  and 
two  divisions  an  army  corps.  There  are  10 
divisions  composed  of  3  brigades  each,  and  in 
the  event  of  war  it  is  probable  that  the  other 
divisions  will  be  similarly  augmented.  Adding 
the  necessary  auxiliary  troops,  viz:  an  artillery 
brigade  of  12  batteries  composed  of  6  guns 
each  —  or  4  in  the  case  of  the  horse  batteries  — 
a  regiment  of  cavalry  of  4  squadrons,  an  en- 
gineer battalion,  sanitary  troops,  etc.,  a  Ger- 
man 3-brigade  division  at  war  strength  would 
number  about  21,000,  and  an  army  corps  ^  to 
which  are  further  attached  4  batteries  of  howit- 
zers and  a  battalion  of  rilles  —  about  43,000 
combatants.  The  cavalry  division  is  composed 
of  3  brigades  of  2  regiments  each  and  2  or  3 
batteries  of  horse  artillery,  a  total  of  24  squad- 
rons and  H  to  12  guns.  Twenty-five  corps  con- 
stitute the  German  arm\',  whose  war  strength 
is  (i)  active  army,  1,700,000;  (2)  Landwehr, 
1,300,000;  and  (3)  Landsturm,  1,000,000,  a 
grand  total  of  4,000,000  men. 

The  Infant r\'  is  armed  with  the  iVIauser  maga- 
zine- ritk-,  iS<)S  model,  with  a  calibre  of  .311 
inches  anil  lires  a  "spit  ball,"  i.e.,  one  pointed 


like  a  pencil.  The  Mauser  has  a  velocity  of 
2,700  foot  seconds,  a  point-blank  range  of 
about  300  yards,  and  has  adjustable  sights  for 
ranges  up  to  2,000  yards.  The  cavalry  is  armed 
with  a  Mauser  magazine  carbine,  and  all  carry 
lances.  The  artillery,  both  field  and  horse,  use 
a  Krupp  piece  of  1 906  model,  firing  a  151b.  shell. 
The  field  howitzer  is  a  30-pounder,  the  heavy 
howitzer  a  94-pounder.  The  Arm\-  Law  of  1 9 1 3 
provided  for  5  aeroplane  battalions  numbering 
17  companies  with  about  400  aeroplanes,  and 
that  year  there  were  24  dirigible  balloons  in  the 
militar\"  establishment. 

The  German  General  Staff  has  the  reputation 
of  being  the  most  thorough  body  of  its  kind  in 
the  world.  The  writer  has  been  told  upon  ex- 
cellent authority  that  Field  Marshal  von 
Molke  used  to  declare  that  with  the  declaration 
of  war  in  1870  came  his  rest.  The  stor\-  is 
characteristic  of  the  preparedness  of  the  Ger- 
man General  Staff,  but  if  the  plans  to  which  the 
Germans  are  so  wedded  are  upset  the  result 
may  be  different  from  their  calculations.  As 
indicative  of  the  rule-of-thumb  from  which  no 
digression  is  permitted,  every  observer  of  Ger- 
man manoeuvres  has  been  struck  b\'  the  obliga- 
tion of  troops  to  take  the  exact  position  as- 
signed to  them  quite  regardless  of  whether  cir- 
cumstances have  altered  conditions  and  whether 
the  spot  is  surrounded  b\-  enemies.  In  war  such 
blind  adherence  to  orders  might  entail  anni- 
hilation. Moreover,  the  training  instils  into 
the  men  a  dependence  upon  others,  especiallv 
the  officers  and  non-commissioned  .  officers, 
which  tends  to  rob  them  of  all  initiative;  and 
the  most  casual  observer  cannot  fail  to  remark 
upon  the  difficulty  of  the  leaders  to  make  their 
men  take  and  keep  open  order  in  skirm.ishes 
and  attacks,  quite  in  contrast  to  the  French, 
English,  and  Americans.  The  loss  of  life  must 
necessarily  be  out  of  all  proportion  to  the  re- 
sults achieved,  as  was  the  case  when  the  Prus- 
sian Guard  attacked  the  village  of  St.  Privat  on 
August  18,  1870,  and  suffered  a  loss  of  30  per 
cent,  in  twenty  minutes. 

The  German  artillery  is  distinctly  inferior  to 
the  French  as  a  weapon,  and  the  Mauser  rille 
has  not  such  a  fiat  trajector\'  (i.e.  the  bullet  does 
not  carry  so  far  in  a  straight  line)  as  the  French 
small-arm  at  distances  above  900  yards.  The 
administration  of  an  army  that  includes  the 
commissariat,  the  quartermaster's  department, 
the  medical  corps,  etc.,  which  supply  the  troops 
with  food  and  all  necessary  stores,  is  onl\- 
slightly  inferior  to  the  French;  but  its  officials, 
whose  functions  are  semi-military  and  semi- 
civi),  have  been  subjected  for  \'ears  to  the  most 
overweening  arrogance  on  the  part  of  the  olli- 
cers  of  the  line,  and  it  would  not  be  surprising 
to  see  revenge  play  its  role,  especially  if  the 
supply  system  breaks  down  under  defeat. 

(Germany's  railways  are  admirably  situated 
for  military  operations  in  every  part  of  the 
I'mpire.  There  is  no  lack  of  arms  or  ammuni- 
tion so  far  as  is  known,  and  in  the  tower  at 


THE   ARMIES   OF    EUROPE 


FRENCH  BATTALIONS  OF    IHE  AIR 

THE   PRESENT  WAR  IS  THE   FIRST   VITAL  TEST  OF   AIRCRAFT.       THE   FRENCH,   OF  ALL  THE  NATIONS, 
HAVE   THE   LARGEST  AND  BEST  EQUIPMENT  OF  AEROPLANES 


26 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


P 

Ek«k'x'.m»««gj|fl^^^| 

rill   iii^l 

Hwii^ttS**^-^  ;ri*y^;^^'^f!s.^i!MBBMl 

BB 

A  MODERN  ARMORED  TRAIN,   USED  BY  THE  FRENCH  ARMY 


Photographed  by  James  F.  J.  Archibald 

THE  FRENCH  CAVALRY  AND  FIELD  ARTILLERY  ARE  PROBABLY  THE  BEST  IN  EUROPE 


Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood 

FRENCH  INFANTRY  ON  THE  MARCH 

NOTWITHSTANDING    TlltlR    CLUMSY    UNIFORMS   AND    HF.AVY   EQUIPMENT,   FRENCH   INFANTRYMEN  ARE  CREDITED 
WITH    BEING  ABLE  TO  MARCH   FARTHER   AND  WITH   LESS  FATIGUE  THAN  OTHER  EUROPEAN  SOLDIERS 


THE   ARMIES   OF    EUROPE 


27 


111,1,1)    cl   Ns    ul       nil,     1  KL.M.Il     ARIILLERY 

OF  THE  TYPE  THAT,  IN  THE  HANDS  OF  THE   BALKAN  ALLIES,  OUTSHOT  THE  GERMAN   KRUPP  GUNS  IN  THE  HANDS 

OF   THE   TURKS 


-'"■^  ^^IR^h 

Copyrijjht  by  the  International  News  Senile 

FRENCH  INFANTRY  IN  ACTION 

THE    DEPENDENCE  OF  THE    FRENCH    ARMY  IS  ON    THE  SPIRITED  CHARACTER  AND  PERSONAL   INITIATIVE  OF  THE 
INDIVIDUAL   SOLDIERS,  WHO  SHOW   EXCEPTIONAL  RESOURCEFULNESS    IN    THE    FIELD 


28 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


BRITISH    CAVALRY 

THE   ENGLISH  ARMY  IS  THE  ONLY  ARMY  IN   EUROPE  MADE  UP  OF  VOLUNTEER   RECRUITS 


BRITISH   FIELD  ARTILLERY 

THE    SOUTH    AI  RICAN    WAR    SHOWED    THE    BRITISH   ARMY  ITS  WEAKNESSES  IN  COMMISSARIAT  AND  ITS    LACK   OF 
MOBILITY.      IT  IS  BELIEVED  THAT  THE  LESSON  WAS  NOT  LOST 


THE   ARMIES   OF    EUROPE 


29 


'^"A!iiU'»i'«^. 


^i.«' 


THE  COLDSTREAM  GUARDS  IN  SERVICE  KIT 
ONE  OF  THE  FINEST  ENGLISH   REGIMENTS,  ON  THE  MARCH  IN  SOUTH  AFRICA 


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ENGLISH  INFANTRY 

THE  BRITISH  REGULAR  ARMY  CAN  BE  COUNTED  ON,  BUT  THE  EFFICIENCY  OF  THE  TERRITORIALS,  WHICH 
CORRESPOND  TO  AMERICAN  MILITIA,  IS  PROBLEMATICAL.  IN  THE  BOER  WAR,  GREAT  BRITAIN  PUT  MORE  THAN 
ONE  MILLION  MEN  IN  THE  FIELD 


^0 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


GERMAN  INFANTRY  IN  THt:  FIELD 

EVRRY  DF.TAIL  OF  EQUIPMENT  AND  OF  CARRIAGE,  FROM  THE  MARTIAL  LOOKING  HELMET  TO 
THE  ARTIFICIAL  "gOOSE  STEP"  GAIT  USED  ON  PARADE,  EMPHASIZES  THE  STUDIED  UNIFORMITY 
AND    PAINSTAKING  PRECISION  OF  GERMAN  MILITARY  SCIENCE 


THE   ARMIES   OF    EUROPE 


31 


^^^^^sP^^n^^'^'.- 

,V*.A%.:-  -^i^;:                            ^^ 

ik  i  ^^^faJlH 

< 

"AN    ARMY    THAI     RUNS    LIKE    CLOCKWORK" 

THE  GERMAN  ARMY  IS  THE  MOST  THOROUGHLY  DRILLED  OF  ALL  ARMIES,  AND  ITS  COMMANDERS 
PUT  THEIR  FAITH  IN  ITS  MASS  EFFICIENCY  DIRECTED  BY  THE  GENERAL  STAFF  ALONG  MINUTELY 
AND   CAREFULLY    PLANNED    LINES 


32 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


ALL  GERMAN  CAVALRYMEN  ARE  ARMED  WITH  LANCES 

AN   AMERICAN   MILITARY   AUTHORITY   HAS   CRITICIZED   THESE   WEAPONS   AS   OBSOLETE,   BUT   ADMITS   THAT  THEY 
WILL  BE   EFFECTIVE  IF  MODERN  WARFARE   RENEWS  FIGHTING  AT  CLOSE  QUARTERS 


NEWS    GATHERERS    FOR    THE    GENERAL    STAFF 

BICYCLE,    MOUNTED,    AND    AEROPLANE    SCOUTS    BRING    NEWS    TO    THE    GERMAN    STAFF,   WHICH     IS    THE    MOST 

THOROUGH    ORGANIZATION    OF    ITS    KIND    IN    THE    WORLD 


THE   ARMIES   OF    EUROPE 


33 


Copyright  Dy  Underwood  &  Underwood 

GERMAN  ARTILLERY  IN  ACTION 
THE    GERMANS    HOPE    IN   THIS   WAR  TO  DEMONSTRATE   THAT   THE    KRUPP   GUNS   FAILED  IN  THE  BALKANS  ONLY 

BECAUSE  THEY  WERE  NOT  PROPERLY  HANDLED 


■  A  CARAVAN   LOADED  WITH   DEATH 
GERMAN    FIELD    ARTILLERY    MARCHING    THROUGH    A    MOUNTAIN    VILLAGE.      A   PART   OF   THE    4   MILLION   MEN 

THAT  THE    KAISER  CAN    PUT   IN   THE   FIELD 


34 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


■T" 

^     r^^^"^-   ^fjl^k     #''^^^^^^^^MH^k  .!^^_!^^^^^^l 

^■^4  f          •^^" ^?^P^^*^f  5^'"™ 

^*y[^.||l .,.  JIpJw^J 

-".        '*                         ■-'.                       "                  -     *    ,                                              '                     ^.*'^-'-     ■ 

''     -r    .     -v*--  .           ■ 

THH    COSSACK    CAVALRY    OF    THE    CZAR 


t:.)pyrit;lit   by    llluk- 


.d  A:  Underwood 


RUSSIAN    INFANTRY,    ENCAMPED   AND  MARCHING 
THE    RUSSIAN    SOLDIER    DOES    NOT   THINK     FOR    HIMSELF    AND   THE     MANCHURIAN    CAMPAIGN    SHOWED 
THAT    HIS    OFFICERS    DO    NOT   DO    ENOUGH    THINKING     FOR     HIM.       DESPITE    THIS    HE    HAS    SHOWN    THAT    HE 
WILt   STAND  A   TREMENDOUS    PERCENTAGE   OF    LOSS   WITHOUT    BREAKING 


THE   ARMIES   OF    EUROPE 


35 


rhLt-^rait.r  I  \'x  lames  F.  J.  Archibald 

"  THE   BEAR  THAT  WALKS  LIKE  A  MAN  " 
A    FAMOUS    DESCRIPTION    OF    THE    RUSSIAN   SOLDIER,  THAT    SUGGESTS    BOTH    HIS    MERITS    AND    HIS    DEFECTS. 

OTHER    pictures:    RUSSIAN    FIELD    ARTILLERY 


RUSSIAN  SAPPERS  THROWING  UP   ENTRENCHMENTS 


36 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Photographed  by  James  F.  J.  Archibald 

A  RUSSIAN  PORTABLE  SOUP  KITCHEN  THAT  SUPPLIES  QUICK  RATIONS  IN  THE  FIELD 


Photographed  by  James  F.  J.  Archibald 

A    RUSSIAN    ADVANCE 
A    FEW   OF    THE    5,692,000   MEN    IN    THE    RUSSIAN    ARMY 


THE   ARMIES   OF   EUROPE 


37 


TYPES  OF  AUSTRIAN  AND  HUNGARIAN  SOLDIERS 


AUSTRIAN  FIELD  ARTILLERY  AND  AUSTRIAN  CAVALRY 
THE    AUSTRIAN     ARMY    HAS   NOT    BEEN    THOROUGHLY     TESTED     SINCE     ITS     DEFEAT     BY 

THEORETICALLY    ITS    EFFICIENCY    IS    HIGH 


PRUSSIA     IN     1866; 


.'M5568 


38 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


AUSTRIAN  MOUNTAIN  ARTILLERY 


Photo:^'raplu 


!■-   I-  Archibald 


ITALIAN  INFANTRY  CROSSING  A  DANGEROUS  PASS 


THE  NEW  EQUIPMENT  OF  THE  AUSTRIAN  INFANTRY 


THE  ARMIES   OF    EUROPE 


39 


SERVIA'S    BATTLE-SEASONED    VETERAN'S 

UPPER  picture:  the  battlefield  of  KUMANOVO.  middle  picture:  a  SERVIAN  FIELD 
HOSPITAL  NEAR  ADRIANOPLE.  LOWER  PICTURE:  SERVIANS  IN  CAMP  AFTER  THE  BATTLE  OF 
MONASTIR,    FOUGHT    DURING   THE     BALKAN    V^'AR 


40 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


ENEMIES  OF  AUSTRIA  —  MONTENEGRIN    TROOPS 

ENTERING    SCUTARI,    OF    WHICH    AUSTRIA    DEPRIVED    THEM  AFTER    THE    BALKAN    WAR    WAS    OVER 


SERVIAN    GUNS   ON    THE    MARCH — THE    REALITY  WITHOUT  THE    POMP  OF  WAR 


THE   ARMIES   OF    EUROPE 


41 


Spandau,  near  Berlin,  an  enormous  amount  of 
gold  has  been  stored  for  \ears  as  a  war  chest. 
German  powder  is  of  excellent  quah'tv  and  fullv 
abundant.  Supplies  are  ample  for  a  campaign 
of  months,  but  if  Germany  is  cut  ofT  from  the 
sea  difficulty  will  be  experienced  in  feeding  her 
enormous  armies.  Her  fortifications  are  of  the 
latest  and  most  approved  type,  heavily  armed 
and  provisioned  for  months,  and,  unlike  France, 
she  has  wisely  put  her  mortars  in  the  first  line, 
the  howitzers,  the  short  range  guns,  in  second 
line,  and  the  high  power  guns  in  the  rear.  Each 
fortification  is  provided  with  a  wireless  system 
for  communication  with  other  fortifications, 
thus  rendering  it  possible  for  garrisons  to  unite 
either  to  harass  the  enem\'  temporarily  or  for 
prolonged  operations — ^a  performance  hereto- 
fore so  hazardous  that  it  has  been  rarely  at- 
tempted in  the  presence  of  the  enemy. 

FRANCE 

The  last  few  years  have  witnessed  an  almost 
incredible  resurrection  in  the  military  spirit  of 
the  French.  Less  than  two  years  ago,  when 
Germany  increased  her  standing  army,  France 
instantly  retaliated  b\'  lengthening  the  term  of 
active  service  from  two  to  three  )'ears  without 
creating  so  much  as  a  ripple  in  her  internal 
affairs.  She  is  determined  to  recover  her  lost 
provinces  of  Alsace  and  Lorraine,  and,  if  the 
opinion  of  military  critics  is  not  woefully  at 
fault,  she  may  be  counted  upon  to  put  up  a  des- 
perate fight  against  her  German  adversary. 

The  "National  Army"  of  France  is  com- 
posed of  the  "Metropolitan  Army"  and  the 
Colonial  Army,  the  former  numbering  753,403 
and  the  latter  about  1 16,000  —  46,000  being  in 
Morocco  and  39,000  in  Algeria  —  a  total  of 
869,403,  exclusive  of  25,000  in  the  Gendarmerie 
or  militarx'  police.  Militar>'  service  is  compul- 
sory and  universal  from  the  ages  of  20  to  48,  the 
only  exemptions  being  for  physical  disability. 
After  3  years  in  the  active  army,  the  soldier 
passes  to  the  reserve  for  1 1  years,  followed  by 
7  \ears  in  the  Territorial  Arm\'  and  7  in  the 
Territorial  Reserve.  In  the  active  reserve,  the 
conscript  undergoes  two  periods  of  training  and 
manoeuvres  lasting  for  4  weeks  each;  in  the 
Territorial  Army  one  period  of  2  weeks;  in  the 
Territorial  Reserve,  no  fixed  period.  Unlike  the 
Germans,  the  French  have  no  one-year  volun- 
teers but  every  encouragement  is  given  for 
voluntary  enlistment  for  3,  4,  or  5  years,  parti- 
cularly in  the  Colonial  Army.  The  length  of 
the  reserve  service  produces  more  than  2.000 
reservists  per  battalion,  so  that  in  case  of  mobil- 
ization, the  active  units  can  easil\'  be  main- 
tained at  full  war  strength  and  each  battalion 
and  regiment  forms  an  additional  reserve  unit 
with  men  left  over  for  the  depot.  As  a  neces- 
sary precaution,  the  troops  stationed  along  the 
German  frontier  are  kept  at  a  considerably 
higher  strength  than  the  others. 

In  the  organization  of  the  French  arm\-,  two 
infantry  regiments  —  composed  of  6  or  some- 


times 7  or  8  battalions  —  form  a  brigade,  2 
brigades  a  division,  and  2  divisions  an  army 
corps.  To  every  division  is  attached  a  field 
artillery  regiment  of  9  batteries  of  4  guns  each. 
The  corps  artillery  includes  9  field  and  3  howit- 
zer batteries,  to  which  6  reinforcing  batteries 
are  added  upon  mobilization,  so  that  each  corps 
on  a  war  footing  has  144  guns.  Furthermore 
an  army  corps  in  the  field  has  attached  to  it  a 
cavalry  brigade  of  2  regiments,  i  chasseur 
(cavalry)  battalion,  engineer  companies,  sani- 
tary and  service  troops,  etc.  The  cavalry 
divisions  are  composed  of  3  brigades  of  2  regi- 
ments each  —  together  with  3  batteries  of 
horse  artillery.  When  mobilized  the  strength 
of  an  army  corps  is  approximately  33,000  com- 
batants, a  cavalry  division  4,700.  There  is  also 
an  aeronautical  corps  with  334  aeroplarres  and 
14  dirigibles. 

The  French  army  is  localized  and  terri- 
torialized. Of  the  21  army  corps  regions,  all 
except  Algeria  (the  19th)  furnishes  a  complete 
army  corps.  The  8  infantry  regiments  of  an 
army  corps  are  recruited  from  their  respective 
regimental  districts,  but  the  additional  regi- 
ment is  obtained  from  the  region  at  large.  Like 
the  chasseur  battalions,  these  additional  regi- 
ments are  usually  stationed  near  the  eastern 
frontier,  so  that  the  6th  Army  Corps  at  Chalons 
and  the  7th  at  Besanfon  are  augmented  to  3 
divisions  each. 

The  Reserve  Army  has  two  divisions  in  each 
region,  corresponding  to  those  in  the  active 
army.  Upon  mobilization  the  36  reserve  divi- 
sions contain  virtually  the  same  organization 
and  strength  as  the  troops  of  the  first  line.  The 
reserves  of  the  regional  regiments,  engineers 
and  foot  artillery  can  be  utilized  for  garrisoning 
the  various  fortresses  to  which  allusion  will  be 
made  later.  The  Territorial  Arm\-  likewise 
consists  of  36  divisions  and  garrison  troops. 
Upon  mobilization  the  remaining  men  of  the 
Reserve  and  Territorial  armies  are  summoned 
to  the  depots  and  are  available  to  maintain  tire 
field  army  at  war  strength.  The  Customs 
Corps,  the  Chasseurs  Forestiers,  the  Gendar- 
merie (25,000)  and  the  Garde  Republicaine 
(2,992)  have  also  had  militar\-  training  and  can 
be  utilized  in  time  of  war. 

The  French  field  arm\'  is  composed  of  20 
arm\'  corps,  the  brigade  of  14  battalions  sta- 
tioned at  L\ons,  and  10  divisions  of  cavalry. 
Raised  to  their  full  war  strength,  the  active 
arm\'  numbers  1.009,000,  the  reserves  and 
depots,  1,600,000,  the  Territorial  arm>'  818,000, 
and  the  Territorial  reserve  451,000.  a  grand 
total  of  3,878.000.  .^s  a  matter  of  fact,  F'rance 
possesses  about  5,ooo,ckk)  trained  men.  i  .000,000 
more  than  Gernian\-  —  a  thing  which  not  many 
people  know. 

The  infantr\'  is  armed  with  the  Lebel  maga- 
zine rifle  of  .315  inches  calibre,  the  cavalr\'  with 
the  Lebel  carbine,  both  excellent  weapons.  The 
field  piece  is  a  rapid-fire  gun  of  7.5  centimetres 
(2.95   inches)  of  the  model  of   1907,  provided 


NO      R      T     H 

Flush;  ., 


SEA 


NETHER/LANDS 


Amsburg 
v'Iserlohn 


.  yRemscheid 
,;:^>\?    Gladbach 


I    B-''I^-^^V'f^.in?^^T^^S^  S     ^5fOi'V/*^^"^k^^hen        \Honne'f 

.    -  J'^'V^S^.A  ..  \-    r'c>V\I;,^lH^^<^/A    N/ Vi*  ^,«s*  H,,v'^^     \^jr  J  >Ahr\veiler     V  Neuw 


isa|*ftume\    /LandWeresAveSiiei 


A  m  !^s,.x^v£s""  P  "  "^ 
i-Quentin  • 

<^y^j  Han 
Iom?l..l\,.,Qiii^a. 

vBeauv/is    ,      ,  „_   „^,,    -, 


Mari^-Jlltourg 


■     ^        VV      Sal 

Basttfene 


led 

f;  ni  V"^^'  °'  ^  "  ""S 

HonibuTK' 


RetJier 


^Se«an       ^ 
Altumedy 
s|'stenay 

aVarojines 


S.  Vith  \         Maicr 
Geva^*  f  Kochemp    S.Goarf^  k'.,^ 

T)19kircl\Zj>r       /Kreuzuarhv^\  ^a"! 


V 


DaiHiiftadt 


Cqrtfeif 


'Bi  rkenfeldV    JrT^rtYSAn  '^'"J 
SaVburgJ  \       Kaisers-  >Tr„°heim"''" 

'"'®^- «iMeterNiejJ^*«=s/       z'-^*^ 


snr  \Iar\oiV/-  \  "^U   "Pont-a- If  Romill.v 

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9. 

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Etaiipes    ,\Bj^^^^-''Nofe'ent  ixfcj  B\ienV 

F  n  n  n  t  II  r  h  |  rjl  |F^"«  L^ '  ' 


Vassj'i^ 

Neefchateau 


Bar' 

JSenS  (J      \»^j,     BUr-Aube^ 

s  /^   BarVi        ^,  „  ^Vc;t?!^Iauli^ 


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la-Ct/ante^ 

OJiateau]      /     Citoa/x" ''•5' 
Bb^rg^K^     AL.'NeversV\     °  <fhinont\Beaun«> 

Ai  u  t  u  nsf^s-Xh/g  n  y 
!      Cpuc  hes  x\~/^ 


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/'^Vmerslxel    ^\»!^^0^'\    ./j/BASE 

"^/K    V" — ■»>V^;f^ippolyte     y'solotliurn.-, 


J-brftf  > 


[BERI 


Samen 


Boiirbon^         Vv*    Mont 
ITj-^rchatiibjulr^  -Xy^Uou 


)urtf.)rylancy   1       VMLouSTJ^i^'a'*    i   V     .'      i-au(anno  /         I 


CharolUBH 


Htlucon   ^-\  LaPaliHse^ 
Gannat 


Vichey 

Roann^vJI       Villpfrail^ha 


jiiliV  ^ —  ' 


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KVviU^        Martigny 
Tr^ui  OjieysM.lIt,     I      /  EXPLANATION 

/  ^..y   r\\}r^'ll    fi     'Annecy  CiYics  loiV/i  m'cr /oo,<wo  rAu»  PARIS 

^^X^!l//;\        >,/(\|l  Cities  f rum  20.000  to  100,000      Dijon 

Cl^Anon'PxZ  I  ^       ^  L^(>^f'|P'''''v•^   iiXlov/J\*/Al»-les-  Sma/;<T /'/aces  Oharolles, 

'FOrrand;!  ^  \  3e-~^'  If     -^^J-a  T(iiii\>^    IjFiBains  ^3^  C/aas  f'or/s#  «nd  Cfaaa  ^'orM  # 

'  I  Montbrisonair^      Givorstf  ^'Hli;__^>y        Xci 

iHHfltreN     AmhertV        <"  wVjj  a..  CH^lT/^  V't^^""<^'         /"^-^--^^i^ »       .„      ..      .,v      „,      ou      w    ^ 


THE  GERMAN-FRENCH  FRONTIER 

SHOWING    THE    FRENCH,    GERMAN,    AND    BELGIAN    FORTS.       TBI.    HliAVY    BLACK    LINES   ARE    RAH- 
KOAUS    AND    THE    SMALL    TOOTHED    LINES    ARE    CANALS 


EXPLANATION 

Om*$  withover  100,000  f/iua. DANZIG 

CttUt  ictth  iO.ooo  to  100,000 Thorn 

Smaller  Places, Schrimm. 

tat  Clata  Forts ||t 

»nd  Class  Forts # 

■  6CALE  qp  MILES  , 

i>      10      8U      80      40       60      60  r 


?olange'it'^;»najohrea 
Hlmmersatii    /  f 


Metnel 


BrusterOrt/ 


Ela8iiiti_ — ^liholt     ^pr  jf  o^ 
DASZIO 


Samlandy 


Svilpmufi^^ 


>Hela 


Twphlau 


ilbi 


'r . 


^BUtow 


Fpcv' 


Nakel 


liich.elT 


^-./V 


kneidenri 


r,v< 


4»^     LipiiOrf 


E 

XJf^S;  (     ^"'"     ^Hioheirsalz?^  i  7"       ^"^'^''^'   -'  '^-^ 

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■: .  Jfetr/.alko-.vo        ^-^ 

Konin       ^;vI,£ntsclil/4^    ^""     -/^^A^\c7. 

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''Samter'^ 


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Makow 
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■^vas!a\     g.aluszJ 


Radom 


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vlVrn'rui-^t} 


Piotrow 


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Solec 


N. 

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Kieiizburg 

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Gr.  St^lv^iti 
XiuS^i\vitz5 


yzyrov 

Pilica 

' '    a- 


j^i^ 


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K^ceL      Bodzecho^-         - 

J       7 /^   Opatow  k     VJapow 

rf^Xf-^^         SandomierzsjQsC:>^> — ^ 

Pmezo«1[  (YX  f      oM<iOdau\V._ 

iS**^       Vl     -^^y^  LozajeK 


THE  RUSSIAN-GERMAN   FRONTIER 

WHERE    SLAV     MEETS    TELTON,    ON     A    COMPARATIVELY    UNFORTIFIED    BORDER    WITH    MEAGRE 
TRANSPORTATION    FACII  ITIIS.    THERE  ARE   PRACTICALLY  NO  MOUNTAIN   BARRIERS  ON  THIS  FRONTIER 


44 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


with  a  shield  for  protection.  The  howitzers 
are  of  12  or  15.5  centimetres  (i. cm.  =.3937  inch). 

For  many  years  there  existed  much  uncer- 
tainty as  to  who  would  command  the  French 
army  in  time  of  war  owing  to  the  fear  of  a  dicta- 
tor like  Louis  Napoleon  or  like  General  Bou- 
langer  attempted  to  be  (February,  1889).  In 
July,  191 1,  when  the  Moroccan  trouble  was  at 
its  height  and  war  seemed  imminent,  it  was 
decided  that  the  power  of  appointing  the 
commander-in-chief  should  be  taken  awa>-  from 
the  Conseil  Superieur  de  la  Guerre  —  which  is 
charged  with  general  military  questions  under 
the  presidency  of  the  Minister  of  War  —  and 
vested  in  the  Conseil  des  Generaux,  which  is 
composed  of  the  officers  commanding  the  field 
armies  and  which  has  now  selected  General 
Joffre  for  supreme  command. 

The  French  artillery  is  generally  admitted  to 
be  in  a  class  b\-  itself  and  the  Intendance  (com- 
missariat, etc.)  is  excelled  by  none  other.  The 
infantry  is  most  deceptive  in  appearance,  but 
the  ability  of  the  French  to  march  and  attack 
has  never  been  surpassed.  On  the  other  hand, 
its  forte  is  not  the  defensive,  and  only  last  year 
the  writer  was  struck  by  the  need  of  firmer  dis- 
cipline and  more  instruction.  The  French  are 
peculiar  in  this  respect,  but  the  instant  the  first 
shot  is  fired  no  soldier  rallies  quicker  to  his 
colors,  or  is  more  desperately  in  earnest  than 
the  Frenchman.  The  cavalry  is  first  class  and 
will  give  a  good  account  of  itself.  Its  work 
will  be  supplemented  by  the  army  aeroplane 
corps  and  a  volunteer  aeroplane  corps,  the 
latter  of  which  can  be  counted  upon  to  furnish 
about  1,000  aeroplanes,  which  will  prove  far 
more  than  a  match  for  the  German  aircraft,  and 
ought  to  keep  the  commanding  generals  fully 
informed  of  every  movement  of  the  enemy.  The 
Minister  of  War  recently  stated  that  there  was 
no  provision  for  the  defense  of  the  fortifica- 
tions against  attacks  from  the  air,  and  there  is 
also  some  question  as  to  the  efficiencN'  of  the 
wireless  apparatus  installed  in  the  fortresses. 
The  French  naval  powder  is  notoriously  uncer- 
tain and  short-lived,  but  the  same  cannot  be 
said  of  the  army  powder,  and  so  far  as  is  known 
abroad,  there  is  no  shortage  in  ammunition. 
The  regimental  officers  are  excellent  but  the 
French  success  will  be  largely  measured  by  the 
ability  of  the  generals.  If  they  are  able  to  take 
and  keep  the  offensive,  the  French  will  prove  a 
decidedly  tough  nut  for  any  army  in  the  world 
to  crack. 

RUSSIA 

The  peace  strength  of  the  Russian  army  is 
1,284,000  men,  its  war  strength  5,962,306. 
.Military  service  is  compulsory  and  universal, 
beginning  at  the  age  of  20  and  terminating 
with  the  end  ofithe  43d  year.  Service  in  the 
active  army  is  for  3  years  in  the  case  of  the  in- 
fantry and  artillery,  for  4  years  in  the  other 
arms.  The  soldier  then  passes  into  the  reserve 
(Zapas)  for  14  or  15  years,  during  which  he  re- 


ceives two  trainings  of  6  weeks  each.  After  18 
years  in  the  active  arm\'  and  reserve,  he  is 
transferred  to  the  Territorial  army  (Opolcheni^) 
for  5  >ears.  This  embraces  also  the  surplus  of 
the  annual  contingent,  thus  forming  a  supple- 
mentary reserve,  and,  in  the  second  "ban,"  all 
those  exempted  from  service,  those  not  up  to 
standard,  and  the  older  classes  of  surplus  men. 
There  also  exists  a  modified  system  of  volun- 
teers for  one  year  who  supply  the  bulk  of  officers 
required  for  the  reserve  upon  mobilization. 

Owing  to  the  enormous  extent  of  the  Russian 
empire,  its  army  is  divided  into  three  forces, 
the  army  of  European  Russia,  the  army  of 
the  Caucasus,  and  the  Asiatic  army.  The  Rus- 
sian battalion  contains  1,000  men;  4  battalions 
constitute  a  regiment,  2  regiments  a  brigade 
and  2  brigades  a  division.  The  field  batteries 
are  composed  of  8  guns,  the  horse  batteries  of  6. 
The  ordinary  army  corps  is  made  up  of  2  divi- 
sions, a  howitzer  division  and  one  battalion  of 
sappers,  and  has  a  fighting  strength  of  approxi- 
mately 32,000  men.  The  rifle  brigades  form 
separateorganizations  of  8  battalions  with  3  bat- 
teries attached.  The  Cossacks,  who  hold  their 
lands  by  military  tenure,  are  liable  to  service 
for  life,  and  provide  their  own  equipment  and 
horses.  At  19  their  training  begins;  at  21  they 
enter  the  active  regiment  of  their  district,  at  25 
the  '-'second  category"  regiment,  and  at  29  the 
"third  category"  regiment,  followed  b\'  5  years 
in  the  reserve.  After  25  years  of  age,  their 
training  is  3  weeks  per  annum.  In  European 
Russia  the  field  army  consists  of  the  Imperial 
Guard  and  Grenadier  Corps,  27  line  army  corps 
and  20  cavalry  divisions;  in  the  Caucasus  of 
3  army  corps  and  4  cavalry  divisions.  The 
Asiatic  army  is  composed  of  IVissians  with  a 
few  Turkoman  irregular  horse  (jigits),  and  is 
mainly  stationed  in  East  Siberia.  Since  the 
Russian-Japanese  war  these  forces  have  been 
increased  and  re-organized  into  a  strong  army 
which  would  mobilize  as  5  Trans-Baikal  corps 
and  2  to  4  Cossack  cavalry  divisions,  number- 
ing, together  with  auxiliary  troops,  over  200,000 
men. 

The  system  of  recruitment  is  territorial,  that 
is,  each  army  corps  draws  its  recruits  from  a 
fixed  district  and  is  usuall\'  quartered  in  garri- 
sons there.  In  European  Russia  the  majority 
of  the  army  is  stationed  west  of  the  longitude 
of  Moscow,  so  that  mobilization  is  slower  under 
ordinary  circumstances  than  in  France  or  Ger- 
many because  the  recruits  and  reservists  have 
long  distances  to  travel,  particularly  as  many 
are  consigned  to  corps  outside  Great  Russia. 
The  Tsar  cannot  mobilize  300,000  of  his  troops 
within  anv  theatre  of  operations  under  three 
weeks,  although  four  times  that  number  could 
be  assembled  one  week  later.  The  comparative 
dearth  of  railways  is  a  great  handicap  in  the 
matter  of  supplies. 

The  small-arm  of  the  infantry  is  the  "3-line" 
rifle  of  the  1901  model.  It  has  a  magazine 
holding  5  cartridges,   a  calibre  of  .299  inches,  a 


THE  ARMIES  OF  EUROPE 


45 


muzzle  velocity  of  2,035  seconds,  and  is  sighted 
to  3,000  yards.  The  arm  of  the  cavalry  and 
Cossacks  has  a  barrel  2f  inches  shorter  but  uses 
the  same  ammunition,  and  is  provided  with  a 
bayonet  which  no  other  mounted  troops  use. 
The  field  piece  is  a  Krupp  rapid-fire,  shielded 
gun  of  the  1902  model,  with  a  muzzle  velocity 
of  1,950  foot  seconds,  the  shell  weighing  13^  lbs. 
Ordinarily  speaking,  the  standard  of  the  Rus- 
sian arm\'  is  distinctly  below  that  of  the  French 
and  German.  '1  heir  small-arm  is  slightly  better 
than  our  old  Krag-Jorgcnsen,  their  field  piece  is 
inferior  to  the  French  and  their  movements 
slower,  except  in  the  case  of  the  Cossack  cavalry 
which  is  no  match  for  other  European  mounted 
troops.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Russian  has 
always  been  a  capital  fighting  man,  and  too 
much  stress  cannot  be  laid  upon  the  value  of 
actual  experience  in  war.  It  is  highly  doubtful 
that  the  Russians  will  encounter  any  harder 
fighting  than  the\'  did  in  Manchuria,  and  it 
must  be  remembered  that  a  great  many  of  the 
officers  and  men  who  fought  against  the  Japa- 
nese will  participate  in  the  present  war.  The 
Russian  army  will  therefore  be  a  potent  factor 
in  any  equation. 

AUSTRIA-Hl'NG..\RY 

Austria-Hungary's  peace  establishment  is 
472,716,  the  war  strength  of  her  regular  army 
1,360,000.  Militar\'  service  is  universal  and 
compulsory,  beginning  at  the  age  of  19  — but 
more  usually  at  2 1  —  and  ending  at  43.  Service 
with  the  "Common"  or  active  army  lasts  for 
2  years  in  the  case  of  the  infantry  and  3  for  the 
cavalry  and  horse  artillery;  in  the  Landwehr 
(first  reserve")  10  for  the  infantry  and  7  for  the 
cavalr\'  and  horse  artiller\',  followed  by  the 
Landsturm  (second  reserve)  until  the  soldier's 
42nd  birthday.  Hungary  possesses  a  separate 
and  distinct  Landwehr  (Honved)  and  Land- 
sturm (Nepfolkeles),  which  constitute  the  Hun- 
garian national  arm\-.  There  is  also  an  Ersatz 
(supplementary)  reserve  intended  to  maintain 
the  units  of  the  Common  arm\'  at  full  strength. 
The  Ersatz  reservists  receive  8  weeks  training 
in  their  first  year  and  are  subsequently  liable 
for  the  same  service  as  the  other  reservists  of 
the  army  Qorps  to  which  they  belong. 

The  Empire  is  divided  into  16  army  corps 
districts,  each  presumed  to  furnish  a  complete 
army  corps  of  2  di\isions  to  the  active  army. 
Every  infantry  division  is  composed  of  2  bri- 
gades of  8  battalions  each,  i  artillery  brigade  of 
10  batteries  of  6  guns,  a  regiment  of  cavalry,  a 
jager  (rifle)  battalion,  etc.  The  army  corps  also 
contains  a  regiment  of  field  artillery  or  howit- 
zers, a  pioneer  battalion,  a  pontoon  company, 
etc.,  and  numbers  about  34,000  combatants. 
There  are  6  permanent  cavalry  divisions,  each 
consisting  of  2  brigades  (24  squadrons),  3  bat- 
teries of  horse  artillery  and  a  machine-gun  de- 
tachment and  numbering  about  4,000  men.  It 
is  estimated  that  Austria's  land  forces  raised 
to  their  maximum  war  strength  would  be  as 


follows:  Common  or  active  army,  1,360,000; 
Austrian  Landwehr,  240,000;  Hungarian  Land- 
wehr, 220,000;  Landsturm,  2,000,000;  Ersatz 
reserve,  500,000;    grand  total,  4,320,000. 

The  infantry  is  armed  with  the  Mannlicher 
magazine  rifle,  calibre  .315,  1895  model;  the 
cavalry  with  a  carbine  of  the  same  make.  The 
field  gun,  a  Krupp,  uses  a  shrapnel  of  145  lbs.; 
the  field  howitzer  is  a  10.5  cm.  piece  weighing 
i,cK)o  lbs.  and  firing  a  30  lb.  shell.  On  a  peace 
footing  all  batteries  have  4  guns,  on  war  footing 
6,  except  the  mountain  batteries  which  are 
provided  with  4  guns. 

The  Hungarian  cavalry  is  admirable;  the  rest 
of  the  army  is  undoubted I\'  a  good  force  but 
scarcel\'  comparable  to  the  French  or  German 
armies.  It  has  not  fought  single-handed  since 
1866  when  it  was  decisively  defeated  b>'  the 
Prussians  and  their  allies  at  Koniggratz. 

ITALY 

The  Italian  arm\'  on  a  peace  footing  numbers 
250,860  ofificcrs  and  men,  exclusive  of  the  troops 
in  Africa.  Service  is  compulsory  and  univer- 
sal, beginning  at  the  age  of  twenty.  Two 
years  in  the  permanent  army  are  followed  by 
6  years  in  the  reserve,  4  years  in  the  mobile 
militia,  and  7  years  in  the  territorial  militia. 
In  the  reserve  they  receive  from  2  to  6  weeks' 
training  which  may  be  extended  over  several 
\ears;  in  the  territorial  militia,  30  days'  train- 
ing. Each  division  consists  of  2  brigades  com- 
posed of  2  regiments,  each  of  3  battalions,  to- 
gether with  a  regiment  of  field  artillery  (5 
batteries)  and  has  a  war  strength  of  14,156 
officers  and  men  and  30  guns.  Four  regiments 
divided  into  2  brigades  and  2  horse  batteries 
comprise  a  cavalr\'  division.  Each  army  corps 
has  2  divisions  —  save  the  I  Xth  which  has  3  — a 
regiment  of  field  artiller\-  (36  guns),  2  or  3 
heavy  batteries,  a  regiment  of  cavalry  and  one 
of  Bersaglieri  (light  infantry).  Aside  from  the 
Carabinieri  or  militarx'  police  and  the  usual 
auxiliary  troops  including  the  aeronautical 
corps  with  7  companies,  30  aeroplanes,  and  9 
airships,  are  the  Alpini,  frontier  troops  orga- 
nized for  the  defense  of  the  mountain  passes, 
consisting  of  8  regiments  (26  battalions)  of 
Alpine  infantry  and  2  regiments  of  36  mountain 
batteries.  The  field  arm\'  comprises  12  army 
corps  and  3  cavalry  divisions,  its  war  strength 
is  about  2,600,000,  divided  as  follows:  active 
army  700,000,  mobile  militia  400,000,  terri- 
torial militia,  a  large  part  of  whom  are  onl\' 
partiallx'  trained,  1,500,000. 

The  Italian  infantry  is  armed  with  the  .Mann- 
licher Carcano  magazine  rifle  of  6.5  millimetres 
calibre,  but  the  territorial  militia  still  uses  the 
old  Vetterli  rifle.  The  fleld  artiller\'  is  now 
being  rearmed  with  the  De  Port  gun  with  a 
calibre  of  7.5  centimetres  of  the  model  of  1912. 

The  Italian  army  has  recently  been  engaged 
in  war  in  Africa,  and  has  doubtless  profited  by 
its  experience. 

It  is  a  compact  force  and  well  trained. 


46 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Apart  from  the  Indian  Arm\-  and  the  Local 
Forces  in  the  various  colonies,  the  military 
establishment  of  Great  Britain  consists  of 
the  Regular  Army  and  the  Territorial  Army, 
both  being  recruited  by  voluntary  enlistment 
between  the  ages  of  i8  and  25.  The  enlistment 
is  for  12  twelve  years,  with  permission  under 
certain  circumstances  to  prolong  it  to  21  years. 
Three  to  nine  vears  is  the  period  with  the  colors, 
and  the  remainder  with  the  Army   Reserve, 


heavy  batteries  and  those  of  the  Territorial 
Army  which  have  4.  The  casual  reader  will 
probably  be  surprised  at  these  figures,  but  he 
must  remember  that  during  the  Boer  War  Eng- 
land put  more  than  a  million  men  in  the  field. 
The  United  Kingdom  is  divided  into  seven 
"commands"  and  the  London  district,  all  of 
which  include  from  2  to  3  territorial  divisions 
and  I  to  4  territorial  cavalry  brigades  in  ad- 
dition   to   detachmen':s    of  varying   size  from 


RUSSIA'S    TERRITORIAL    AMBITION 

TO    GAIN    ACCESS    TO   THE    ATLANTIC    AND    THE     MHUll  ERRANEAN      UNEMBARRASSED     BY     A     BLOCKING      ENEMY: 

AND  TO  ABSORB  ALL  THE  SLAVIC  PEOPLES 


most  men  electing  to  serve  7  years  with  the 
colors  and  5  in  the  reserve.  Upon  mobilization 
the  existing  deficiencies  are  supplied  from  the 
Army  Reserve  or,  to  a  lesser  extent,  from  the 
Special  Reserve  of  troops  not  permanently  in- 
corporated but  who  serve  as  depot  troops, 
or  in  fortifications,  their  term  of  service  being 
for  6  years.  The  recruits  are  subjected  to  5 
months'  training  and  each  year  are  called  out 
for  3  weeks,  supplemented  by  6  days'  musketry 
practice  for  the  infantry. 

The  Home  Army  consists  of  0,740  officers 
and  172,610  men,  the  Army  Reserve  of  147,000, 
the  Special  Reserve  of  80,120,  and  the  Terri- 
torial Army  of  315,485,  a  total  of  724,955. 
Raised  to  war  strength  these  forces  would 
number  29,330  officers,  772,000  men  and  2,072 
guns,  the  batteries  being  of  6  guns,  except  the 


the  Regular  Army.  Two  nearly  full  divisions 
are  stationed  at  Aldcrshot  and  in  Ireland,  one 
complete  division  in  the  Southern  and  one  in 
the  Eastern  "command."  There  are  also  6 
aeroplane  squadrons,  each  with  18  aeroplanes. 

The  Lee-Enfield  rifle,  calibre  .303,  is  the  arm 
of  the  infantry  and  cavalry.  In  the  Regular 
Army  the  field  artillery  has  an  18-pounder 
Armstrong  gun,  the  horse  artillery  a  1 3-pounder, 
the  field  howitzers  arc  40-pounders,  and  the 
heavy  batteries  are  armed  with  6()-p()unders. 

The  British  army  got  a  severe  handling  in  the 
Boer  War,  and  profited  greatly  thereby.  The 
Territorial  Army  is  a  force  of  distinctly  uncer- 
tain value  at  present,  being  very  much  akin  to 
the  American  militia,  and  could  scarcely  be 
expected  to  distinguish  itself  if  pitted  against 
the  French  or  German  regulars. 


THE   ARMIES  OF    EUROPE 


47 


The  Belgian  army  has  a  peace  footing  of 
3,542  ofTicers  and  44,061  men,  with  a  war 
strength  variously  estimated  at  from  300,000  to 
350,000.  The  infantry  is  armed  with  the 
Mauser  rifle,  the  artillery  with  a  shielded  Krupp 
quick-fire  piece  of  7.5  cm.  calibre. 

In  1913  the  Netherlands  had  in  its  Home 
Army  1.543  officers  and  21,412  men  and  152 
guns.  On  a  war  footing  it  could  probablv  be 
raised  to  about  270,000  men.     The  small  arm  is 


5,460  officers  and  98,000  men,  on  a  war  footing 
5  armv  corps  and  approximately  580,000  men. 
The  infantry  uses  the  Mannlicher  magazine 
rifle,  .256  calibre,  the  cavalry  the  Mannlicher 
carbine.  The  field  and  horse  batteries  are 
armed  with  the  Krupp  quick-fire,  75  mm.  gun 
of  the  model  of  1903. 

In  1912  Greece  had  a  peace  establishment  of 
1,952  officers  and  23,268  men,  but  the  recent 
war  has  caused  her  to  augment  them  to  3  army 


THE  PAN-GERMAN  DREAM  OF  A  "MARCH  TO  THE  EAST*' 

BY    WHICH     GERMANY    AND    AUSTRIA    WOULD     GAIN     AN    AUSTRIAN-OWNED    PATH    TO    CONSTANTINOPLE    AND    A 
GERMAN-CONTROLLED    COMMERCIAL    HIGHWAY    THROUGH    GERMAN    INFLUENCE    IN    ASIA    MINOR 


the  Mannlicher  rifie  and  carbine,  the  field  gun 
is  identical  with  that  of  Belgium. 

Servia  has  10  divisions  divided  into  4  army 
corps,  with  a  peace  footing  of  160,000,  and  a 
war  strength  of  over  380,000.  The  rifle  is  the 
Mauser,  model  of  1899,  with  a  calibre  of  7  mm., 
of  which  there  are  not  nearly  enough  to  arm  the 
reserves;  the  field  piece  a  quick-firing  gun  of 
the  French  Schneider-Canet  svstem. 

Bulgaria  has  a  peace  establishment  of  about 
3,900  officers  and  56,000  men,  armed  with  the 
Mannlicher  magazine  rifle,  calibre  .315,  the 
Mannlicher  carbine,  the  Schneider  quick-fire 
gun  of  7.5  cm.,  and  a  light  Krupp  of  the  same 
calibre  for  the  mountain  batteries.  On  a  war 
footing  she  could  muster  4  army  corps  and 
about  550,000  men. 

Roumania's  arm\-  on  a  peace  footing  is  about 


corps  and  her  war  footing  is  not  far  from 
250,000  men.  The  infantry  is  armed  with  the 
Mannlicher-Schonauer  rifie  of  the  1903  model 
and  the  field  artillery  with  Schneider-Canet 
quick-fire  guns. 

Few  people  realize  how  strongl\'  the  frontiers 
of  the  Powers  of  central  Europe  are  fortified  — 
in  fact  the  whole  continent  bristles  with  forti- 
fications. Beginning  at  the  point  where  France, 
Switzerland,  and  Germany  meet,  the  eastern 
frontier  of  France  is  guarded  by  fortresses  of 
the  first  class  at  Belfort,  Epinal,  Toul,  and 
Verdun  in  the  first  line,  reinforced  by  Besangon, 
Dijon,  Langres,  Rheims,  la  Fere,  and  Mau- 
beuge  in  the  second  line,  with  smaller  fortifica- 
tions (forts  d'arrets)  close  to  the  German  fron- 
tier at  Remirement,  Luneville,  Nancy,  and 
other  points.     Along  the   Italian  frontier  are 


48 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


the  strong  places  of  Grenoble,  Brianfon,  and 
Nice,  with  Lyons  in  the  rear.  All  her  naval 
harbors  are  fortified  and  the  defense  of  Paris 
consists  of  97  bastions,  17  old  forts  and  38  new 
advanced  forts,  the  whole  forming  entrenched 
camps  at  Versailles  and  St.  Denis. 

The  German  frontier  facing  France  is  guarded 
by  the  fortresses  of  Neu-Breisach,  Strassburg, 
Metz,  and  Diedenhofen  in  the  first  line,  with 
Rastatt,  Bitsch,  and  Saarlouis  in  the  second  line, 
and  Germersheim  in  the  rear.  Mainz  (May- 
ence)  is  situated  opposite  Luxemburg,  Coblentz, 
and  Koln  (Cologne)  opposite  Belgium,  and 
W'esel  opposite  Holland.  The  northern  coast 
is  stronglv  fortified  from  W'ilhelmshafen  to 
Memmel,  the  latter  forming  the  extreme  end 
of  the  cordon  of  fortresses  which  guard  Ger- 
manv's  eastern  frontier,  and  which  consist  of 
Konigsberg  and  Allenstein  in  the  first  line, 
Danzig,  Dirschau,  Graudenz,  Thorn,  and  the 
Vistula  Passages  in  the  second  line.  South  of 
this  point  are  Posen,  Glogau.  and  Breslau  facing 
Poland.  Beginning  at  Neisse  the  defense 
against  Austria  consists  of  strong  fortifications 
at  Glatz,  Torgau,  Ingolstadt,  and  Ulm,  and  the 
approaches  to  Berlin  are  guarded  by  Mag  deburg 
Spandau,  and  Kustrin. 

Russia  is  protected  against  attacks  from  the 
Germans  by  the  fortresses  of  Libau  on  the  Bal- 
tic, Kovna,  Ossovets,  and  Ust-Dvinsk  (formerly 
Dunamiind)  in  the  Vilna  district,  and  in  Poland 
by  Novo-Georgievsk.  Warsaw,  and  Ivangorod 
on  the  Vistula,  and  Brest-Litovsk  on  the  Bug  — 
four  strongholds  known  as  the  Polish  Quadri- 
lateral. Guarding  St.  Petersburg  are  the  weaker 
fortifications  of  Kronstadt  and  Viborg,  with 
Sweaborg  midway  down  the  Gulf  of  Finland 
near  Helsingfors.  On  the  Black  Sea  are  Sebas- 
topol  and  Kertch  in  the  Crimea  and  Otchokov 
near  Odessa. 

Austria's  fortifications  consist  of  the  strong 
places  of  Cracow  and  Premysl  on  the  road  to 
Lemberg  in  Galicia,  facing  Poland;  in  Hun- 
gar\-  she  has  Gyula-Fehervar  (Karlsburg)  and 
Arad  on  the  Maros  River  guarding  the  approach 
from  the  angle  of  Roumania,  while  on  her  fron- 
tier facing  Servia  are  Alt-Orsova  and  Peter- 
varad  (Peterwardein)  on  the  Danube,  and  Sara- 
jevo in  Bosnia,  with  Temesvar  and  Komorn 
blocking  the  approach  to  Vienna  from  the 
southeast.  On  the  Adriatic  are  Cattaro  on  the 
edge  of  Montenegro,  and  the  naval  arsenals  of 
Pola  and  Trieste.  All  the  Alpine  passes  of  the 
Tyrol  arc  fortified,  but  neither  Vienna  nor  Buda- 
pest have  any  defenses. 

Italy's  fortifications,  aside  from  those  on  her 
coasts,  extend  in  a  line  from  Venice,  through 
Verona,  Mantua,  and  Piacenza  to  Alessandria 
and  Casale  which  face  the  French  frontier. 

GENERAL    MILITARY    SITUATION 

"Strategy  consists  in  getting  there  first  with 
most  men,"  according  to  the  statement  ascribed 
to  General  Forrest,  a  Southern  partisan  leader, 
and  a  better  definition  it  would  be  hard  to  give. 


Germany  and  .Austria  being  in  the  centre  of 
Europe  have  shorter  distances  to  traverse  to 
reach  any  given  point  on  their  frontiers  than  is 
the  case  with  their  adversaries  who  are  sepa- 
rated by  these  two  empires.  They  can  also 
mobilize  their  forces  more  quickly  than  their 
opponents  — with  the  exception  of  the  French 
—  and  their  combined  armies  are  more  homo- 
geneous than  are  the  allies.  On  the  other  hand 
thev  are  inferior  in  numbers  to  their  adversaries, 
Germany  having  4,000,000.  and  Austria 
4,320,000,  a  total  of  8,320,000,  against  3,878,000 
French,  5,962.000  Russians,  500,000  Servians, 
and  3  so, 000  Belgians,  a  total  of  10,690,000. 
Napoleon  declared  that  "the  strength  of  an 
army,  like  the  amount  of  move  nent  in  me- 
chanics, is  estimated  as  the  mass  multiplied  by 
the  rapidity,"  and  he  demonstrated  the  proper 
method  to  pursue  in  situations  almost  identical 
with  those  of  to-day.  Falling  with  the  utmost 
rapidity  and  all  the  forces  he  could  muster 
upon  one  of  his  adversaries,  he  inflicted  a  crush- 
ing defeat.  Leaving  a  "containing  force"  at 
that  point,  he  then  turned  with  all  his  strength 
against  the  other  adversary,  repeating  his  suc- 
cessive blows  in  one  or  both  directions  until  his 
opponents  were  destroyed.  So  long  as  he  kept 
them  asunder  their  superior  numbers  availed 
them  nothing,  and  his  own  success  was  assured; 
once  they  were  permitted  to  combine,  his  de- 
feat was  certain.  In  such  manoeuvres  the  forces 
must  be  kept  closely  united  and  moved  with  all 
possible  rapidity,  otherwise  the  advantage  con- 
ferred by  "interior  1  ines"  will  be  wholly  lost. 

If  the  Germans  and  Austrians  are  to  escape 
being  crushed  by  the  mere  weight  of  numbers 
they  must  pursue  a  similar  course.  If  they 
elect  to  attack  the  French  and  Belgians,  stra- 
tegic wisdom  would  require  their  leaving  on 
their  eastern  frontiers  forces  of  sufficient  strength 
to  be  able,  in  conjunction  with  their  fortifica- 
tions, to  prevent  the  Russians  and  Serbs  from 
penetrating  in  their  rear.  If  they  prefer  to 
attack  to  the  east  the  operation  must  be  re- 
versed. In  either  case  they  ought  to  be  able  to 
outnumber  their  adversaries  on  the  east  or  those 
on  the  west,  but  if  thev  attack  in  both  direc- 
tions at  the  same  time,  they  are  sure  to  be 
defeated  by  superior  forces. 

The  indications  are  that  a  first  stroke  to  the 
east  would  produce  the  greater  results,  since  the 
Russians  cannot  mobilize  under  twenty-six  days 
at  least,  and  nearly  a  month  must  elapse  before 
thev  are  fully  ready  to  begin  a  forward  move- 
ment in  anv  great  force.  It  would  therefore  be 
possible,  if  the  Germans  and  Austrians  act 
quickly,  to  inflict  a  crushing  blow  upon  them 
before  thev  are  ready.  This  might  open  the 
road  to  St.  Petersburg  — which  is  no  farther 
from  Konigsberg  than  Berlin  is  from  Paris — and 
so  long  as  the  German  fleet  commands  the  Bal- 
tic, the  troops  could  be  largely  supplied  from 
transports  at  several  points  en  route.  This 
operation  while  possible  under  certain  condi- 
tions, would  be  extremely  hazardous.     On  the 


THE   ARMIES   OF  EUROPE 


49 


other  hand,  in  an  advance  to  the  west,  the  most 
advantageous  lines  of  advance  are  from  Cob- 
lenz  up  the  Mosel  and  through  Luxemburg,  (jr 
from  Cologne  through  Belgium,  issuing  either 
through  Sedan  or  through  the  valley  of  the 
Meuse  into  l-"rance,  at  a  distance  of  about  140 
miles  from  Paris.  The  violation  of  Belgium's 
neutrality  and  the  opposition  of  her  forces  is 
not  to  be  compared  to  the  advantage  thus  con- 
ferred.    Furthermore  the  French  fortifications 


up  a  veritable  hornet's  nest,  for  the  Swiss  have 
500,000  well  trained  men. 

(Jn  the  eastern  frontiers  the  fortifications  — 
German,  Austrian,  and  Russian  —  present 
analogous  difficulties  but  in  a  far  lesser  degree. 
Russia  cannot  issue  from  western  Poland  with- 
out exposing  her  right  Hank  to  a  German  at- 
tack from  Hast  Prussia,  and  her  left  to  an  attack 
fr(jm  Galicia,  or  Bohemia.  The  roads  into 
Germany  north  of  Poland  are  strongly  guarded 


R«rlla     n 


'^VWIIbclmlbafaa 


1«HU< 


And*        KarUbon  j  «      JT  ^^ 

P«»r™nUj»<^<Jfe»3l       ROUMANIA     r*^      BtbuiiPDl* 

"v,    Jstmz.  >     (  BULGARIA )  SEA 


THE    FORTRESSES    OF    EUROPE 

EVERY  PLACE  THAT  IS  NAMED  ON  THIS  MAP  IS  A  FORTIFIED  STRATEGIC  SITE  THAT  IS  VITAL  TO  THE    DEFENCE    OF 

THE  COUNTRY   IN  WHICH  IT  LIES 


guarding  these  lines  are  not  so  strong  as  they 
ought  to  be,  whereas  those  from  Epernay  south 
to  Belfort  will  not  be  easy  to  break  through  if 
reinforced  by  the  French  armies.  In  this  con- 
nection it  may  be  observed  that  Germany's 
frontier  from  Basle  to  Luxemburg  is  242  miles 
in  length,  Luxemburg  adds  1 1 1  miles,  and  Bel- 
gium 70  miles.  With  several  million  men 
packed  into  this  space,  and  resting  on  a  line  of 
powerful  modern  fortifications,  the  difficulty  of 
either  side  to  break  through  will  be  apparent, 
especially  if  the  troops  resort  to  field  entrench- 
ments, as  they  undoubtedly  will  do.  Under  the 
circumstances,  it  is  difficult  to  see  how  Ger- 
many can. realize  her  boast  that  she  will  crush 
France  and  be  in  Paris  in  three  weeks,  particu- 
larly since  Victor  Emmanuel  has  not  given  his 
adhesion  and  ltal\'  cannot  be  utilized  for  a  di- 
verting attack  against  southern  France.  To 
violate  the  neutr^l'«^»'  f^f  "Switzerland  would  stir 


by  fortifications,  so  that  it  is  probable  that  she 
will  invade  Galicia  between  Cracow  and  Lem- 
berg,  in  the  effort  to  crush  the  Austrians,  or  to 
separate  them  from  the  Germans.  An  advance 
from  any  of  the  Balkan  states  would  be  less 
hazardous  but,  on  the  other  hand,  less  pro- 
ductive of  results. 

Should  Italy  indefinitely  join  England,  France, 
and  Russia,  her  12  armv  corps  in  conjunction 
with  Servia's  4  corps  could  probabl\'  neutralize 
in  a  large  measure  Austria's  16  corps  and  pre- 
vent their  rendering  any  material  assistance  to 
Germany  either  by  holding  the  Russians  in 
check  or  by  joining  in  an  attack  against  France. 

Broadl>'  speaking  such  are  the  most  probable 
operations  to  be  attempted  during  the  first 
stage  of  the  war.  When  the  terrific  struggle 
has  terminated,  the  map  of  Europe  —  perhaps 
of  certain  other  portions  of  the  globe  —  may 
be  materially  changed. 


ASIA,  AFRICA,  AND  THE  ISLANDS  OF 

THE  SEAS 


WHERE    THE    FIGHTING     EUROPEAN    NATIONS    MEET    IN    OTHER    CONTINENTS    AND 

DISTANT    OCEANS    AND    HOW    THIS    STRUGGLE    MAY    CHANGE 

THE    GEOGRAPHY    OF    THE    WORLD 


THE  third  day  of  August  was  the 
critical  da\'  in  this  world  war.  Un- 
seen underlying  causes  had  been  at 
work  for  \ears,  for  generations.  But 
in  that  one  week  from  July  28th 
to  August  4th  the  curtain  rolled  up  and  one 
after  another  the  nations  in  their  true  colors 
stepped  into  the  theatre  of  war.  In  all  human 
history  there  has  never  been  a  spectacle  so 
tremendous. 

On  the  third  day  of  August  the  Kaiser 
played  his  last  card.  Russia,  France,  and  Ser- 
via  were  already  lined  up  against  the  Austrian- 
German  alliance.  Italy,  under  her  declaration 
of  neutrality,  hung  yet  in  the  throes  of  inde- 
cision. The  one  overwhelming  element  yet 
uncommitted  was  the  sea  power  of  England. 
To  hold  that  element  neutral,  even  for  a  month, 
would  have  justified  almost  any  promise  Ger- 
many could  have  made.  And  the  price 
Germany  offered  is  exceedingly  significant  of 
the  universal  stakes  for  which  this  war  will  be 
fought  out  to  the  end.  As  the  price  for  Eng- 
land's neutrality,  Germany  offered  to  guarantee 
the  territorial  integrity  of  Belgium  and  Hol- 
land, and  offered  to  England  one  half  the 
colonial  possessions  of  France.  That  was  the 
day  of  Belgian  pluck  and  British  wisdom. 
On  the  next  day  Germany  attacked  Liege  and 
declared  war  on  England. 

When  this  war  is  over  and  the  smoke  has 
cleared  away  conquerors  and  conquered  will 
come  together  and  settle  the  price  of  peace. 
The  largest  clement  in  that  price  will  be  terri- 
tory, for  in  terms  of  territory  arc  the  hostile 
ambitions  of  the  fighting  nations  expressed. 
Nationality  and  territory,  these  will  be  rede- 
fined. The  map  as  we  have  known  it  is  gone. 
If  in  the  end  Germany  and  Austria  prevail, 
it  is  difficult  to  exaggerate  the  geographical 
changes  that  will  follow  as  a  consequence  of 
German  supremacy  on  land  and  sea.  If  the 
ill  assorted  Anglo-Latin-Slav  alliance  crushes 
the  imperial  German  incubus,  which  has 
threatened  them  all  these  last  forty  years, 
territorial  changes  will  be  less  extensive,  but 
equally  fundamental.  In  the  latter  case  some- 
thing in  the  nature  of  balance  of  power  between 
the  victorious  allies  will  restrict  the  readjust- 
ment after  (ierman  expansion  has  been  stamped 
out.  In  the  former  case  no  such  thing  as  the 
balance  of  power,  as  it  has  been  hitherto  under- 
stood among  the  nations  of  Europe,  will  sur- 


vive. All  that  can  then  restrain  a  victorious 
Germanic  imperialism  will  be  a  possible  internal 
dissension  following  upon  a  devastating  war, 
and  the  creation  of  a  new  balance  of  power, 
as  between  Germany,  the  United  States,  and 
the  dominant  nation  of  the  Far  East.  In  any 
case  the  most  impressive  geographical  changes 
will  probably  not  be  made  in  the  map  of  Europe. 
A  nation  cannot  be  wiped  off  the  map.  The 
great  changes  in  international  geography  will  be 
made  in  the  colonial  possessions  of  the  expand- 
ing nations.  Colonies  can  be  wiped  off  the 
map  or  painted  a  different  color. 

Besides  the  British  Empire  of  India,  with  its 
three  hundred  millions  of  alien  population. 
Great  Britain  also  means  the  enormous  feder- 
ated territory  of  Australia  and  Canada.  The 
highly  improbable,  but  not  impossible,  event 
of  crushing  naval  reverses  for  England,  would 
mean  the  loss  of  India.  Canada  and  Australia 
would  at  once  become  negligible  as  props  to 
England's  crippled  fortune.  So  much  of  the 
situation  is  clear,  though  in  its  consequences 
by  no  means  easy  to  appreciate. 

In  Africa,  Asia,  and  the  islands  of  the  Pacific, 
Germany  to-day  owns  1,134,239  square  miles 
of  territory,  with  a  population  of  14,883,950 
thoroughly  dominated  but  only  partially  con- 
vinced subjects.  Germany  is  an  impressive 
colonial  empire,  even  if  one  does  not  count  the 
German  dominance  in  Asiatic  Turkey  and  the 
outpost  colonics  of  trade-controlling  Germans 
in  Spanish-speaking  republics  of  South  America. 
Germany's  actual  territory  outside  of  Europe 
is  five  times  larger  than  all  the  German  Empire 
in  Europe.  If  you  will  observe  on  the  accom- 
panying map  the  disposition  of  this  territory 
over  the  world  you  will  find  some  very  in- 
teresting phases  of  a  general  European  war 
which  are  not  generally  understood. 

Four  fifths  of  Germany's  colonial  possessions 
arc  in  Africa.  Bordering  north  on  the  British 
territory,  now  made  familiar  in  America  by 
moving  picture  expeditions  and  the  big  game 
hunting  of  our  Ex-president,  is  (ierman  East 
Africa,  almost  exactly  the  size  of  all  our  Atlantic 
Coast  states  from  Maine  to  l-"lorida.  Notched 
into  British  South  Africa  over  on  the  Atlantic 
side  is  German  southwest  Africa,  greater  in 
extent  than  Spain  and  Italy  combined.  Farther 
north,  up  the  west  coast,  Germany  in  the  Kam- 
erun  and  Togoland  owns  more  real  estate  than 
is  covered  by  all  of  France  and  the  British  isles. 


52 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


The  important  thing  to  reah'ze  is  that  nearly 
all  this  territory  is  mutually  contiguous  and 
without  natural  boundaries.  Germany  in 
Africa  is  separated  from  England  only  by  a 
surveyor's  arbitrary  line.  Another  thing 
should  be  carefully  noticed:  Throughout  all 
central  and  southern  Africa,  wherever  German 
soil  does  not  actually  touch  upon  British,  the 
two  domains  are  separated  in  every  instance 
by  either  Belgian,  Portuguese,  or  French  terri- 
torw  France,  Belgium,  and  Portugal  are  allies 
of  England.  In  a  general  way,  to  prophesy 
the  redemarcation  of  the  surve\or's  lines  across 
Africa  when  this  war  shall  have  been  fought 
out  to  a  finish  would  not  be  difficult.  The 
whole  political  complexion  of  Africa  may  be 
changed.  Meanwhile,  as  the  war  progresses 
and  the  attention  of  the  world  is  focused  upon 
the  main  theatre  of  events  in  central  Europe, 
it  is  important  to  remember  that  there  are  large 
bodies  of  British,  French,  and  German  troops 
in  Africa,  and  that  when  it  comes  to  treaties  of 
peace  actual  possession  of  colonial  territory 
counts  nine  tenths  in  the  settlement,  such 
acquisitions  being  either  permanently  retained 
or  bartered  for  a  heavy  compensating  price. 
There  will  be  some  fighting  in  Africa  to  keep 
borders  intact  until  the  judgment  day  of  peace 
arrives.  .Already  in  the  first  week  of  the  war 
a  British  force  has  promptl\-  moved  upon  and 
captured  Lome,  the  capital  of  Togoland,  which 
lies  between  French  Dahomey  and  the  British 
Gold  Coast  on  the  Gulf  of  Guinea. 

WAR    ON    THE    OTHER    SIDE    OF    THE    WORLD 

In  the  Far  East  the  situation,  as  defined  by 
the  present  stage  of  this  war,  is  at  first  glance 
much  less  impressive,  although  on  the  other 
side  of  the  world  European  nations  come  almost 
as  closel\'  into  touch  on  the  continent  of  Asia 
and  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  as  they  do  in 
Africa.  So  far  as  operations  concurrent  with 
those  in  Europe  are  concerned,  the  problem  in 
Africa  is  a  military  one;  in  the  Far  East  it  is 
purely  a  naval  problem. 

Turning  to  the  map  again  we  shall  find  Eng- 
land almost  imprcgnably  established  in  another 
Gibraltar  on  the  small  island  of  Hong-Kong, 
on  the  south  coast  of  China.  This  citadel 
island,  only  ten  miles  long,  which  is  also  Eng- 
land's easternmost  naval  base,  contains,  with 
a  strip  of  adjacent  mainland  and  some  other 
lesser  islands,  390  square  miles  of  British  terri- 
tory. This  is  the  only  land  England  owns  in 
China,  though  in  that  grab-bag  country  she 
has  many  railroad,  mining,  and  other  con- 
cessions which  are  as  worthy  of  preservation. 
So  has  Germany  similar  concessions  of  great 
value,  nearly  every  one  of  which  has  been  won 
after  the  bitterest  kind  of  competition  with 
F^ngland.  With  her  coal  supplies,  dry-docks, 
and  forts,  Germany  is  established  around  a 
land-locked  harbor  at  Kiao-Chau,  on  the  China 
Sea,  across  the  way  from  Korea.  This  is  the 
strategic  position  gained  by  the  Kaiser's  famous 
"mailed   fist"    policy    in    1897.     it    represents 


the  price  China  then  paid  for  two  dead  German- 
Lutheran  i  -  iisionaries.  Only  a  world-dominant 
"mailed  fist"  can  hold  it  now,  and  the  price 
to  be  paid  will  exceed  many  missionaries.  It 
would  be  a  valuable  possession  for  England, 
and  an  almost  invaluable  one  for  her  ally,  Japan. 

As  the  coastwise  steamers  sail,  Kiao-Chau  is 
1,200  miles  away  from  Hong  Kong  and,  cor- 
respondingly to  the  latter's  character,  it  is  the 
onl\'  territory  Germany  actually  owns  in  China, 
although  a  so-called  sphere  of  influence  around 
it  in  the  province  of  Shantung  amounts  to 
nearly  3,000  additional  square  miles  of  Ger- 
manic lands. 

Hong-Kong  and  Kiao-Chau  —  these  are  the 
bases  of  German  and  British  naval  operations 
in  the  northern  Pacific  and  along  the  Chinese 
coast.  It  remains,  then,  to  speak  of  the  new 
situation  just  created  in  the  southern  Pacific. 
Strewn  along  from  the  Indian  Ocean  far  out  into 
the  Pacific  extends  a  wonderfully  vast  archi- 
pelago which  includes  our  own  Philippine  group. 
Here,  also,  with  hundreds  of  leagues  of  elbow 
room,  Germany  and  England  have  been  crowd- 
ing upon  each  other's  toes  these  many  years. 
Beginning  a  thousand  miles  and  more  south- 
east of  Mindanao,  the  German  fiag  waves  over 
hundreds  of  settlements  in  what  is  called, 
administratively,  German  New  Guinea,  in- 
cluding the  Marshall  and  Solomon  islands,  the 
widely  scattered  Carolines,  and  the  Marianas. 
Far  out  in  mid-Pacific  lie  the  two  Samoan 
Isles  which  belong  to  Germany.  Interspersed 
all  through  this  distributed  territory,  but  far 
more  numerous  and  populous,  are  scattered  the 
British  Pacific  islands:  the  Straits  Settle- 
ments, Borneo,  British  Guinea,  the  Gilberts, 
Fiji,  the  Papuans,  and  many  other  groups. 
On  the  big  island  of  New  Guinea  England  and 
Germany  occupy  adjoining  quarters  of  the 
total  area,  Holland  owning  the  other  half  as 
well  as  the  neighboring  rich  groups  of  Java, 
the  Celebes,  and  Moluccas,  on  which  Germany 
has  looked  for  years  with  covetous  eyes. 

The  geographical  neighborhood  southv/ard 
of  British  Australia  and  New  Zealand  must  be 
particularly  noticed  since  these  dominions  now 
maintain  a  small  navy  of  twelve  ships  and 
efficient  colonial  forces  of  their  own.  The  joint 
possessions  of  Germany  and  England  stretch  for 
nearly  ^,000  miles  from  Singapore  to  the  edge 
of  the  Marquesas  Islands.  7  he  operation  of  the 
small  Antipodean  fieets  of  Germany  and  Eng- 
land will,  therefore,  probably  be  confined  within 
easy  reach  —  say,  a  thousand  miles  —  of  their 
respective  coaling  bases.  The  situation  con- 
tains infinite  possibilities  in  the  way  of  preying 
upon  the  enormous  volume  of  commerce  borne 
over  those  long  sea  lanes  in  German  and  British 
bottoms,  with  a  great  scarcity  of  neutral  ports 
as  havens  of  refuge.  Moreover,  France  has 
ships  and  soldiers  at  Tonkin,  in  south  China; 
Russia  keeps  some  sea-going  destroyers  at 
Vladivostock,  and  if  Holland  joins  Belgium  in 
defense  of  their  European  integrity  Dutch 
men-of-war  will  be  heard  from  in  the  Pacific. 


THE  NAVIES  OF  EUROPE 


ENGLAND,    FRANCE,    GERMANY,    RUSSIA,    AND    AUSTRIA 


THE  present  war  is  an  exception  to 
the  general  rule  that  dominion  is 
won  or  lost  by  the  preponderance 
of  sea-power  or  its  opposite.  At 
the  moment  of  this  writing  the 
navies  of  all  the  great  Powers  except  Italy  are 
involved  in  the  struggle.  On  one  side  those  of 
Great  Britain,  France,  and  Russia;  on  the  other, 
Germany  and  Austria.  The  preponderance  of 
force  is  thus  very  great  against  the  Germanic 
Powers. 

Great  Britain  has  political  dominion  over 
nearly  35  per  cent,  of  the  habitable  land  of 
the  globe  and  over  27  per  cent,  of  its  popu- 
lation, the  total  of  which  is  estimated  by 
one  of  the  best  authorities  at  1,623,300,000. 
No  such  empire  has  ever  before  existed,  and  it 
is  for  the  looking  after  of  these  tremendous 
and  wide-scattered  interests  that  the  great  navy 
of  Britain  exists.  For  all  her  highways  of 
communication  are  across  the  seas.  For  this 
duty  she  has,  now  completed,  60  modern 
battleships,  9  battle-cruisers,  34  armored  crui- 
sers, 17  heavy  protected  cruisers,  70  light 
cruisers,  232  destroyers  now  ready  and  16 
building,  59  torpedo  boats  (and  50  old  ones), 
and  75  submarines,  besides  52  sea-going  auxil- 
iaries of  the  fleet,  such  as  mother  ships  for 
destroyers,  mine-layers,  distilling  ships,  oil 
ships,  repair  and  hospital  ships. 

The  following  are  the  details  of  this  great 
fleet,  the  types  in  each  class  being  separated 
into  groups: 

The  first  group,  completed  between  1895 
and  1898,  includes  the  following  battleships: 
Magnificent,  Majestic,  Prince  George,  Victor- 
ious,  Jupiter,  Caesar,  Mars,  Hannibal,  and 
Illustrious. 

They  are  all  of  14,900  tons  displacement, 
12,000  horse-power,  and  2,000  tons  coal  capac- 
ity. They  have  a  speed  of  17.5  knots,  9 
inches  of  armor  belt,  and  from  10  to  14  inches 
protection  for  the  big  guns.  The  armament 
consists  of  4  12-inch,  \2  6-inch  rapid  fire,  16 
3-inch  rapid  fire,  12  3-pounder  rapid  lire,  2  light 
rapid  fire,  and  2  machine  guns.  They  have  one 
torpedo  tube  above  water  and  two  under  water. 

The  next  class  includes  six  battleships,  com- 
pleted between  1900  and  1902:  Canopus,  Ocean, 
Goliath,  Glory,  Vengeance,  and  Albion. 

They  are  of  12,950  tons  displacement,  13,500 
horse-power,  and  2,300  tons  coal  capacit\-. 
They  have  a  speed  of  18.25  knots,  6  inches  of 
armor  belt,  and  from  8  to  12  inches  protection 
for  the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of 
4  12-inch  rapid  fire,  12  6-inch  rapid  fire,  10  3- 
inch  rapid  fire,  2  light  rapid  fire,  and  2  machine 
guns.     They  have  4  torpedo  tubes. 


Then  come  eight  ships,  finished  between  /901 
and  1904:  h'ormidable,  Irresistible,  London, 
Bulwark,  Venerable,  Implacable,  Queen,  and 
Prince    of  IV ales. 

They  are  of  15,000  tons  displacement,  15,000 
horse-power,  and  2,000  tons  coal  capacity.  They 
have  a  speed  of  18  knots,  6  to  9  inches  of  armor 
belt,  and  from  8  to  12  inches  protection  for  the 
big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  4  12-inch, 
12  6-inch  rapid  fire,  16  3-inch  rapid  fire,  2  light 
rapid  fire,  and  2  machine  guns.  They  have  4 
torpedo  tubes. 

During  1903  and  1904  also  were  finished  the 
Albemarle,  Duncan,  Exmouth,  Russell,  and 
Cornwallis. 

They  are  14,000  tons  displacement,  18,000 
horse-power,  and  2,100  tons  coal  capacity. 
They  have  a  speed  of  18  knots,  6  to  9  inches  of 
armor  belt,  and  from  6  to  1 1  inches  protection 
for  the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  4 
12-inch,  12  6-inch  rapid  fire,  12  3-inch  rapid 
fire,  and  2  machine  guns.  They  have  4  torpedo 
tubes. 

In  1904  the  smaller  Triumph  and  Sn-iftsure 
were  launched. 

They  are  11,800  tons  displacement,  12,500 
horse-power,  and  2,000  tons  coal  capacity-.  They 
have  a  speed  of  19  knots,  3  to  7  inches  of  armor 
belt,  and  from  6  to  10  inches  protection  for  the 
big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  4  lo-inch, 
14  7.5-inch  rapid  fire,  14  14-pounder  rapid  fire, 
4  6-pounder  rapid  fire,  2  light  rapid  fire,  and  4 
machine  guns.     They  have  2  torpedo  tubes. 

Between  1904  and  1906  eight  battleships 
were  launched:  Dominion,  King  Edu.ard  VII, 
Commonwealth,  Zcalandia,  Hindustan,  Britannia, 
Africa,  and  Hibernia. 

They  are  of  16,350  tons  displacement,  18,000 
horse-power,  and  2,1 50  coal  tons  capacit\-.  The\- 
have  a  speed  of  18.5  knots,  6  to  9  inches  of 
armor  belt,  and  from  8  to  12  inches  protection 
for  the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  4 
12-inch,  49.2-inch,  106-inch  rapid  fire,  143-inch 
rapid  fire,  14  3-pounder  rapid  fire,  and  2  machine 
guns.     They  have  4  torpedo  tubes. 

In  1907  came  the  famous  Dreadnought,  with 
its  17,900  tons  displacement,  23,000  horse-power 
(turbine),  21  knots  speed,  and  2,700  tons  coal 
capacitw  Her  armor  belt  is  1 1  inches  and  the 
big  gun  protection  from  8  to  11  inches.  She 
has  10  12-inch  guns,  24  3-inch  rapid  fire,  5 
machine  guns,  and  three  torpedo  tubes. 

In  1908  the  Agamemnon^was  launched,  and  in 
1909  the  Lord  Nelson. 

They  are  of  16,000  tons  displacement,  16,750 
horse-power,  and  2,500  tons  coal  capacitw  They 
have  a  speed  of  18  knots,  4  to  12  inches  of 
armor  belt,  and  from  8  to  12  inches  protection 


54 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


for  the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  4 
12-inch  10  9.2-inch,  24  3-inch  rapid  fire,  and  5 
machine  guns.     The>'  have  5  torpedo  tubes. 

In  1909  England  launched  three  battleships, 
Bellerophon,  Temeraire,  and  Superb. 

They  are  of  18,600  tons  displacement,  23,000 
horse-power  (turbine),  and  2,700  tons  coal  capac- 
ity. They  have  a  speed  of  2 1  knots,  1 1  inches 
armor  belt,  and  from  8  to  1 1  inches  protection  for 
the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  10 
12-inch,  16  4-inch  rapid  fire  and  5  machine 
guns.     They  have  3  torpedo  tubes. 

In  1910  three  more  ships  followed:  St.  Vin- 
cent, Collingwood,  and  Vanguard. 

They  are  19,250  tons  displacement,  24,500 
horse-power  (turbine),  and  2,700  tons  coal 
capacity.  They  have  a  speed  of  21  knots, 
9.75  inches  of  armor  belt,  and  from  8  to  1 1 
inches  protection  for  the  big  guns.  The  arma- 
ment consists  of  10  12-inch,  20  4-inch  rapid  fire, 
and  6  machine  guns.  They  have  3  torpedo 
tubes. 

In  191 1  there  were  four  ships  launched,  three 
of  them,  the  Neptune,  Colossus,  and  Hercules  of 
one  t\pe. 

They  are  20,000  tons  displacement,  25,000 
horse-power  (turbine),  and  2,700  tons  coal 
capacity.  They  have  a  speed  of  21  knots,  11 
inches  of  armor  belt,  and  from  8  to  1 2  inches  pro- 
tection for  the  big  guns.  The  armament  con- 
sists of  10  12-inch,  16  4-inch  rapid  fire,  and  6 
machine  guns.     They  have  3  torpedo  tubes. 

The  Orion,  launched  in  191 1,  and  the  Con- 
queror, Thunderer,  and  Monarch,  of  191 2,  formed 
the  next  type. 

They  are  of  22,500  tons  displacement  and 
27,000  horse-power  (turbine).  They  have  a 
speed  of  21  knots,  12  inches  of  armor  belt,  and 
from  8  to  12  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns. 
The  armament  consists  of  10  13.5-inch,  164-inch 
rapid  fire,  and  6  machine  guns.  They  have  3 
torpedo  tubes. 

The  King  George  V,oi  191 2,  and  ihc  Centurion, 
Ajax,  and  Audacious,  of  191 3,  form  the  next 
class. 

They  are  of  23,000  tons  displacement,  31,000 
horse-power  (turbine),  and  3,700  tons  coal 
capacity.  They  have  a  soeed  of  21.5  knots,  12 
inches  of  armor  belt,  and  from  8  to  12  inches 
protection  for  the  big  guns.  The  armament 
consists  of  10  13.5-inch,  16  4-inch  rapid  fire,  and 
<3  smaller  guns.     They  have  3  torpedo  tubes. 

This  year  there  are  two  types.  In  the  first 
are  the  Iron  Duke,  Marlborough,  Emperor  of 
India,  and  Benbow. 

They  are  of  25,000  tons  displacement,  39,000 
horse-power  (turbine),  and  4,000  tons  coal 
capacity.  They  have  a  speed  of  22.5  knots,  12 
inches  of  armor  belt,  and  8  to  12  inches  pro- 
tection for  the  big  guns.  The  armament  con- 
sists of  10  13.5-inch,  12  6-inch  rapid  fire,  and 
()  smaller  guns.     They  have  5  torpedo  tubes. 

The  second  type  for  this  year  includes  the 
Queen  Elizabeth  and  IVarspitc. 

They  are  of  27,500  tons  displacement,  58,000 
horse-power,  (turbine)  and  4,000  tons  oil  capac- 


it\-.  They  have  a  speed  of  25  knots,  13.5  inches 
of  armor  belt,  and  from  8  to  13.5  inches  protec- 
tion for  the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of 
8  15-inch,  16  6-inch  rapid  fire,  and  12  3-inch 
rapid  fire  guns.     They  have  5  torpedo  tubes. 

The  four  last,  though  possibly  not  xet  read\' 
for  service,  are  due  for  completion  this  year  and 
will  of  course  under  the  circumstances  of  war 
be  hastened  to  completion.  There  are  also 
building  the  Valiant,  Barham,  and  Malaya  oi\.\\t 
same  type  as  the  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  the 
Royal  Sovereign,  Royal  Oak,  Resolution,  Ram- 
illies,  and  Renown,  of  29,000  tons,  44,000  horse- 
power turbines,  and  of  the  same  armament  as 
the  Queen  Elirabeth.  These  last  eight  ships 
will  not  be  ready  until  next  year. 

Great  Britain  thus  has  afloat  and  ready  for 
service  sixty  battleships,  twenty  of  which  are 
of  the  Dread  naught  or  big  gun  type.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  there  are  ten  battle  cruisers,  equal 
to  taking  their  place  in  the  line  of  battle,  of 
which  nine  are  now  ready  and  the  other  nearly 
so.  They  are  the  Inflexible,  Indomitable,  Invin- 
cible, of  17,250  tons  displacement  and  41,000 
horse-power(turbine),the  Indefatigable,oi  18,750 
tons  displacement  and  43,000  horse-power  (tur- 
bine): the  New  Zealand,  oi  18,800  tons,  and  the 
Australia,  with  19,200  tons  displacement,  both 
with  44,000  horse-power  developed  b\-  turbine- 
engines.  All  these  ships  have  a  speed  of  25 
knots,  8  inches  of  armor  belt,  10  inches  big  gun 
protection,  and  a  coal  capacity  of  2,500  tons. 
Their  armament  is  8  12-inch,  16  4-inch  quick 
fire,  5  machine  guns  and  5  torpedo  tubes. 

The  Lion  and  the  Princess  Royal,  launched  in 
1 9 1 2,  and  the  Queen  Mary,  of  1513,  are  alike,  ex- 
cept that  the  Queen  Mary  has  27,000  tons  dis- 
placement and  75,000  horse-power. 

The  other  two  have  26,350  tons  displacement, 
70,000  horse-power,  and  3,500  tons  coal  capac- 
ity. They  have  a  speed  of  28  knots,  9.75 
inches  of  armor  belt,  and  10  inches  protection 
for  the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  8 
12-inch,  12  4-inch  quick  fire  and  5  machine 
guns.     They  have  2  torpedo  tubes. 

This  \'ear's  battle  cruiser,  the  Tiger,  has 
28,000  tons  displacement,  her  turbines  develop 
1 10,000  horse-power,  she  has  a  speed  of  30  knots, 
10.75-inch  armor  belt,  and  i  i-inch  protection 
for  the  big  guns.  Her  coal  capacity  is  4,000 
tons.  She  has  8  13.5-inch,  126-inch  quick  fire, 
and  5  machine  guns. 

Following  these  are  thirty-four  armored 
cruisers  of  high  speed,  which  may  be  called 
general  service  ships,  to  be  used  for  scouting  or 
fighting  as  the  case  may  be.  They  have 
neither  the  armament  nor  protection  to  enable 
them  to  take  a  place  in  the  line-of-battle,  but 
their  speed  is  sufficient  to  evade  action  with  all 
battleships  now  in  actual  service.  The  list 
is  as  follows: 

Completed  between  the  years  1901  and  1904 
are  the  Cressy,  Siitley,  Aboukir,  Hague,  Bac- 
chante, and  Euryalus. 

They  are  of  12,000  tons  displacement,  21,000 
horse-power,  and  i  ,600  tons  coal  capacity.  They 


THE    NAVIES   OF    EUROPE 


55 


have  a  speed  of  21  knots,  6  inches  of  side  armor, 
and  6  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns.  The 
armament  consists  of  2  9.2-inch,  12  6-inch 
rapid  fire,  12  3-inch  rapid  fire,  5  smaller  rapid 
fire,  and  2  machine  guns.  They  have  2  torpedo 
tubes. 

In  1902-3  the  Drake,  Good  Hope,  Leviathau, 
and  King  Alfred  were  launched. 

They  are  of  14,100  tons  displacement,  30,000 
horse-power,  and  2,500  tons  coal  capacity. 
They  have  a  speed  of  23  knots,  6  inches  of  side 
armor,  and  from  5  to  6  inches  protection  for 
the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  2 
9.2-inch,  16  6-inch  rapid  fire,  14  3-inch  rapid 
fire,  3  smaller  rapid  lire,  and  2  machine  guns. 
They  have  2  torpedo  tubes. 

In  1903-4  were  launched  Kent,  Essex,  Mon- 
mouth, Berwick,  Donegal,  Lancaster,  Cornwall, 
Cumberland ,  and  Suffolk. 

They  are  of  9,800  tons  displacement,  2,200 
horse-power,  and  1,600  tons  coal  capacity. 
They  have  a  speed  of  23  knots,  4  inches  of  side 
armor,  and  5  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns. 
The  armament  consists  of  14  6-inch  rapid  fire, 
8  3-inch  rapid  fire,  5  smaller  rapid  fire,  and 
8  machine  guns.     They  have  2  torpedo  tubes. 

In  1905  the  Antrim,  Carnavon,  Hampshire, 
Devonshire,  Roxburgh,  and  in  1906,  the  Argyle 
were  launched. 

They  are  of  10,850  tons  displacement,  21,000 
horse-power,  and  1,800  tons  coal  capacity. 
They  have  a  speed  of  22.3  knots,  6  inches  of 
^side  belt,  and  from  5  to  6  inches  protection  for 
the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  4 
7.5-inch,  6  6-inch  rapid  fire,  24  small  rapid  fire, 
and  2  machine  guns.  They  have  2  torpedo 
tubes. 

The  Black  Prince,  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  Coch- 
rane, and  Natal  were  launched  in  1906,  and 
the  Achilles  and  IVarrior  in  1907. 

They  are  of  13,550  tons  displacement,  23,500 
horse-power,  and2,ooo  tonscoalcapacity.  They 
have  a  speed  of  22.3  knots,  6  inches  of  armor 
belt,  and  6  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns. 
The  armament  consists  of  6  9.2-inch,  10  6-inch 
rapid  fire,  22  small  rapid  fire,  and  8  machine 
guns.     They  have  3  torpedo  tubes. 

In  1908  came  the  Shannon,  Minotaur  and 
Defence. 

They  are  of  14,600  tons  displacement,  27,000 
horse-power,  and  2,250  tons  coal  capacitw 
They  have  a  speed  of  23  knots,  6  inches  of  armor 
belt,  and  8  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns. 
The  armament  consists  of  16  6-inch  rapid  fire, 
12  3-inch  rapid  fire,  14  smaller  rapid  fire,  and 
2  machine  guns.     They  have  5  torpedo  tubes. 

The  details  of  the  actual  fighting  ships  of 
importance  are  completed  with  the  following 
seventeen  heavily  protected  cruisers: 

Edgar  (1893),  Endymion  (1893),  Hawke 
(1893),  Grafton  (1894),  Theseus  (1894),  of 
7,350  tons  displacement. 

They  have  12,000  horse-power  and  1,230  tons 
coal  capacity.  They  have  a  speed  of  19.5 
knots,  5  inches  of  protective  deck,  ancj  6  inches 
protection  for  the  big  guns.     The  armament 


consists  of  2  9.2-inch,  10  6-inch  rapid  fire, 
17  smaller  rapid  fire,  and  2  machine  guns. 
They  have  2  torpedo  tubes. 

The  Gibraltar,  Crescent,  and  Royal  Arthur,  of 
7,700  tons,  have  the  same  speed,  armor,  and 
coal   capacity.     Their  armament,   however,   is 

1  9.2-inch,  12  6-inch  rapid  fire,  19  smaller 
rapid  fire,  and  2  machine  guns,  and  2  torpedo 
tubes. 

The  Terrible  in  1898  was  in  a  class  by  itself. 

She  is  14,460  tons  displacement,  25,000  horse- 
power, and  3,000  tons  coal  capacity.  She  has 
a  speed  of  22  knots,  6  inches  of  protective  deck, 
and  6  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns.  The 
armament  consists  of  2  9.2-inch,  16  6-inch  rapid 
fire,  16  3-inch  rapid  fire,  14  smaller  rapid  fire, 
and  2  machine  guns. 

Between  1899  and  1902  twelve  heavily  pro- 
tected cruisers  were  built,  all  of  11,000  tons  dis- 
placement. The  Diadem,  Europa,  Niobe,  and 
Andromeda  had  16,500  horse-power,  the  Am- 
phitrite.  Argonaut,  Ariadne,  and  Spartiate,  i8,ooG 
horse-power. 

Each  has  2,000  tons  coal  capacity;  a  speed  of 
20.5  knots,  4  inches  of  protective  deck,  and 
6  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns.  The 
armament  consists  of  16  6-inch  rapid  fire, 
12  3-inch  rapid  fire,  14  smaller  rapid  fire,  and 

2  machine  guns.     They  have  2  torpedo  tubes. 
The  first  eight  of  these  ships  are  comparable 

to  our  Saratoga  and  Brooklyn.  The  others  are 
larger,  but  have  not  higher  speed  than  these 
two.  They  could  not  stand  for  a  moment 
before  any  of  the  classes  preceding  them. 

Following  these  are  eight  of  3,600  tons  dis- 
placement which  should  be  ready  this  year. 
They  were  designed  for  scouts.  They  have 
37,000  horse-power  turbines,  and  a  designed 
speed  of  30  knots.  The\'  carry  only  the  light 
armament  of  2  6-inch  rapid  fire,  6  4-inch  rapid 
fire,  and  2  machine  guns.  Eight  more  of  8,740 
tons  of  40,000  horse-power,  and  30  knots,  with 
the  same  armament,  the  same  fuel  capacit\ 
(of  750  tons  of  oil)  will  not  be  ready  until 
next  year.  All  have  a  belt  of  3-inch  steel  and 
4-inch  protection  for  the  guns.  They  are,  of 
course,  in  no  sense  fighting  ships,  but  their 
role  is  of  the  utmost  importance;  that  of 
suppl\'ing  information  regarding  the  where- 
abouts of  an  enemy. 

Of  the  seventx-  protected  light  cruisers  now 
read\'  (twent\-eight  of  which  antedate  1900), 
var\ing  from  2,135  to  5,880  tons,  there  are 
twenty-six  with  a  speed  of  25  knots.  None 
carry  heavier  than  6-inch  guns  and  can  be 
reckoned,  for  war,  chiefl\'  as  scouts.  No  one 
of  them  has  more  than  1,225  tons  fuel  capacitx', 
and  most  of  them  much  less.  Their  radius 
of  action  is  thus  moderate. 

One  hundred  and  thirt\-four  of  the  232  com- 
pleted destroxers  are  of  ocean-going  t>pe,  and 
nearl\'  all  these  are  oil-burners  and  of  from 
30  to  35  knots.  All  exceed  700  tons  displace- 
ment; 70  exceed  800  tons;  40  are  about  1,000, 
and  16  are  from  1,200  to  1,350  tons.  One,  the 
Swift,  launched  so  long  ago  as  1907,  has  a  dis- 


56 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


placement  of  2,170  tons,  30,000  horse-power, 
and  a  speed  of  36  knots.  All  are  armed  usually 
with  4-inch  guns  not  exceeding  four  in  number, 
and  the  majority  carry  21 -inch  torpedo  tubes. 
Such  torpedoes  of  the  best  type  have  a  range 
of  more  than  five  sea  miles  (say  six  land  miles) 
at  an  average  speed  of  24  knots.  Great 
Britain  has  75  destroyers  and  22  building. 

In  addition  to  the  ships  mentioned,  England 
has  at  command  3  merchant  steamers  of  more 
than  25  knots;  4  of  from  22  to  25;  11  from 
20  to  22,  and  29  from  18  to  20.  These  can  all 
be'utilized  for  cruising,  but  they  can  play  no  real 
part  in  the  present  war  except  as  against  like 
vessels  of  Germany,  which  latter  is  almost 
equally  well  off  in  this  respect. 

The  French  nav\-,  though  fourth  in  rank 
of  naval  Powers,  naturally  comes  after  that  of 
England  as  an  ally.  There  are  on  the  list 
eighteen  battleships  of  the  older  types  which 
can  be  considered  serviceable,  ranging  in  dates 
of  launching  from  1894  to  1909.  As  generally 
in  France  not  less  than  four,  and  often  five,  years 
passed  from  the  time  of  "la\'ing  down"  to 
completion,  it  will  be  seen  that  most  of  these 
eighteen  are  by  no  means  modern.  Four  up- 
to-date  modern  ships  are,  however,  completed 
and  are  ready  for  service. 

The  Carnot  was  launched  in  1896.  Her  dis- 
placement is  1 1,954  tons, her  horse-power  1 5,000, 
and  her  coal  capacity  700  tons.  Her  speed  is 
18  knots,  her  side  armor  17.75  inches,  and  her 
big  gun  protection  1 3.75  inches.  Her  armament, 
like  that  of  the  Massena,  launched  in  1898,  is 
2  12-inch,  2  10.8-inch,  8  5.5-inch  rapid  fire,  and 
28  smaller  guns,  and  2  torpedo  tubes  above 
water,  and  2  below.  The  Massena  s  displace- 
ment is  1 1,735  tons,  her  horse-power  13,500,  and 
her  coal  capacity  800  tons.  Her  speed  is 
18  knots,  her  side  armor  is  17.75  inches,  and 
the  big  gun  protection  from  8.5  to  16  inches. 

In  1898  France -also  launched  the  Charle- 
magne, and  Gattlois,  and  in  1900  the  5/.  Louis. 
They  are  of  about  11,000  tons  displacement, 
14,500  horse-power,  and  1,100  tons  coal  capacity. 
They  have  a  speed  of  18  knots,  14  inches  of 
side  armor,  and  from  8  to  13  inches  protection 
for  the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of 
4  12-inch,  12  5.5-inch  rapid  fire,  8  3.9-inch 
rapid  fire,  20  smaller  guns.  They  have  4 
torpedo  tubes. 

The  Bouvet  (1898)  of  12,000  tons,  has  14,000 
horse-power,  and  800  tons  coal  capacity;  18 
knots  speed,  16  inches  side  armor,  and  8  to 
14.75  inches  of  protection  for  the  big  guns. 
She  carries  2  12-inch,  2  10.8-inch  rapid  fire 
8  5.5-inch  rapid  fire,  and  19  smaller  guns. 
She  has  2  torpedo  tubes  above  water  and  2 
below  water. 

The  Sujjrcn  (1903),  of  12,527  tons,  has  16,200 
horse-power,  and  1,820  tons  coal  capacity;  18 
knots  speed,  1 1  inches  side  armor,  and  9  to 
13  inches  of  protection  for  the  big  guns.  She 
carries  4  12-inch,  10  6.4-inch  rapid  fire,  8  3.9- 
inch  rapid  fire,  and  30  smaller  guns.  She  has 
2  torpedo  tubes  above  water  and  2  below. 


The  Repuhlique  (1906)  and  Palrie  (1907),  of 
14,635  tons,  has  18,000  horse-power,  and  1,825 
tons  coal  capacity;  18  knots  speed,  11  inches 
side  armor,  and  9  to  13  inches  of  protection  for 
the  big  guns.  She  carries  4  12-inch,  186.4-inch 
rapid  fire,  and  28  smaller  guns.  She  has  2 
torpedo  tubes  under  water. 

The  Democraiie,  the  Justice,  and  the  Verite 
were  launched  in  1908. 

They  are  of  14,640  tons  displacement,  18,000 
horse-power,  and  1,825  tons  coal  capacity. 
They  have  a  speed  of  18  knots,  11  inches  of  side 
armor,  and  from  9  to  13  inches  protection  for 
the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  4 
12-inch,  10  7.6-inch  rapid  fire,  and  28  smaller 
guns.     They  have  2  torpedo  tubes. 

In  1911  came  the  Danton,  Miraheau,  Diderot, 
Condor cet,  Voltaire,  and  in  1912  the  Vergnaud. 

They  are  of  18,027  tons  displacement,  22,500 
horse-power  (turbine)  and  2,100  tons  coal 
capacity.  They  have  a  speed  of  19.25  knots, 
10  inches  of  side  armor  and  from  9  to  12  inches 
protection  for  the  big  guns.  The  armament 
consists  of  4  12-inch,  12  9.4-inch  rapid  fire, 
16  3-inch  rapid  fire,  and  8  smaller  guns.  They 
have  2  torpedo  tubes. 

The  Jean  Bart  and  the  Courhet  were  launched 
in   1913,  and  the  France  and  Paris  in   1914. 

They  are  of  23,095  tons  displacement,  28,000 
horse-power  (turbine),  and  3,000  tons  coal 
capacity.  They  have  a  speed  of  20  knots, 
10^  inches  of  side  armor,  and  from  9  to  12 
inches  protection  for  the  big  guns.  The 
armament  consists  of  12  12-inch,  22  5.5-inch 
rapid  fire,  and  8  smaller  guns. 

There  are  building,  to  be  completed  in  the 
next  two  years,  eight  more  ships  of  about  the 
same  displacement  as  the  four  last,  six  of  which 
are  to  have  one  knot  more  of  speed,  with  1 1  and 
\2\  inches  of  side  armor  and  the  last  five  with 
9  to  17  inches  of  big-gun  protection.  Three  of 
these  ships  are  to  carry  10  13.4-inch  guns,  and 
the  others  12.     None  are  now  ready. 

France  has  no  battle-cruisers  but  has  nineteen 
armored  cruisers,  one  of  which,  the  Pothuau, 
is  of  but  5,374  tons;  one  the  Jeanne  d'Arc  of 
11,092;  three,  the  Gueydon,  Montcalm,  and 
Dupetit  Thouars  of  9,367;  three  (completed  in 
1903),  the  Dupleix,  Desaix,  and  Klehcr  of 
7,578  tons;  four,  the  Marseillaise,  Gloirc, 
Auhe,  and  Condi  of  9,856  tons;  three  (com- 
pleted in  1904-1906),  the  Leon  Gamhetta,  Jules 
Perry,  and  Victor  Hugo  of  12,351  tons;  two 
(1908  and  1909)  the  Jules  Michelet,  and  Ernest 
Renan  of  12,370  and  1^,42^  tons;  and  two 
(1910  and  191 1),  the  Edgar  Quinet  and  IVal- 
deck  Rousseau  of  13,780  tons.  The  heavier  of 
these  ships  has  a  designed  speed  of  23  to  23^ 
knots,  6  to  6.|  inches  side  armor,  and  8-inch 
protection  to  their  larger  guns.  They  carry 
from  2,100  to  2,300  tons  of  coal.  Their  main 
batteries  are  generally  of  2  7.6-inch  rapid  fire, 
and  8  6.4-inch  rapid  fire.  The  Gambetia  class, 
however,  carries  4  7.6-inch  with  16  (>. 4-inch, 
both  rapid  fire.  The  Edgar  Quinet  and  fVal- 
deck  Rousseau  carry   14  7.6-inch  rapid  fire. 


THE   NAVIES   OF    EUROPE 


57 


BRITAIN  S   STRONGHOLD  IN  AdIA 
HONG-KONG,  CHINA,  WHERE    THE    BRITISH    FORCES    IN   THE    EAST   MOBILIZED  TO  PROTECT   THEIR    POSSESSIONS 


GIBRALTAR,    THE    KEY    TO   THE   MEDITERRANEAN    SEA 
Britain's  most  important  fortress,     the  famous  rock-chamber  batteries  appear  in  the  picturp 


58 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


"  THE  MASTERY  OF  THE  SEAS  " 
Britain's  naval  strength  is  nearly  twice  that  of  Germany,  her  nearest  rival 


THE  "MOLTKE,"  a  GERMAN  DREADNAUGHT 
OF    about   TML    same    class  as  the    FRENCH    "COUBERT,"    AND    ONE    OF  THE    FASTEST    BATTLESHIPS   AFLOAT, 

BEING    CAPABLE   OF    MAKING    28    KNOTS 


THE   NAVIES   OF    EUROPE 


59 


lllE  BRITISH  HOME  FLEET  STEAMING  THROUGH  THE  SOLENT 
FROM   LEFT  TO  RIGHT,  THE  "  KING  GEORGE,"  "  THUNDERER,"   "  MONARCH,"   AND  "  CONQUEROR  " 


jvp^.  -t^rr^r?*T^'r  v-zi: 


4 


ONE  OF  France's  big  battleships 

THE    DREADNAUGHT  "COUBERT,"  WHICH  HAS  A  DISPLACEMENT  OF  23,400  TONS  AND  CARRIES  TWELVE    12-INCH 

GUNS    AND    TWENTY-TWO    5^-INCH    GUNS 


6o 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


BRITISH   COAST  GUARD  MANCEUVRES 
TRAINING   THE    DEFENCE    FORCE    WHOSE    DUTY    IT   IS   TO    REPEL   INVASION 


CLOSING  A   BRITISH   PORT  TO  FOREIGN  WARSHIPS 

THESE    HUGE    BOOMS,  MADE  OF  HEAVY   TIMBERS    ABOUT   THIRTY    FEET    LONG,    LASHED   TOGETHER    WITH    STEEL 

CABLES,    KEEI'    OUT    DESTROYERS    AND    OTHER    SMALL    HOSTILE    CRAFT 


THE   NAVIES   OF    EUROPE 


6i 


■^^^Ik^ 

■  '""'■   >p^ 

" 

1 

^ 

1^ 

^^w^Hi^'j^l 

If^^^^^^lH^B^E^^B^  ^^^^ 

A  NIGHT  VIEW  OF  THE  BRITISH  HOME  FLEET 

WHEN    THE    SHIPS   ALL   TURNED    ON     THEIR     SEARCHLIGHTS     DURING    THE    DEMONSTRATION    AT    SPITHEAD   ON 

JULY    l8,    1914 


t 


r 


"^^'-^■-'*^'-^'^ 


~-'r^i>   .  '       .:>■■■■■   '.ti>si 


AN  ARMORHI)  TRAIN   FOR    IHH   DFFHNCH  OF  THE   ENGLISH  COAST 
PART    OF    THE    SCHEME    OF   QUICK    MOBILIZATION    FOR    THE    PROTECTION    OF    THE    EASTERN    COAST 


THE   NAVIES   OF    EUROPE 


63 


POSSIBLY  THE  DECISIVE  WEAPONS  OF  THE  WAR 

C3RMAN     SUBMARINES     IN     PORT    AT    WILHELMSHAVEN,    THE    GERMAN     NAVAL     BASE    ON    THE     NORTH     SEA. 
SOME  EMINENT  AUTHORITIES   BELIEVE  THAT  SUBMARINES  HAVE  MADE   BATTLESHIPS  OBSOLETE 


A  FLOTILLA  OF  GERMAN  DESTROYERS 
IN    PRACTICE   MANOEUVRES   IN   A   HEAVY   SEA 


64 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


(,'Ml'yrii;lu  by  Illubtrations  Bureau 

Germany's  foes  on  the  water 

FRENCH  AND  ENGLISH  SAILORS   FRATERNIZING   ON  A  FRENCH  WARSHIP;   AND  A  GROUP  OF  RUSSIAN  SAILORS 


AN   AIRSHIP  ON  A  SEA  SHIP 
A  SCOUTING  HYDRO-AEROPLANE  AND  LAUNCHING  PLATFORM  ON  THE  DECK  OF  A  BRITISH  WARSHIP 


THE   NAVIES   OF    EUROPE 


65 


1  wo  protected  cruisers,  the  D' Entrecasteaux 
and  Guichen,  and  10  light  cruisers  of  no  fighting 
importance  complete  the  list  of  French  ships. 

France  is,  however,  strong,  so  far  as  numbers 
go,  in  destroyers,  topedo  boats,  and  sub- 
marines, having  ready  H4  of  the  first  with  dis- 
placements from  276  to  804  tons  and  speeds  of 
28  and  31  knots.  She  has  135  torpedo  boats 
and  78  submarines,  but  many  of  these  are  of 
small  size.  One  hundred  and  one  of  her  torpedo 
boats  are  of  but  about  95  tons,  and  20  of  the 
submarines  have  a  displacement  of  but  67  tons. 
They  can  hardly  cut  any  figure  except  for  purely 
locai  defence.  Thirty-three  of  the  submarines, 
however,  have  a  surface  displacement  of  390 
tons;   2  of  410;  6  of  about  550;   2  of  785,  and 

7  of  830.     The  surface  displacement  is  usually 
*    (roughly)  about  70  per  cent,  of  the  submerged. 

These  larger  submarines  carry  froin  6  to  8  tor- 
pedo tubes.  Twelve  now  building  of  520 
(surface)  tons  displacement  have  Diesel  motors 
of  2,000  horse-power.  They  are  expected  to 
have  a  surface  speed  of  17^  knots  and  a  speed 
of  8  knots  submerged.  This  last  class  will 
carry  four  small  guns. 

There  are  attached  to  the  fleet  16  auxiliaries 
as  mine  layers,  submarine  destroyer:,  and 
aeroplane  mother  ships,  of  from  300  to  7,898 
tons;   half,  however,  are  under  1,000  tons. 

Russia,  since  her  fateful  struggle  with  Japan, 
has  diligently  labored  to  reestablish  her  fleet, 
but  she  has  not  as  yet  made  any  great  actual 
headway.  But  three  of  her  old  battleships  were 
left  from  the  wreck  of  the  war,  the  Tri  Sviatit- 
elia,  the  Panteleimon,  and  Czarevitch. 

The  Tri  Sviatitelia,  of  1896  (in  the  Black  Sea), 
has  a  displacement  of  13,318  tons,  10,600  horse- 
power, a  speed  of  17  knots,  and  coal  capacity 
of  i,ooo  tons.  Her  side  armor  is  16  inches  and 
the  big  gun  protection  from  12  to  16  inches.  She 
has  4  12-inch,  10  6-inch  rapid  fire,  and  44.7-inch 
rapid  fire  guns  and  2  torpedo  tubes  above  water. 

In  the  Black  Sea  also  is  the  Panteleimon 
(1902),  of  12,480  tons,  has  10,600  horse-power, 
and  1,250  coal  capacity,  17  knots  speed,  7  to  9 
.  inches  of  side  armor,  and  10  to  12  inches  of 
protection  for  the  big  guns.  She  carries  4  12- 
inch,  16  6-inch  rapid  fire,  14  3-inch  and  28 
smaller  guns.  She  has  5  torpedo  tubes  under 
water. 

The  Czarevitch  (1902),  of  12,912  tons,  has 
16,300  horse-power  and  1,360  tons  coal  capac- 
ity; 18  knots  speed,  10  inches  side  armor,  and 

8  to  1 1  inches  of  protection  for  the  big  guns. 
She  carries  4  12-inch  rapid  fire,  12  6-inch  rapid 
fire,  20  3-inch  rapid  fire,  and  28  sm.aller  guns. 
She  has  2  torpedo  tubes  under  water. 

The  Slava  (1906),  of  13,516  tons,  has  16,000 
horse-power  and  1,250  tons  coal  capacity;  18 
knots  speed,  10  inches  side  armor,  and  8  to  1 1 
inches  of  protection  for  the  big  guns.  Her 
armament  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  Ciarevitcb. 
The  Ivan  Zlatoust  (1910)  and  the  Elstafi 
(191 1)  are  both  in  the  Black  Sea. 

The\'  are  12,733  tons  displacement,  10,600 
horse-power,  and  1.400  tons  coal  capacity.  They 


have  a  speed  of  16  knots,  7  to  9  inches  of  armor 
belt,  and  from  10  to  12  inches  protection  for 
the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  4 
12-inch,  4  8-inch,  12  6-inch  rapid  fire,  14  3-inch 
rapid  fire,  and  8  smaller  guns.  They  have  5 
torpedo  tubes. 

In  191 1  the  Andreas  Pervoivanni  and  the 
Imperator  Pavel  I  were  launched. 

They  are  of  17,200  tons  displacement,  17,600 
horse-power,  and  3,000  tons  coal  capacity.  They 
have  a  speed  of  18  knots,  6  to  1 1  inches  of  side 
armor,  and  from  10  to  12  inches  protection  for 
the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  4 
12-inch,  14  8-inch,  20  4.7-inch  rapid  fire,  and 
14  smaller  guns.     They  have  5  torpedo  tubes. 

There  are  altogether  six  armored  cruisers, 
none  of  which  are  in  the  Black  Sea. 

T\\<i  Rossia  (1898),  of  12,130  tons,  has  18,000 
horse-power  and  2,500  tons  coal  capacity;  20 
knots  speed,  5  to  10  inches  side  armor,  and  2 
inches  of  protection  for  the  big  guns.  She  car- 
ries 4  8-inch,  22  6-inch  rapid  fire,  12  3-inch 
rapid  fire,  and  36  smaller  guns.  She  has  5 
torpedo  tubes  above  water.' 

T\\tGromohoi{\go\),oi  12,336 tons,  has  18,000 
horse-power  and  2,500  tons  coal  capacity;  20 
knots  speed,  6  inches  side  armor,  and  2  to  6  inches 
of  protection  for  the  big  guns.  She  carries  4  8- 
inch,  22  6-inch,  20  3-inch,  and  31  smaller  guns. 
She  has  2  torpedo  tubes  above  water  and  2  below. 

The  Riirik  (1907),  of  15,170  tons,  has  19,700 
horse-power,  and  2,000  tons  coal  capacity;  21 
knots  speed,  6  inches  side  armor,  and  8  inches  of 
protection  for  the  big  guns.  She  carries  4  10- 
inch,  8  8-inch,  20  4.7-inch  rapid  fire,  and  18 
smaller  guns.  She  has  2  torpedo  tubes  under 
water. 

The  Admiral  MakharofJ  was  launched  in 
1907,  and  the  Pallada  and  Bayan  in  1911. 

They  are  of  7,900  tons  displacement,  16,500 
horse-power,  and  1,020  tons  coal  capacity.  They 
have  a  speed  of  21  knots,  4  to  8  inches  of  side 
armor,  and  from  3  to  7  inches  protection  for  the 
big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  2  8-inch, 
8  6-inch  rapid  fire,  20  3-inch  rapid  fire,  and  7 
smaller  guns. 

There  are  eight  cruisers,  of  from  3,100  to 
6,700  tons,  of  no  fighting  value  however.  These 
are  the  Askold  (at  Vladivostok),  Diana, 
Aurora,  Kagul  (Black  Sea),  Oleg,  Pamyat 
Merkurya  (Black  Sea),  Zemichug  (Vladivostok), 
and  Alma;  (Black  Sea.) 

Russia  has  but  14  torpedo  boats,  all  small  and 
of  little  value.  She  is,  however,  fairl\'  well  off  as 
to  destroyers  and  submarines.  She  has  91  of 
the  former,  34  of  which  exceed  500  tons  in  dis- 
placement, and  ten  are  more  than  1,000.  About 
thirty  of  these  destro\ers  are  in  the  Black  Sea 
and  six  at  Vladivostok.  Of  the  55  submarines 
built  or  building,  37  are  completed.  Twenty- 
two,  however,  are  under  135  tons  surface  dis- 
placement; tweixe  are  of  360  tons  or  more, 
rising  to  500. 

lurning  to  the  three  Powers  of  the  other 
alliance  (though  Italy  at  the  moment  of 
writing  is  not  yet  involved  in  the  w?.r'  Germany 


66 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


of  course  nas  easily  the  lead,  with  36  battle- 
ships, 5  battle  cruisers,  9  armored  cruisers,  and 
43  cruisers,  as  her  sea  fleet.  She  also  has,  com- 
plete, 130  destroyers  and  27  submarines.  Her 
16  torpedo  boats  are  too  small  to  be  of  value, 
her  attention  being  given,  very  wisely,  to  the 
destro\'er  instead.  The  following  is  the  list  of 
her  battle  fleet: 

The  Kaiser  Friedrich  III  (1898),  Kaiser 
IVilhelm  II,  (1900),  Kaiser  IVilkelm  der  Grosse 
(1901),  Kaiser  Karl  der  Grosser  (1901),  Kaiser 
Barharossa  (1901)  form  the  first  type. 

They  are  of  10,614  tons  displacement,  13,000 
horse-power,  and  1,050  tons  coal  capacity.  They 
have  a  speed  of  18  knots,  12  inches  of  side 
armor,  and  lo  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns. 
The  armament  consists  of  4  9.4-inch,  14  5.9- 
inch  rapid  fire,  12  3.4-inch  rapid  fire,  and  20 
smaller  guns.     They  have  5  torpedo  tubes. 

The  second  t\'pe  includes  the  IVitieJsbach, 
M^eitiii,  Zabriugeu,  launched  in  1902,  and  the 
Schii-aben  and  Mecklenburg  of  1903. 

They  are  of  1 1,643  tons  displacement,  14,000 
horse-power,  and  1 ,450  tons  coal  capacity.  They 
have  a  speed  of  18  knots,  9  inches  of  side  armor, 
and  10  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns.  The 
armament  consists  of  4  9.4-inch,  18  5.9-inch 
rapid  fire,  12  3.4-inch  rapid  fire,  and  20  smaller 
guns.  They  have  i  toroedo  tube  above  water, 
and  5  under  water. 

In  1904  the  Braunschweig  was  launched,  the 
Elsass,  Hessen,  and  Preussen  in  1905,  and  the 
Lothringen  in  1906. 

They  are  of  12,997  tons  displacement,  16,000 
horse-power,  and  i  ,800  tons  coal  capacity.  They 
have  a  speed  of  18  knots,  9.75  inches  of  side 
armor,  and  1 1  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns. 
The  armament  consists  of  4  i  i-inch,  14  6.7-inch 
rapid  fire,  12  3.4-inch  rapid  fire,  and  20  smaller 
guns.  They  have  i  torpedo  tube  above  water 
and  2  below. 

In  1906,  1907,  and  1908  Germany  built  the 
Deutschland,  Hannover,  Fommern,  Schlesien,  and 
Schlesivig-Hol  stein. 

They  are  of  12,997  tons  displacement,  16,000 
horse-power,  and  1 ,800  tons  coal  capacitw  The\- 
iiave  a  speed  of  18  knots,  9.75  inches  of  side 
armor,  and  1 1  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns. 
I  he  armament  consists  of  4  ii-inch,  14  6.7- 
inch  rapid  fire,  22  3.4-inch  rapid  fire,  and  8 
smaller  machine  guns.  They  have  6  torpedo 
tubes. 

In  1909  and  1910  Germany  built  two  ships  a 
>ear,  the  Nassau  and  IVcsijdlen  in  1909  and 
the  Rheinland  and  Fosen  in  1910. 

rhey  are  of  18,600  tons  displacement,  20,000 
,  horse-power,  and  2,700  tons  cf)al  capacitx'. 
rhe\  have  a  speed  of  19.5  knots,  9.75  inches  of 
>ide  armor,  and  r  1  inches  protection  for  the  big 
guns.  Ihe  armament  consists  of  12  ii-inch, 
12  5.9-inch  rapid  fire,  16  3.4-inch  rapid  fire,  and 
2  smaller  guns.     They  have  6  torpedo  tubes. 

In  i()ii  three  ships  vsi-re  launched,  llie 
OstfrieslanJ,  the  Heligoland,  and  ihe  Thuringen. 
in  1912  there  was  but  one,  the  Oldenburg. 

They  are  of  22,440  tons  displacement,  25,000 


horse-power,  and  3,000  tons  coal  capacity.  They 
have  a  speed  of  20.5  knots,  11  inches  of  side 
armor  belt  and  1 1  inches  protection  for  the  big 
guns.  The  armament  consists  of  12  12-inch, 
14  5.9-inch  rapid  fire,  14  3.4-inch  rapid  fire, 
and  2  smaller  guns.  They  have  6  torpedo 
tubes. 

In  1913  there  were  five  battleships:  the  Fried- 
rich  der  Grosse,  Kaiser,  Kaiserin,  Kbnig  Albert, 
Frini  Regent  Luitpold. 

They  are  of  24,310  tons  displacement,  28,000 
horse-power  (turbine),  and  3,600  tons  coal 
capacity.  They  have  a  speed  of  21  knots,  13 
inches  of  side  armor,  and  1 1  inches  protection 
for  the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  10 
12-inch,  14  5.9-inch  rapid  fire,  12  3.4-inch  rapid 
fire,  and  2  smaller  guns.  They  have  5  torpedo 
tubes. 

For  1914  there  are  the  Markgraf,  the  Grosser 
Kurfurst,  and  the  K'dnig. 

They  are  of  26,575  tons  displacement, 
35,000  horse-power  (turbine).  They  have  a 
speed  of  22  knots,  13  inches  of  side  armor,  and 
1 3  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns.  The  arm- 
ament consists  of  10  14-inch,  14  5.9-inch  rapid 
fire,  123.4-inch  rapid  fire,  and  2  smaller  guns. 
They  have  5  torpedo  tubes. 

The  Von  der  Tann  (1910),  of  19,400  tons,  has 
43,000  horse-power  (turbine),  and  2,800  tons 
coal  capacity;  25  knots  speed,  4  to  6  inches  side 
armor,  and  8  inches  of  protection  for  the  big 
guns.  She  carries  8  ii-inch,  10  5.9-inch  rapid 
fire,  and  16  3.4-inch  rapid  fire  guns.  She  has 
4  torpedo  tubes. 

The  A/o//A't'(i9i  1)  andGofZ)^»(i9i2),of  22,640 
tons,  have  52,000  horse-power  (turbine),  and 
3,100  tons  coal  capacity;  25.5  knots  speed,  4108 
inches  side  armor,  and  8  inches  of  protection  for 
the  big  guns.  They  carry  10  ii-inch,  12  5.9- 
inch  rapid  fire,  and  12  3.4-inch  rapid  fire  guns. 
They  have  4  torpedo  tubes. 

The  Seydlif-  (1913)  is  the  same  as  the  Moltke, 
except  its  displacement  is  24,610  tons  and  its 
horse-power  63,000. 

The  Derflinger  (19 14)  of  28,000  tons,  has 
100,000  horse-power  (turbine),  and  30  knots 
speed;  9!  inches  of  side  armor.  Her  armament 
is  unknown  except  that  she  has  6  torpedo  tubes. 

The  Fiirst  Bismarck  (1900)  of  10,570  tons,  has 
14,000  horse-power  and  1,250  tons  coal  capacity, 
K)  knots  speed,  4  to  8  inches  side  armor,  and 
8  inches  of  protection  for  the  big  guns.  She  car- 
ries 4  9.4-inch,  12  5.9-inch  rapid  fire,  10  3.4-inch 
rapid  fire,  and  18  smaller  guns.  She  has  i  tor- 
pedo tube  above  water  and  2  below. 

Frini  Heinrich  (1902)  of  8,759  tons,  has 
1 5. 000 horse-power, and  1,500 tons  coal  capacity; 
20  knots  speed,  2  to  4  inches  side  armor,  and  4  to 
6  inches  of  protection  for  the  big  guns.  She 
carries  2  9.4-inch,  10  5.9-inch  rapid  fi.e,  10  3.4- 
inch  rapid  fire,  and  14  smaller  guns.  She  has  i 
torpedo  tube  above  water  and  2  below. 

The  Prini  Adalbert  (1903)  and  Friedrich  Karl 
(i<)04)  of  8,858  Ions,  have  18,500  horse-power, 
anti  1,500  tons  coal  capacity;  21  knots  speed,  3  to 
4  inches  side  armor,  and  4  to  6  inches  of  protec- 


THE   NAVIES   OF    EUROPE 


67 


tion  for  the  big  guns.  They  carry  4  8.2-inch, 
10  5.9-inch  rapid  fire,  10  3.4-inch  rapid  fire,  and 
14  smaller  guns.  They  have  i  torpedo  tube  above 
water  and  3  below. 

The  Roon  and  the  }'t)rcA  (1005),  of  9,350  tons 
have  19,000  horse-power,  and  i,0oo  tons  coal 
capacity;  21  knots  speed,  3  to  4  inches  side 
armor,  and  4  to  6  inches  of  protection  for  the 
big  guns.  They  carry  4  8.2-inch,  10  5.9-inch 
rapid  fire,  16  3.4-inch  rapid  fire,  and  14  smaller 
guns.     They  have  4  torpedo  tubes. 

The  Scharnhorst  (1907)  and  Gneisenau  (1908) 
of  11,420  tons,  have  26,000  horse-power,  22.5 
knots  speed,  4  to  6  inches  side  armor,  and  6  to 
6.75  inches  of  protection  for  the  big  guns.  They 
carry  8  8.2-inch,  6  5.9-inch  rapid  fire,  20 
3.4-inch  rapid  fire,  and  18  smaller  guns.  They 
have  4  torpedo  tubes. 

The  Bliicher  (1909),  of  15,550  tons,  has  32,000 
horse-power,  24  knots  speed,  4  to  6  inches  side 
armor,  and  6  inches  of  protection  for  the  big 
guns.  She  carries  12  8.2-inch  rapid  fire,  8  5.9- 
inch  rapid  fire,  16  3.4-inch  rapid  fire.  She  has 
4  torpedo  tubes. 

The  Magdeburg,  Bresh7n,Sfrassburg,andSiral- 
surid  "were  launched  in  1912. 

They  are  of  4,478  tons  displacement,  22,300 
to  25,000  horse-power  (turbine),  and  1,200  tons 
coal  capacity.  They  have  a  speed  of  26.75  knots, 
4  inches  of  side  armor,  and  3  inches  protection 
for  the  big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of 
124.1-inch  rapid  fire,  and  2  machine  guns.  They 
have  2  torpedo  tubes. 

The  Karlsruhe  and  Rostock  were  launched  in 
191 3.  They  arcof4,820tonsdisplacement, 30,000 
horse-power  (turbine),  and  i  ,300  tons  coal  capa- 
city. They  have  a  speed  of  26.75  knots,  4  inches 
of  side  armor,  and  3  inches  protection  for  the 
big  guns.  The  armament  consists  of  12  4.1- 
inch  rapid  fire,  and  2  machine  guns.  They  have 
2   torpedo  tubes. 

Though  these  are  reckoned  by  an  English 
authority  as  armored  cruisers,  their  armor,  and 
particularly  their  gun  protection,  is  too  slight 
to  bring  them  properly  in  the  category.  They 
are  really  scouts  and  of  a  high  quality,  as  on 
their  trials  the\'  were  nearly  a  knot  to  two  knots 
above  their  designed  speed,  the  Strasshurg  show- 
ing 28.8.  Some  of  the  next  class,  the  protected 
cruisers,  39  in  number,  have  practically  equal 
value  as  scouts,  the  Kolherg,  Maini,  Koln,  and 
Augsherg,  of  4,281  tons,  with  turbines  of  19,600 
horse-power,  showing  on  trial  from  26.32  to 
27.23  knots,  and  28  of  them  from  21  to  24. 

Germany  is  unusually  strong  in  destroyers, 
of  which  she  has  143.  Forty-two  of  these  are 
from  350  to  413  tons;  5of4So;  13  from  530  to 
560;  47  of  about  650;  36  of  840  and  900  tons. 
Along  with  these  are  27  submarines,  16  of  which 
have  a  surface  speed  of  18  knots  and  12  under 
water.  What  is  known  as  the  type  U21,  one 
of  which  passed  into  service  last  year,  has  a 
length  of  213  feet  8  inches,  and  20  feet  beam. 

.Austria,  Germany's  supporter,  has  nine 
battleships  ready,  all  which  have  been  com- 
pleted since  1905,  as  follows: 


In  1906  the  F.riheriog  Karl  and  Eriheriog 
Friedrich  were  launched,  and  in  1907  the  Er^her- 
iog  Ferdinand  Max. 

They  are  of  10,433  tons  displacement,  14,000 
horse-power,  and  1,315  tons  coal  capacity.  They 
have  a  speed  of  19.25  knots,  6  to  8.25  inches  of 
side  armor,  and  9.5-inches  protection  for  the  big 
guns.  The  armament  consists  of  4  9.4-inch, 
12  7.6-inch  rapid  fire,  14  3-inch  rapid  fire,  and 
16  smaller  guns.     They  have  2  torpedo  tubes. 

In  1910  came  the  Er^hcr^og  Frani  Ferdinand, 
and  in  191 1  the  Radet:ky  and  Zrinyi. 

They  are  of  14,268  tons  displacement,  20,000 
horse-power,  and  1,200  tons  coal  capacity.  They 
have  a  speed  of  20  knots,  9  inches  of  side  armor, 
and  9.75  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns.  The 
armament  consists  of  4  12-inch,  8  9-inch,  20 
3.9-inch  rapid  fire,  6  smaller  rapid  fire,  and  2 
machine  guns.     7  hey  have  3  torpedo  tubes. 

In  191 2,  the  Virihus  Unilis  was  launched, 
in  1913  the  Teggethoff  and  the  Priii^  Eugen. 

They  are  of  20,000  tons  displacement,  25,000 
horse-power,  and  2,500  tons  coal  capacit)-.  They 
have  a  speed  of  20  knots,  1 1  inches  of  side  armor, 
and  1 1  inches  protection  for  the  big  guns.  The 
armament  consists  of  12  12-inch,  12  5.9-inch 
rapid  fire,  18  14-pounder  rapid  fire,  and  4 
smaller  guns.     The\'  ha\e  4  torpedo  tubes. 

'\h.i^  Kaiserin  Maria  Theresia  (1895),  of  5,187 
tons,  has  9,000  horse-power  and  740  tons  coal 
capacity;  19  knots  speed,  4  inches  side  armor, 
and  4  inches  of  protection  for  the  big  guns.  She 
carries  2  7.6-inch  rapid  fire,  8  6-inch  rapid  fire, 
and  22  smaller  guns.  She  has  4  torpedo  tubes 
above  water. 

The  Kaiser  Karl  VI  (1900),  of  6, 151  tons,  has 
12,000  horse-power  and  820  tons  coal  capacity; 
20  knots  speed,  8.5  inches  side  armor,  and  8 
inches  of  protection  for  the  big  guns.  She  car- 
ries 2  9.4-inch,  8  6-inch  rapid  fire,  and  28  smaller 
guns.     She  has  2  torpedo  tubes  abo\e  water. 

The  5/.  G^or^  (1906),  of  7, 185  tons,  has  12,300 
horse-power  and  1,000  tons  coal  capacity;  21 
knots  speed,  6.5  inches  side  armor,  and  "5  to  8 
inches  of  protection  for  the  big  guns.  She  car- 
ries 2  9.4-inch,  5  7.6-inch  rapid  fire,  4  6-inch 
rapid  fire,  and  17  smaller  guns.  She  has  2  tor- 
pedo tubes. 

The  ten  light  cruisers  of  Austria,  var\ing  in 
size  from  1,506  tons  to  3,966,  call  for  no  par- 
ticular remark  excepting  the  two  last  completed : 
the  Admiral  Spann,  of  3,500  tons,  20,000  horse- 
power, and  27  knots,  and  X\\c  Saida,  of  the  same 
tonnage,  but  of  25,000  horse-power  and  (proba- 
bly) 28  knots.  Both  ha\e  turbine  engines. 
Their  chief  value  in  war  could  be  onl\'  as  scouts 

There  are  18  destro>ers;  12  of  384  tons  with 
28i  knots  speed,  and6of  800  tons  and  32',  knots. 
These  latter  carr\-  4  12-pounders  and  two  21- 
inch  torpedo  tubes.     The\'  ha\  e  oil  fuel. 

Of  the  63  torpedo  boats,  33  are  of  250  tons 
and  24  of  197  tons,  and  are  thus  capable  craft 
of  their  kind.  The  role  of  such  can  only  be,  as 
a  rule,  that  of  inshore  work. 

The  six  submarines  are  of  but  moderate  size, 
ranging  from  216  to  23=;  tons  at  the  surface. 


THE  KAISER  AND  THE  "MAILED  FIST" 

BLOOD    AND     IRON  — -MANILA     BAY  —  THE     KRUGER    TELEGRAM  —  BOSNIA    AND 
HERZEGOVINA  —  AGADIR  —  AND    THEN    THE    DELUGE 


THERE  is  an  explanation  of  the 
"blood  and  iron"  policy  of  Ger- 
man\',  of  the  "mailed  fist"  of  the 
Kaiser,  of  what  Mr.  H.  D.  Wells 
calls  "that  tramping,  drilling  fool- 
ery in  the  heart  of  Europe  that  has  arrested 
civilization  and  darkened  the  hopes  of  mankind 
for  forty  \ears  —  German  imperialism  and 
German  militarism."  The  explanation  is  in 
th^  history  of  the  rise  of  Prussia.  Bismarck 
lifted  Prussia  from  a  second  rate  member  of  the 
German  Confederation,  which  was  dominated 
by  Austria,  to  a  first  place  among  the  German 
states  and  then  formed  around  it  a  new  nation 

—  German\',  and  made  that  nation  one  of  the 
great  powers  of  the  world.  Bismarck  believed 
in  autocrac\',  he  belie\ed  in  "blood  and  iron," 
in  the  "mailed  fist."  He  achieved  his  success 
by  war,  deliberatel\'  planned,  prepared  for  and 
efficientl\'  carried  out. 

Look  closels'  at  the  lessons  of  war  and  diplo- 
mac\'  which  Emperor  William  inherits  from  his 
grandfather  and  the  Iron  Chancellor. 

In  1862,  Emperor  William  I,  the  grandfather 
of  the  present  ruler,  was  struggling  to  get  the 
Prussian  Diet  to  grant  him  money  to  double 
the  size  of  his  army.  He  had  been  unsuccessful 
in  this  effort.  He  was  about  to  give  it  up  when 
as  a  final  experiment  he  consented  to  invite  into 
his  ministr\'  the  then  \oung  reactionar\'  leader. 
Otto  von  Bismarck.  Bismarck's  political  ideas 
centred  around  the  belief  in  the  Prussian  mon- 
arch>'.  It  had  been  the  Prussian  kings,  not  the 
Prussian  people  that  had  made  Prussia  great. 
Bismarck  believed  in  the  king  and  disbelieved 
in  the  people.  He  hated  democracy'.  He  also 
believed  in  war  as  a  means  of  national  progress. 
In  the  most  famous  speech  of  his  life  in  1863 
he  announced  "Not  by  speeches  and  majority 
votes  are  the  great  questions  of  the  day  decided 

—  but  by  'blood  and  iron.'"  These  are  the 
views  of  the  man  from  whom  the  present  Em- 
peror learned   his  statecraft. 

In  1863,  Prussia  and  Austria  went  to  war, 
a  war  chiefly  of  Bismarck's  contriving,  against 
Denmark  and  took  the  duchy  of  Lauenburg 
and  the  provinces  of  Schleswig  and  Holstein,  in 
which  the  Kiel  Canal  and  the  (jerman  naval 
base  is  now.  Austria  was  to  administer  Hol- 
stein and  Prussia,  Schleswig.  Prussia  paid 
Austria  Si, 800, 000  for  the  duchy  of  Lauen- 
burg. Bismarck  approved  this  whole  arrange- 
ment because  he  thought  it  would  lead  to 
war  with  Austria,  and  it  was  a  part  of  his 
"bluijd  and  iron"  policy  that  a  Ijerman  nali(jii 
under  Prussian  domination  could  come  onl\ 
after  a  war  with  Austria.      There  was  not  room 


in  a  German  Confederation  for  both  Austria 
and  Prussia  —  "one  or  the  other  must  bend." 
Within  a  }ear  after  the  division  of  Schleswig- 
Holstein,  Bismarck  had  obtained  a  promise 
from  Napoleon  III  to  remairuneutral  if  Prussia 
attacked  .Austria.  He  also  made  a  treaty  with 
Italy  providing  that  Italy  would  join  Prussia 
in  a  war  on  Austria  if  Prussia  began  the  war 
within  three  months  for  the  sake  of  reforms  in 
the  German  Confederation.  The  enemy  was 
thus  isolated,  and  Prussia  was  prepared  to  use 
both  "blood  and  iron."  Bismarck  immediately 
and  quite  unexpectedly  introduced  into  the 
Diet  of  Frankfort,  the  governing  body  of  the 
German  Confederation,  a  new  plan  for  the 
federation  of  German  states.  With  this  as  a 
background,  to  satisfy  the  Italian  treaty,  Bis- 
marck picked  a  quarrel  with  Austria  over  its 
administration  of  Holstein,  declared  the  old 
confederation  dissolved,  attacked  Austria,  and 
invited  the  other  German  states  to  do  likewise. 
None  of  the  other  important  states  sided  with 
Prussia.  Four  of  them  stood  with  Austria. 
But  Prussia  was  prepared,  trained  and  ready 
for  war.  In  seven  weeks  Austria  was  defeated 
and  soon  after  all  Germany  was  at  the  mercy 
of  the  Prussians. 

Prussia  now  annexed  the  kingdom  of  Han- 
over, four  duchies  and  the  free  city  of  Frankfort, 
bringing  under  the  Prussian  king  practically 
all  the  peoples  and  land  along  the  north  coast 
from  the  Russian  border  to  the  border  of  Hol- 
land. There  was  no  thought  of  having  the 
people  of  these  states  vote  on  the  question  of 
annexation  as  had  been  done  in  Italy.  They 
were  annexed  by  the  right  of  conquest  on  de- 
crees issued  from  Berlin,  where  one  king  who 
ruled  by  "divine  right"  deposed  two  or  three 
others  whose  thrones  were  similarly  bolstered 
up.  Thus  increased,  Prussia  became  the  leader 
in  a  new  German  Confederation  which  included 
all  but  four  German  states  and  from  which 
Austria  was  excluded. 

The  "blood  and  iron"  policy  had  triumphed. 
Prussia  had  humbled  Austria  and  become  the 
dominant  power  in  German}'.  Yet  German}' 
was  not  united.  The  four  southern  states 
still  were  outside  the  Confederation.  So  there 
was  need  for  more  "blood  and  iron."  Bis- 
marck believed  a  war  between  France  and 
Prussia  inexitable  and  (Hazen's  "  Europe  Since 
1815,"  pp.  289-290)  "in  his  opinion  it  was  di-- 
sirable  as  the  only  way  of  completing  the 
unification,  since  Napoleon  III  would  never 
uillingly  consent  to  the  extension  of  the  Con- 
federation to  include  the  South  German  states. 
All  that  he  desired  was  that  it  should  come  at 


TllF    KA.SI-R   AND   THE   "MAILED    FIST" 


69 


precisely  the  right  moment,  when  Prussia  was 
entirely  ready,  and  that  it  should  come  by  act 
of  France,  so  that  Prussia  could  pose  before 
Europe  as  merely  defending  herself  against  a 
wanton  aggressor.  In  his  "  Reminiscences"  he 
avows  that  he  entertained  his  belief  as  early  as 
1866.  'That  a  war  with  France  would  succeed 
the  war  with  Austria  lay  in  the  logic  of  history;' 
and  again,  '1  did  not  doubt  that  a  Franco- 
German  war  must  take  place  before  the  con- 
struction of  a  United  Germany  could  be  real- 
ized.' The  unification  of  Germany  being  his 
supreme  aim,  he  was  bound  by  logic  and  am- 
bition to  see  that  that  war  occurred." 

He  explains  frankly  in  his  "Reminiscences"  how 
he  brought  the  war  about.  There  was  a  delicate 
diplomatic  situation  between  Prussia  and 
France  in  1870  which  arose  over  the  succession  to 
the  Spanish  throne.  The  King  of  Prussia  was 
at  Ems.  The  French  ambassador  went  to  see 
him  and  made  certain  demands.  The  Em- 
peror telegraphed  these  to  Bismarck  saying 
that  he  could  use  his  discretion  about  publish- 
ing them.  Von  Moltke  and  Roon,  the  great 
Prussian  soldiers,  were  with  Bismarck  when 
the  telegram  came.  They  were  in  a  dejected 
mood  for  they  saw  no  chance  of  war.  Then,  says 
Bismarck,  "1  reduced  the  telegram  by  striking 
out  words  but  without  adding  or  altering.  .  .  . 
After  I  read  out  the  concentrated  edition  to  my 
two  guests  Moltke  remarked:  'Now  it  has  a 
dilTerent  ring;  it  sounded  before  like  a  parley; 
now  it  is  like  a  flourish  in  answer  to  a  challenge.' 
I  went  on  to  explain:  'If  in  execution  of  his 
Majesty's  order  I  at  once  communicate  this 
text,  which  contains  no  alteration  in  or  addition 
to  the  telegram,  not  only  to  the  newspapers, 
but  also  by  telegraph  to  all  our  embassies,  it 
will  be  known  in  Paris  before  midnight,  and 
not  only  on  account  of  its  contents,  but  also  on 
account  of  the  manner  of  its  distribution,  will 
have  the  effect  of  a  red  rag  upon  the  Gallic 
bull.  Fight  we  must  if  we  do  not  want  to  act 
the  part  of  the  vanquished  without  a  battle. 
Success,  however,  essentially  depends  upon  the 
impression  which  the  origination  of  the  war 
makes  upon  us  and  others;  it  is  important  that 
we  should  be  the  party  attacked,  and  this  Gallic 
overweening  and  touchiness  will  make  us  if 
we  announce  in  the  face  of  Europe,  so  far  as  we 
can  without  the  speaking  tube  of  the  Reichstag, 
that  we  fearlessly  met  the  public  threats  of 
France.'  He  adds  that  'this  explanation 
brought  about  in  the  two  generals  a  revulsion 
to  a  more  jo\ous  mood,  the  liveliness  of  which 
surprised  me.'  " 

The  trick  had  its  desired  effect.  France  de- 
clared war  against  Prussia.  The  ever  ready 
"blood  and  iron"  were  loosed  again. 

Everything  was  as  Bismarck  wished.  The 
South  German  states  joined  Prussia.  The 
French  were  defeated  quickly  and  completel\-. 
In  less  than  six  months,  after  the  opening  gun 
was  fired,  on  January  18,  1871,  King  William 
thel First  was  crowned  Fmperor  of  a  united  Ger- 
man)', the  four  southern  slates  had  joined  the 


Empire,  and  Alsace  and  Lorraine  i.ad  been 
annexed  to  Prussia. 

In  less  than  ten  >ears  the  great  Chancellor 
had  turned  a  second  rate  German  state  into  an 
Fmpire,  a  first  class  power  among  the  nations 
of  the  world.  He  did  it  by  "blood  and  iron," 
by  unscrupulous  diplomacy  backed  by  the  best 
trained  army  in  Europe,  and  by  unhesitatingly 
throwing  the  country  into  war  where  the  army 
could  be  used. 

Ihe  present  Emperor  inherited  German 
militarism  and  German  Imperialism,  a  belief 
in  the  divine  right  of  kings  and  the  strength  of 
the  German  Arm\'.  The  lessons  of  the  history 
of  his  country  and  of  his  famil\'  are  plain.  Ger- 
many was  built  by  "blood  and  iron." 

On  his  accession  to  the  throne,  in  the  speech 
he  made  to  the  army  and  navy  three  days  be- 
fore his  speech  to  the  people,  he  reiterated 
Bismarck's  doctrine  in  these  words: 

"The  soldier  and  the  army,  not  parliamentary 
majorities,  have  welded  together  the  German 
Empire.    My  confidence  is  placed  on  the  army.'' 

At  the  centenary  of  the  firm  of  Krupp,  at 
Essen,  the  Emperor  said: 

"The  history  of  this  firm  is  a  piece  of  Prussian 
and  German  histor\'.  Krupp  guns  have  been 
with  the  Prussian  lines  and  have  thundered 
on  the  battlefields  which  made  ready  the  wa>'  to 
German  unity  and  won  it  at  last." 

William  II  broke  with  the  great  Chancellor, 
not  because  he  believed  more  in  the  people  than 
Bismarck,  but  because  he  believed  so  much  in 
the  rule  by  di\ine  right  that  he  was  unwilling 
even  to  be  overshadowed  by  the  Chancellor  who 
had  made  the  Empire. 

Bismarck's  use  of  "blood  and  iron"  made 
Germany  the  strongest  nation  on  the  European 
continent.  But  he  recognized  very  clearl\- 
that  "blood  and  iron"  was  a  policy  to  be  used 
with  great  care.  Before  every  one  of  the  three 
wars  he  precipitated  he  was  careful  to  do  two 
things:  (i)  to  isolate  the  countr\-  he  was  going 
to  attack  by  arrangements  that  would  keep 
other  nations  from  interfering  with  his  war  and 
(2),  be  certain  that  his  arm\'  was  better  prepared 
than  the  enemy. 

This  was  the  game  that  Bismarck  pla\'ed  b\' 
which  he  achieved  the  great  ambition  of  his 
life  —  the  unification  of  German)'. 

Emperor  William  has  an  even  larger  vision. 
"Our  future  is  on  the  water,"  he  announced. 
"The  more  the  Germans  go  upon  the  water  the 
better  it  will  be  for  us."  This  announcei.ient 
was  in  iqoi.  But  the  date  of  the  first  naval 
progranmie  was  1893,  three  \ears  after  Bis- 
marck's retirement.  The  Kiel  Canal  was 
opened  in  1895.  To  further  his  imperialism, 
the  Emperor  has  used  the  "mailed  fist,"  the 
♦hreat  of  his  arm\-  rather  than  the  arm\'  itself, 
.t  is  interesting  to  see  what  the  Kaiser's  im- 
perialism, backed  by  the  "mailed  fist,"  has 
achieved,  and  its  influence  in  the  present  crisis. 


70 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


yoKTH  i;'7v>- 


SEA     Cl^??^^^ 


^ 


iTPH.U-U-lC.-.C:^^,--VJ/ 


^n/ 


:,/^ 


<> 


.+03^-.'>jx.^ 


^>    J?^-     ■-^''XBOHEMlX-v/^■\..JV- 
t^CA>  "Vf^xE  D  ESR  A  T   I   O  N,#^ 


/SWITZERLAND^'^ 


ITALY 


HUNGARY 


1850 


PRUSSIA    UP   TO   1863 

THE  KINGDOM  WHEN  BISMARCK  BECAME  CHANCEL- 
LOR TO  KING  WILLIAM  I A  DIVIDED  STATE,  A  MEM- 
BER OF  THE  GERMAN  CONFEDERATION  WHICH  WAS 
DOMINATED  BY  AUSTRIA  UNDER  FRANCIS  JOSEPH  II 
THE    PRESENT     RULER 

In  1895,  the  \car  in  which  the  Kiel  Canal 
was  opened,  German\'  joined  France  and  Russia 
in  a  demand  upon  Japan  that  it  give  up  Port 
Arthur,  which  it  had  just  taken  from  the 
Chinese.  The  interest  of  Russia  and  therefore 
of  its  all>',  France,  was  plain  enough.  Russia 
wanted  the  port  itself.  German>'s  inter- 
ference seemed  entirels'  uncalled  for  and  pro- 
voked much  resentment  in  Japan.  This  com- 
bination against  Japan  threw  that  country 
upon  England  and  resulted  in  the  Anglo- 
Japanese  alliance  which  now  gives  the  Japanese 
fleet  an  excuse  to  attack  the  German  port  of 
Kiao-chau. 

In  i(St)6,  the  da\'  after  the  Jameson  raiders 
were  captured  by  the  Boers,  Emperor  William 
congratulated  President  Kruger  that  it  had  been 
done  "without  appealing  to  the  help  of  the 
friendl\'  powers."  This  direct  slap  at  England 
was  met  b\'  the  formation  of  a  tl\-1ng  squadron 
and  by  calling  attention  to  the  London  Con- 
vention reserving  supervision  of  the  foreign 
relations  of  the  Transvaal  to  England.  Later 
the  Emperor  snubbed  Kruger  and  was  very 
friendl\-  to  Ivngland,  but  the  incident  served 
to  set  English  |)ub!ic  opinion  against  the  Kaiser 
almost  until  the  rise  of  the("<erman  Navy  gave 
England  a  renewed  feeling  of  coolness. 

In  iSt)H,  after  Admiral  Dewe\'  had  defeated 
the  Spanish  licet  in  Manila.  Admiral  Diederich 
with  a  German  lleet  entered  the  harbor  and 
soundetl  the  English  Admiral,  who  arri\ed  about 
the  same  time,  as  to  what  his  attitude  would  be 
were  Germany  to  try  to  force  the  American 
(Icct  to  give  up  Manila.  The  answer  was 
sunicient  to  jirexeiit  aii\  move  on  the  pari  of 
the  German  admiral  but  not  to  [Uexeiil  a  feeling 
against  the  German  Government. 


XORTII 

SEA 


'^'^^^^ 


~irmr 


^ 


■^ !  G  r-    E  ^f,R    <^1 


^■-^^ 


I 


s/\  J,   ^  '-.O^T '    --^-J  ^>  BO  H  E  M I  A""--    '  s..-<7"' 
''\Sj^''0%tp-E  D  E\R    A    T    I    0  NrV' 

^,    N    J/6^'*-''"'^i  BAVARIA    ^  ^-^ 

\i,  >— ^    -^    ^  ^j"^ 


Z'    SWITZERLAND- 


HUNGARY 


18G4 


PRUSSIA   AT  THE    END   OF   1864 

THE  FIRST  "blood  AND  IRON"  WAR  IN  WHICH 
AUSTRIA  AND  PRUSSIA  TOOK  THE  DANISH  PROVINCE 
OF  HOLSTEIN  AND  PUT  IT  UNDER  AUSTRIAN  AD.MINIS- 
TRATION  AND  THE  PROVINCE  OF  SCHLESWIG  WHICH 
WAS    PUT   UNDER    PRUSSIAN  ADMINISTRATION 

In  1905,  the  Emperor  in  person  landed  in 
Morocco,  where  France  felt  it  had  particular 
claims.  As  a  result  of  this  visit  the  Sultan 
refused  to  accept  the  French  programme  and 
asked  for  a  conference  with  representatives  of 
the  leading  powers  to  advise  him.  M.  Delcasse, 
the  French  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs,  pro- 
tested that  France  would  attend  to  the  matter 
alone.  The  German  Chancellor,  Von  Bulow, 
used  threatening  language.  France  gave  up, 
M.  Delcasse  resigned.  The  "mailed  fist"  had 
been  successful  and  another  countr>'  was  pro- 
voked against  Germany. 

In  1908  Austria  took  over  Bosnia  and  Herze- 
govina, England  and  Russia  protested  that  this 
was  against  the  stipulations  of  the  treaty  of 
Berlin.  Russia  intimated  that  the  annexation 
of  Slav  provinces  might  lead  to  its  interference. 
The  German  Emperor  responded  with  a  threat 
of  instant  mobilization.  Russia  had  not 
recovered  from  its  Manchurian  campaigns,  and 
the  Czar  had  to  back  down.  Again  the  "mailed 
fist"  was  successful  and  another  nation  was 
given  a  grievance  against  Germany. 

In  1909  an  agreement  was  made  with.  France 
concerning  Morocco.  All  was  seemingly  satis- 
factory when  on  the  first  of  Jul>',  191 1,  the 
I-"irst  Secretary  of  the  German  Flmbassy  called 
upon  the  F'rench  Foreign  Minister  to  inforui 
him  of  Germany's  decision  to  send  a  warship 
U)  Agadir.  The  cruiser  Paulhcr  served  as  the 
"mailed  list"  this  time.  She  failed  of  her 
mission.  F'rance  was  not  intimidated  as  before, 
but  the  incident  was  fresh  fuel  to  the  I-Tench 
feeling  against  Germany. 

In  juh',  i<;oo,  at  (he  launching  of  the  IVitich- 
/',;./',  William  II  lieJaretl  that  the  "ocean  was 
iiuiisi)ensable    to   German    greatness": 


THE    KAISER   AND   THE    "MAILED   FIST" 


71 


Nauru  \' '^ 


lii    N  J/'j?''""^''}  BAVARIA    ^ 

E    '^'X — .:;.^'_    .^»    AUSTRIA/ 

^•^SWITZERLAND    7 


I     T    A 


L    -^Y 


J 


HUNGARY 


1800 


AFTER  THE    PRUSSIAN-AUSTRIAN   WAR 

Bismarck's  second  "blood  and  iron"  venture 
was  to  provoke  a  war  with  austria,  defeat  that 
country  at  sadowa  in  1866,  join  the  two  parts 
of  the  prussian  kingdom,  and  enlarge  it  by 
territorial  conquests 

"The  ocean  teaches  us  that  on  its  waves  and 
on  its  most  distant  shores  no  great  decision  can 
any  longer  be  taken  without  Germany  and 
without  the  German  Emperor.  I  do  not  think 
that  it  was  in  order  to  allow  themselves  to  be 
excluded  from  big  foreign  affairs  that  thirty 
years  ago  our  people,  led  by  their  princes,  con- 
quered and  shed  their  blood.  Were  the  German 
people  to  let  themselves  be  treated  thus,  it 
would  be,  and  forever,  the  end  of  their  world- 
power;  and  1  do  not  mean  that  that  shall  ever 
cease.  To  employ,  in  order  to  prevent  it,  the 
suitable  means,  if  need  be." 

The  Emperor  has  carried  out  his  policies. 
Germany  has  not  been  excluded  from  big 
foreign  affairs.  No  great  decision  has  been 
taken  without  Germany  and  the  German  Em- 
peror. But  the  net  result  of  the  activity  has 
been  to  leave  Germany  nearly  isolated  when  the 
great  war  came  —  in  the  very  predicament  in 
which  Bismarck  used  to  manoeuvre  the  enemies 
of  Germany  before  provoking  war.  Moreover, 
he  has  forgotten  Bismarck's  maxim  that  "suc- 
cess essentially  depends  upon  the  impression 
which  the  origination  of  the  war  makes  upon 
us  and  others;  it  is  important  that  we  should 
be  the  party  attacked." 

Whatever  the  provocation  in  this  war,  Ger- 
many actually  declared  war  first  on  Russia, 
France,  and  England. 

There  is  another  policy  or  rather  belief 
which  Emperor  William  inherits.  It  is  exem- 
plified in  the  speech  he  made  as  late  as  19 lo,  in 
which    he    said: 

"Considering  myself  as  the  instrument  of 
the  Lord,  without  heeding  the  views  and  opin- 
ions of  the  da\',  1  go  m\'  wa\'." 

Against  the  spread  of  democratic  principles 


V''^''4'i'uRTj.,BAVARIA\ 

E    ^.^J.^.^t^^^.i     AUSTRIA  r 


/SWITZERLAND^ 


/ 


■ — •  ; 
J 


HUNGARY 


(    y" 


ITALY 


-'^-J 
/^._. 


1871 


AFTER   THE    FRANCO-PRUSSIAN    WAR 
Bismarck's  third  experiment   in    "blood   and 

iron"  was  to  engineer  a  war  with  FRANCE, 
DEFEAT  ITS  ARMIES,  TAKE  ALSACE  AND  LORRAINE 
AND  CREATE  A  NEW  GERMAN  EMPIRE  WITH  PRUSSIA 
AT    ITS    HEAD 

the  Kaiser  stands  as  the  first  defence.  Behind 
him  are  the  Emperor  of  Austria  and  the  Czar. 
But  the  German  Emperor,  the  champion  of 
Teutonism  against  the  Slav,  is  the  defender  of 
autocracy  of  which  the  Czar  is  the  best  ex- 
ponent. The  German  Emperor's  insistence  of 
his  divine  right  has  lost  Germany  the  sympathy 
of  the  democratic  countries  of  the  world. 

At  the  Oxford  Commencement  this  \ear  the 
German  Ambassador  to  England  was  given  an 
honorary  degree,  and  in  giving  it  the  college 
authorities  dwelt  upon  the  fact  that  the  strained 
situation  between  England  and  German\'  that 
was  acute  in  191 1  had  been  entirely  relieved. 
A  few  days  later  six  English  battleships  were  in 
the  friendly  harbor  of  Kiel  during  the  great 
Kiel  Week.  Officers  of  both  nations  danced  gaily 
on  the  decks  of  the  British  dreadnaught  Aiax. 

Five  weeks  later  the  A]ax  with  a  great  fleet 
was  in  the  North  Sea  "to  capture  or  destroy" 
their  hosts  of  but  a  short  time  before. 

The  German  Emperor  cut  short  his  Nearfy 
visit  to  Norway.  President  Poincare  hurried 
back  from  Russia  to  France,  Earl  Kitchener 
was  stopped  at  Calais  on  his  way  to  Eg\pt  and 
brought  back  to  organize  England  for  war. 
Germany's  threat  prevented  Russia  from 
disturbing  Austria's  Balkan  policies  once 
before.  The  "mailed  fist"  had  worked  against 
almost  every  country  in  Europe  and  yet  no 
war  had  occurred.  Then  suddenly  it  fails, 
German\''s  threat  of  mobilization  is  met  by 
mobilization  elsewhere,  and  the  Emperor  finds 
himself  isolated,  fighting  half  the  world  and 
with  little  s\mpath\-  from  the  other  half.  With 
him  is  onl>'  .Austria,  which  precipitated  the 
struggle  and  to  whose  assistance  he  went. 


MEN   WHO    CONTROL  THE    DESTINY 

OF   EUROPE 


SIR  EDWARD  GREY 

SIR  EDWARD  GREY  has  been  at  the  head 
of  the  British  foreign  otfice  for  nine  years. 
He  has  been  in  the  British  public  ser- 
vice 30  \ears,  in  Parliament,  as  under  Sec- 
retary of  State  under  Gladstone,  and  in  his 
present  position.  The  striking  fact  about  him 
—  that  which  Englishmen  of  both  parties  place 
in  his  hands  the  fate  of  the  nation  with  implicit 
confidence  is  the  honest}'  and  frankness  of  his 
ever\'  public  action. 

He  is  not  a  diplomat  in  the  old  sense  of  the 
word.  He  has  no  tricks  or  wiles.  He  is  en- 
tirely straightforward.  With  all  the  cards 
on  the  table,  he  conducts  the  foreign  affairs  of 
the  British  Empire  in  much  the  same  way  as 
other  business  is  conducted. 

He  has  had  the  least  possible  hand  in  the 
intrigues,  compacts,  plots,  plans,  and  strata- 
gems of  the  European  diplomatic  arena.  As 
far  as  her  situation  would  permit  he  endeavored 
to  realize  for  England  the  venerable  American 
policy  of  a  friendship  for  all,  entangling  alli- 
ances with  none!  The  other  day  in  the  House 
of  Commons  he  made  it  clear  that  England  was 
under  no  agreement  or  contract  to  fight  for 
France  or  Russia. 

His  natural  disposition  to  avoid  the  compli- 
cations of  the  continental  game  of  empire, 
may  be  clearl\'  seen  in  a  speech  he  made  in 
Januar\',  1912. 

"  Let  me  put  \'ou  on  your  guard  against 
people  who,  as  I  think,  are  very  bad  advisers 
with  regard  to  foreign  policy.  There  is  a 
certain  section,  I  have  no  doubt,  in  the  Liberal 
Part\-,  Nvhich  think  we  do  not  interfere  nearly 
enough,  especially'  in  certain  parts  of  the  world, 
in  Asia.  Mongolia,  I  think,  was  the  last 
selected  as  a  part  in  which  we  should  take  an 
itctive  interest.  Believe  me  if  you  are  going  to 
pursue  a  foreign  policy  of  that  kind,  and  this 
country  is  going  to  interfere  actively  in  (A-nlral 
Asian  (|uestions  far  beyond  our  own  Indian 
frontier,  you  are  going  [y  incur,  not  only  the 
very  heavy  naval  expenditure  which  we  have 
alread\',  but  a  vastl\'  increased  mililar\  expendi- 
ture as  well;  and  the  pecjple  who  press  upon  me  a 
different  foreign  policy  to  that  which  is  now 
being  pursued  are,  it  seems  to  me,  people  who 
are  reall\'  advocating  as  a  foreign  policx'  the 
maximum  of  interference  in  the  alfairs  of  the 
world  al  large  and  the  niiiniimm  ol  Iriciulship; 
because  llu-  polii\',  if  il  ucic  i.iiiicd  uul,  ssoiild 
soon  leave  us  without  a  frieiul  in  !■  mope." 

'1  he  policy  of  n(jt  meddling  v\  il  li  ol  her  nal  ions 
and  provoking  their  hos[ilit\   seems  well  repaitl 


when  in  a  crisis  like  this  the  long  expected 
German-English  war  comes  and  finds  England 
with  niany  allies  and  Germany  almost  isolated. 


COUNT   BERCHTOLD 

COUNT  LEOPOLD  BERCHTOLD, 
whose  aggressive  polic\'  toward  Servia 
precipitated  the  war  of  the  world,  is 
the  second  Austrian  statesman  with  a  foreign 
policy  more  active  than  playing  "a  brilliant 
second"  to  Germany,  In  1908  Count  d'Aeh- 
renthal,  who,  as  Ambassador  to  Russia,  had 
feared  the  revolutionists,  risked  starting  a  Euro- 
pean war  by  annexing  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina 
to  Austria.  Berchtold  took  the  same  risk  this 
\ear  in  undertaking  to  discipline  Servia.  But 
this  time  Russia  had  recovered  from  the  Jap- 
anese War! 

Count  Berchtold  is  an  intellectual  and  cour- 
teous diplomat,  of  unmilitary  training. 

He  succeeded  d'Aehrenthal  not  onl\'  at  the 
Foreign  Oflice  in  Vienna  but  previously  at  the 
.-Xustro-Hungarian  Embassy  at  St.  Petersburg. 
He  was  know  as  a  protege  and  to  some  extent 
a  disciple  of  d'Aehrenthal.  He  was  a  young 
Ambassador  in  St.  Petersburg  when  he  was  sent 
there  in  1907  by  d'Aehrenthal  —  apparently 
under  forty  —  of  a  tall  and  exceptionally  grace- 
ful figure,  long  limbed  but  not  athletic.  A 
healthy  pallor  lent  distinction  to  regular  fea- 
tures, and  scant,  soft,  brown  hair  of  an  in- 
definite tone  added  to  the  height  of  a  broad  brow 
and  gave  an  intellectual  cast  of  countenance. 
An  aristocrat  to  the  fmgcr  tips,  at  home,  like 
his  predecessor,  rather  in  the  cirawing  room  and 
the  cabinet  than  in  the  field.  Berchtold  has 
shown  the  same  calculating  daring  —  intellec- 
tual rather  than  physical. 

It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  Austria's  ulti- 
matum to  Servia  on  July  26,  1914,  was  made 
with  any  less  knowledge  of  consequences  by 
Berchtold  than  the  annexation  of  Bosnia- 
Her/egovina  by  d'Aehrenthal  in  1908.  If  any 
foreign  diplomat  to-day  knows  the  aims  of 
Russian  diplomacy,  it  is  Berchtold.  When,  in 
l"ebruar\',  191 3,  Prince  Gottfried  Hohenlohe 
reached  Petersburg,  the  bearer  of  a  letter  froni 
Francis  Joseph  to  the  Czar,  with  powers  to  ne- 
gotiate if  necessary  the  menacing  situation  in 
the  Balkans,  Berchtold  showed  an  appreciation 
of  the  possibilities  of  friendly  diplomacy,  for 
I  lohciilohi'  is  not  only  intimate  with  the  most 
p<merful  ol  ihr  (iraiul  Dukes  but  is  also  in 
la\oi'  with  the  I'jnperor.  The  upshot  of  Ho- 
henlohe's  mission  must  ullimalelv  have  been 
inelfeciixe;    iiut   Austria's  aims  al    the  Sanjak 


MHN    WHO   CONTROL   THE    DESTINY    OF    EUROPE 


73 


(if  Novibazar  and  an  oullcl  on  the  /Egean  arc 
established  as  well  known.  Her  foreign  policy 
to-day  is  the  consistent  development  of  the 
aggressive  turn  given  to  it  by  d'Aehrenthal. 
It  is  now  directed  by  a  man  of  supple  and  in- 
tellectual force  rather  than  physical  vigor  and 
from  the  plane  of  an  aristocrat  who  still  regards 
national  development  as  a  thing  entirely  dynas- 
tic and  aristocratic.  The  preservation  and 
power  of  the  Austrian  Empire  is  the  goal,  and 
at  the  same  time  the  stake. 

The  price  of  success  cannot  be  too  high. 


HERBERl    HENRY  ASQUl 


VON  BETHMANN-HOLLWEG 

A  PHILOSOPHER  and  academician,  Theo- 
bald Von  Bethmann-Hollweg,  by  a 
sudden  upheaval  of  destin\',  inherits  of 
the  "blood  and  iron"  tradition  of  Bismarck 
on  the  outbreak  of  world-wide  war.  He  is 
tall  and  gaunt;  a  quiet,  yet  compelling  pres- 
ence. When  he  speaks  it  is  straightfor- 
wardl)-,  simply.  His  sincerity  is  rather  more 
than  German,  his  thoroughness  entirely  Ger- 
man. Gravity  is  the  essence  of  him.  But,  com- 
manding and  persuading  as  is  his  physical  pre- 
sence, Germany  has  not  hitherto  found  him  a 
dominating  figure. 

Von  Bethmann-Hollweg  comes  from  an  old 
Prussian  merchant  famil)' ennobled  in  1840.  He 
is  57  }ears  old  and  has  been  Imperial  Chan- 
cellor since  190Q.  He  and  the  Kaiser  were 
students  together  at  the  University  of  Bonn, 
and  the  Kaiser's  confidence  in  him  and  friend- 
ship for  him  date  back  to  those  early 
years.  Nevertheless  he  has  risen  to  the 
highest  appointive  office  in  the  Empire,  not 
by  favoritism,  but  through  the  stereotyped 
grades  of  German  officialdom,  each  step  in 
his  career  patiently  gained  and  creditabl\' 
administrated. 

Bethmann-Hollweg  studied  law  at  Gottingen, 
Strassburg  and  Berlin,  from  1875  to  1879,  and 
after  following  the  legal  profession  for  the  next 
six  years,  he  was  appointed  judge  at  Potsdam. 
Here,  again,  he  enjoyed  the  intimacy  of  the 
royal  heir. 

His  appointment  to  the  chancellorship  in  1908 
came  when  the  Empire  was  thought  to  be 
facing  a  crisis.  Certain  elements  in  the  Reich- 
stag were  trying  to  make  the  chancellor  a  res- 
ponsible officer;  a  fmancial  bill,  which  com- 
mitted the  Empire  to  the  expenditure  of 
3i 00,000,000,  stood  in  danger  of  being  de- 
feated. Von  Billow  had  lost  the  confidence 
of  the  Reichstag  through  his  c\nicism,  and 
*hat  of  the  Kaiser  through  hinting  to  the 
latter  to  be  more  careful  about  public  utter- 
ances. Ever\one  wondered  who  the  "next 
man"  would  be. 

The  appointment  of  Bethmann-Hollweg  came 
as  a  great  surprise.  Yet  it  has  been  fairly  jus- 
tified, for  although  the  Chancellor  is  a  "  Kaiser- 
man"  who  sinks  his  personalit\'  into  the  shadow 
of  his  Emperor,  he  has  conducted  his  oflice  with 
credit. 


THE  foremost  diplomatic  figure  in  the 
great  European  War,  from  the  English 
speaking  viewpoint,  is  the  Right  Honor- 
able Herbert  Henry  Asquith,  Prime  Minister 
of  England,  and  Eirst  Lord  of  the  Treasury  — 
a  Yorkshireman  of  Puritan  stock,  who,  without 
family,  influences,  or  fortune,  has  worked  his 
way  up  from  the  bottom  until  he  stands  to-day 
in  the  powerful  position  held  by  Gladstone  — 
a  position  which  is  one  of  the  directing  forces 
behind  modern  civilization. 

Born  at  Moreley,  Yorkshire,  on  September  12, 
1852,  he  was  educated  at  the  City  of  London 
School,  and  at  Balliol  College,  Oxford.  He 
became  barrister  at  24  years  of  age  at  Lincoln's 
Inn,  and  as  early  as  1890  became  a  Queen's 
Counsellor.  His  ambition,  however,  lay  rather 
in  the  direction  of  the  House  of  Commons.  He 
was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  East  Eife 
in  1886.  It  was  four  years  later  that  he  moved 
the  vote  of  want  of  confidence  which  overthrew 
Lord  Salisbury's  government,  and  was  made 
Home  Secretary  in  the  new  Liberal    Ministry. 

It  was  Asquith  who  coined  the  phrase  as  U) 
tiie  Government's  "plowing  the  sand"  in 
their  endeavor  to  pass  Liberal  legislation  with  a 
hostile  House  of  Lords.  During  his  three  years 
of  office  he  confirmed  the  high  opinion  formed 
of  his  ability.  The  Liberal  defeat  of  1895  left 
him  out  of  office  for  eleven  years. 

During  the  years  of  Unionist  ascendancy, 
Mr.  Asquith  divided  his  energies  between  his 
legal  work  and  politics,  and  became  identified 
with  Lord  Rosebery's  attitude  toward  Irish 
Home  Rule.  When  Mr.  Balfour  resigned  in 
1905,  and  Sir  Henry  Campbell  Bannerman  be- 
came Prime  Minister,  Mr.  Asquith  was  ap- 
pointed Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer.  He 
pledged  himself  to  inaugurate  a  system  of  old- 
age  pensions,  and  his  advocacy  of  other  social 
reforms  greatly  increased  his  popularit\'.  On 
the  resignation  of  Sir  Henr\-  Campbell  Banner- 
man  in  1908  the  King  appointed  him  Prime 
Minister. 


PRESIDENT  POINCARE  OF 
FRANCE 

PRESIDENT  POINCARE,  of  France,  is 
the  great  champion  of  electoral  reform  at 
home,  and  of  the  Triple  Entente  abroad, 
His  first  executive  act  as  President  of  the  Re- 
public was  to  appoint  as  ambassador  to  f^ussia 
Mr.    Delcasse,   father  of  the  Triple    Entente.' 

France  is  now  enjoying  the  rewards  of  one  of 
these  policies  of  Delcasse  and  Poincare.  She 
has  Russia  and  England  as  allies  in  the  long- 
expected  conflict  with  German}'. 

The  President  of  France  is  a  bearded  pale- 
faced,  rather  short  and  stout  man  who  impresses 
friend  and  foe  alike  with  his  mental  ability. 
He  has  the  \ersalililv  of  his  race.  '  According 
to  the  painter,  Degas,  he  "is  the  only  politician 
who  knows  anything  about  art." 


74 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


He  is  a  patron  of  the  turf,  an  author  of  widely 
read  books  which  won  him  a  place  in  the  French 
Academy  beside  his  famed  artist  cousin,  Henri. 
As  a  law\er  he  stood  first  at  the  Bar,  and  as 
an  educator  he  has  been  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction.  While  Minister  of  Finance,  he 
put  on  the  statutes  laws  regulating  and  equaliz- 
ing the  taxation  of  millions.  He  has  been 
counsel  of  the  Beaux  Arts,  counsel  of  the  Na- 
tional Museum,  president  of  the  Philotechnique 
Franfaise,  and  president  of  the  Society  of 
Friends  of  the  University  of  Paris. 

He  is  still  in  the  prime  of  life  and  undimin- 
ished vigor,  for  he  is  onl\'  54  \ears  old.  In  this 
crisis  it  is  fortunate  for  France  that  she  has  in 
the  Presidenc\-  one  of  the  few  strong  characters 
who  have  held  that  office  since  the  last  war  with 
Germany  brought  about  the  Third  Republic. 


BARON    CONRAD    VON    HOTZENDORF 

THE  direction  of  the  armies  of  Austria- 
Hungary  lies  in  the  hands  of  Baron 
Conrad  Von  Hotzendorf.  He  has  the 
confidence  of  the  aged  Emperor,  and  rank  and 
tile  of  the  army,  and  is,  besides  possessing 
unique  qualifications  and  capacity  for  army 
organization,  the  Kitchener  of  Austria-Hungary. 
Political  affairs  in  Austria  brought  him  to 
the  front  in  1906,  when  he  was  made  chief  of 
the  general  staff,  receiving  the  rank  of  general 
in  1908.  Three  \ears  later  he  was  relieved  from 
this  position  to  become  army  inspector  in  191 1. 
But  in  191 2  he  was  recalled  to  the  post  of  chief 
of  staff. 


GRAND  ADMIRAL  VON  TIRPITZ 

ADM  I RAL  VON  TI RPITZ  made  the  German 
/A  Navy.  Only  war  will  tell  whether  he  has 
I  »■  made  it  as  effective  as  several  generations 
of  Englishmen  have  made  the  British  Navy,  but 
there  is  a  great  deal  of  sound  opinion  to  the 
effect  that  Von  Tirpitz's  work  is  the  equal  of 
any  Navy  in  the  world. 

His  activities  during  the  fall  manoeuvres  of 
1894  won  for  him  the  recognition  of  the  Kaiser, 
who  mentioned  that  fact  in  the  royal  message 
sent  to  the  commander,  Freiherr  von  der  Goltz. 
Von  Tirpitz's  reward  was  promotion.  He  was 
made  Chief  of  Staff  and  was  given  charge  at 
Kiel.  The  plans  for  the  manoeuvres  of  the  next 
year  were  drawn  up  by  him  and  the  Kaiser  did 
not  miss  an  opportunity  after  that  to  show  his 
appreciation. 

After  ho  had  become  Secretary  of  State  in 
1H98,  von  Tirpitz  began  a  campaign  the  like  of 
which  Germany  had  never  before  known.  His 
intention  was  to  make  the  naval  service  as  strong 
<s  the  military  arm.  A  naval  base  was  estab- 
lished at  Kiel,  the  methods  of  the  fingineering 
Ojrps  were  modernized,  and  a  new  set  of  regula- 
tions was  arranged  for  the  education  of  the  new 
generation  of  officers.  Supplementary  bills  were 
passed,  through  his  efforts,  in  i()f)o  and  \^)|~i^. 
He  was  then  made  a  noble  with  a  hereditar)'  tillc. 


This  old  gray  German  admiral  joined  his  Gov- 
ernment's service  as  a  naval  cadet  forty  years 
ago.  German  sea  power  consisted  of  a  col- 
lection of  obsolete  frigates,  euphemistically 
called  the  Prussian  Navy.  He  now  directs  thf:. 
second  largest  navy  in  the  world.  One  would 
think  that,  having  devoted  his  life  to  a  bitter 
contest  in  naval  construction  with  Great  Bri- 
tain, he  would  be  a  strong  Anglophobe.  Almost 
the  reverse  is  the  case.  All  his  children  have 
been  educated  in  England,  and  he  is  a  sincere 
admirer  of  the  best  things  in  British  character 
and  achievement.  Perhaps  more  than  any  other 
one  man  he  is  responsible  for  the  almost  frantic 
competitive  building  programme  of  European 
navies  during  the  last  generation,  clinging  tenac- 
iously to  his  "two  to  three"  German  standard 
against  Great  Britain's  insistent  "two  to  one." 


KING  ALBERT  OF  BELGIUM 

THE  figure  of  the  young  King  of  Belgium 
—  a  man  39  >ears  of  age  —  stands 
against  a  picturesque  background  in  the 
European  conflict.  His  voice  was  first  heard 
by  the  world-at-large  when,  in  the  heroic 
defence  of  his  little  kingdom,  he  called  upon  his 
soldiers  in  a  spirited  proclamation  to  defend 
their  country  to  the  last  drop  of  blood  and  to 
stand  shoulder  to  shoulder  against  a  common  foe. 

The  full  name  of  the  Belgian  King  is  Albert- 
Leopold-Clement-Marie-Menard.  He  was  born 
in  Brunswick  on  April  8,  1875,  and  is  the  sole 
surviving  son  of  the  Count  of  Flanders,  who  died 
in  1905.  He  is  of  a  studious  disposition,  and 
bears  a  striking  resemblance,  to  his  uncle,  King 
Leopold  II.  He  was  married  in  1900  to  Eliza- 
beth, Duchess  of  Bavaria,  third  daughter  of 
Duke  Charles  of  Bavaria,  and  was  crowned 
King  of  Belgium  in  1909. 

He  knows  America  well,  having  spent  almost 
an  entire  year  in  1898  in  this  country  while  still 
heir-presumptive.  In  1910  he  dispatched  to 
Washington  Baron  de  Beaulieu,  one  of  the  dis- 
tinguished members  of  the  Belgian  diplomatic 
service,  for  the  purpose  of  officially  notif\'ing 
the  President  of  his  accession  to  the  throne, 
being  the  first  European  sovereign  to  send  a 
special  ambassador  to  the  United  States  to 
formally  announce  his  accession. 

He  resembles  liis  late  uncle  in  the  attentive- 
ness  with  which  he  reads  the  leading  newspapers 
of  Europe.  Every  morning  the  London  Times, 
the  Paris  Temps,  the  Berlin  Krcui  Zett un g,-dnd 
the  Vienna  Ncue  Freu  Prcsse  are  placed  upon 
his  study  table.  He  likewise  reads  the  scientific 
press,  particularly  those  papers  which  pay 
attention  to  electrical  subjects.  His  hobby  is 
engineering.  Some  months  before  he  ascended 
the  throne  he  ran  a  locomotive  from  the  Belgian 
(>apital  to  the  I'rontier.  He  is  now  striving  to 
make  himself  an  authority  on  wireless  telegraphy, 
and  has  had  a  complete  radio-telegraphic  sys- 
tem fitted  up  at  his  palace  at  Lx'ken  for  experi- 
ments. He  is  a  hard  working,  modern  con- 
slilulional  monarch. 


MEN    WHO   CONTROL  THE    DESTINY   OF    EUROPE 


75 


ARCHDUKE    FRANCIS-FERDINAND 

THE  whole  world  was  startled  when 
the  news  was  spread  broadcast  that 
the  heir  to  the  Hapsburg's  imperial 
throne,  together  with  his  morganatic  wife, 
the  Duchess  of  Hohenberg,  had  been  assas- 
sinated at  Sarajevo.  When  the  news  of  the 
assassination  of  the  Archduke  and  the  Duchess 
was  broken  to  the  aged  Fmpercjr,  Francis 
Joseph,  he  cried:  "Horrible,  horrible!  No 
sorrow  is  spared  me." 

For  the  last  lwent>'  years  Francis  Ferdinand 
had  been  the  dark  horse  of  Europe.  Perhaps 
his  divergence  in  many  ways  from  popular  ideas 
of  what  an  Emperor  ought  to  be  may  be  ac- 
counted for  by  the  fact  that  up  to  the  time  he 
was  twenty-six  years  old  he  never  expected 
to  be  within  reach  of  the  crown,  as  he  was  not 
first  in  the  line  of  succession. 

He  was  born  in  1863.  His  mother,  Maria 
Annunziata,  was  a  daughter  of  Ferdinand  II 
of  Naples.  Through  the  tragic  death  of  Crown 
Prince  Rudolph  in  1889,  Archduke  Charles 
lAidwig  (the  Emperor's  brother  and  Francis 
Ferdinand's  father),  was  made  heir  to  the 
throne.  Charles  Ludwig,  however,  on  account 
of  age,  asked  to  be  excused  from  the  succession, 
thus  leaving  the  way  to  the  throne  clear  to 
his  son. 

When  Ferdinand  calmly  announced  in  1893 
that  he  was  not  in  love  with  any  of  the  Arch- 
duchesses at  the  Imperial  Court  but  with  one 
of  their  companions,  an  obscure  Bohemian 
countess,  the  Emperor  was  dumfounded,  and 
the  countess  was  promptly  discharged,  and 
the  Archduke  set  out  on  a  trip  around  the  world. 
He  attempted  to  return  through  the  United 
States  without  disclosing  his  identity,  but  was 
recognized  at  Chicago  and  New  York,  where  he 
received  much  attention.  Eventuall\'  the  Em- 
peror gave  his  consent  to  a  morganatic  marriage 
with  the  Countess  (Sophie  Chotek)  but  the 
Archduke  was  compelled  to  take  a  solemn  oath 
that  he  never  would  attempt  to  place  his  wife 
or  her  children  on  the  throne.  The  Countess, 
on  her  marriage,  took  rank,  as  Fuerstin  of 
Hohenberg,  and  in  1905  was  given  the  rank  of 
Duchess. 

Francis  Ferdinand  had  been  brought  up  in 
the  army  and  had  no  particular  training  for 
statecraft,  but  at  the  time  of  his  death  he 
wielded  a  great  influence  in  the  affairs  of  State. 
In  the  crisis  attending  the  annexation  of  Bosnia 
and  Herzegovina  in  1908,  and  in  the  Balkan 
wars  of  191 2- 19 1 3,  he  was  one  of  the  leaders  in 
the  group  of  men  who  pulled  the  dual  monarchy 
out  of  the  fire  in  one  of  the  most  remarkable 
triumphs  of  modern  diplomacy. 

Ferdinand  was  made  a  general  and  re- 
organized the  Austrian  general  stafY  with 
great  success  in  1891.  He  took  up  locomo- 
tive engineering  as  a  hobb\',  and  was  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  best  shots  in  the  countr\ . 
The  walls  of  his  castle  at  Konopischt  were 
hung    with    the    antlers    of    2,000   stags   and 


chamois,  as  well  as  with  the  heads  of  tigers 
killed  in  India,  the  tusks  of  elephants  slain 
in  Ceylon,  and  the  pelts  of  bears  shot  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 


HORATIO     HERBERT     KITCHENER 

THE  eyes  of  all  England  are  focused  at 
present  on  Earl  Kitchener,  the  "organ- 
izer of  victory"  who  stands  to-day  in 
supreme  command  of  the  destinies  of  the  British 
land  forces,  both  as  Secretary  of  War  and  as 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Arm>'. 

Earl  Kitchener  is  a  tall  man,  64  years  old, 
with  heavy  gray  moustache  and  wavy  gray 
hair,  which  he  wears  parted  in  the  middle.  He 
has  a  sunburnt,  determined-looking  face,  large 
steel-blue  e\es,  and  square  jaws. 

Until  the  events  of  the  moment,  Kitchener  has 
never  commanded  against  the  organized  army 
of  any  Power  of  the  first  rank,  but  he  is  prob- 
ably the  best  known  military  leader  in  Europe. 
He  was  born  in  County  Kerry,  in  1850,  of 
English  parentage.  He  was  educated  at  the 
Royal  Military  Academy  at  Woolwich  and  en- 
tered the  British  army  when  twenty-one  years 
of  age,  receiving  a  commission  in  the  Ro\al 
Engineers.  OlTered  a  post  under  the  Palestine 
Exploration  Fund,  he  spent  some  }ears  in  Pal- 
estine, and  was  employed  to  make  a  survey  of 
the  Island  of  Cyprus. 

When  Lord  Wolseley  waged  the  campaign  of 
Tel-el- Kebir  in  1882,  Kitchener  was  given  com- 
mand of  the  Egyptian  cavalry.  Then,  from 
1884  to  1885,  he  was  with  the  Nile  Expedi- 
tion. He  commanded  at  Suakim  in  1887 
and  he  succeeded  Sir  Francis  Crenfell  as 
Sirdar  in   1890. 

Kitchener  stepped  into  world  fame  and  inTT 
the  heart  of  every  Englishman  in  1896.  It  wr^ 
then  that  he  began  the  reconquest  of  the 
Soudan,  and  two  }ears  later  the  Soudan  was 
conquered.  Thereupon,  he  was  promoted 
to  the  rank  of  major-general,  received  a 
grant  of  $150,000  with  the  thanks  of  Par- 
liament, and  was  raised  to  the  peerage. 
Thereafter  he  was  popularl)'  referred  to  as 
Kitchener  of  Khartoum. 

The  da>s  of  glory  for  Kitchener  c.tme  again 
in  1899,  when  he  was  sent  to  South  Africa  as 
chief  of  staff  with  Lord  Roberts.  How  he 
fuiished  the  Boer  War,  how  he  arranged  the 
Peace  of  N'ereeniging,  and  how  he  came  home  to 
be  made  a  N'iscount,  with  the  thanks  of  Parlia- 
ment and  a  grant  of  $250,000,  are  all  matters  of 
recent  histor\-.  From  1902  to  1909  he  was 
commander-in-chief  in  India,  and  after  that  re- 
turned to  Eg\pt  in  the  capacit\'  of  British 
agent  and  consul-general  at  Cairo,  thus  return- 
ing to  the  scene  of  his  first  triumphs. 

Kitchener  of  Khartoum  has  proved  his  mettle 
in  many  and  varied  capacities.  He  is  one  of 
those  remarkable  Englishmen  whose  mission 
it  is  to  rule  cuuniries  which  have  come  undii 
British  dominion  during  the  extension  of  world- 
wide empire.     He  was  recentl>-  created  an  earl 


76 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


by   King  George  and  has  received  many  dis- 
tinguishing honors. 

.Manv  stories  are  told  of  him,  a  characteristic 
one  being  his  reply  to  the  War  Office,  which  sent 
him  obsolete  guns  when  he  asked  for  the  newest. 
He  is  reported  to  have  sent  the  sarcastic  reply, 
"  I  can  throw  stones  at  the  enemy  myself." 


THl 


SIR  JOHN  RUSHWORTH  JELLICOE 

SIR  JOHN  RUSHWORTH  JELLICOE, 
has  recently  been  made  Vice-Adrniral 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  British 
Home  Fleet.  He  is  fifty-five  years  old  and  has 
spent  fort\-two  years  in  the  Navy.  As  a 
lieutenant  he  was  present  at  the  bombardment 
of  Alexandria  and  afterward  took  part  in  the 
battle  of  Tel-el-Kebir  as  a  member  of  the  Naval 
Brigade.  At  the  end  of  this  war  he  was 
presented  with  the  Khedive's  Bronze  Star  for 
his  gallant  service. 

When  the  ill-fated  Victoria  was  rammed  by 
the  Camperdown  and  sent  to  the  bottom  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea,  Jellicoe  was  seriously  ill 
with  the  Malta  fever  and  confined  in  the 
hospital  quarters  of  the  ship.  Sir  John  Tryon 
and  more  than  six  hundred  oftlcers  and  men 
lost  their  lives,  but  "Jack"  Jellicoe  escaped. 

"How?"  he  exclaimed  recently,  in  speaking 
of  the  incident.     "  I  do  not  quite  know  m\self." 

Suffice  it  to  state  that  his  temperature 
registered  at  103  shortly  before  the  collision, 
and  when  he  was  fished  out  and  landed  aboard 
the  rescuing  ship  it  was  normal,  and  normal  it 
remained. 

Admiral  Jellicoe  was  sent  to  China  in  com- 
mand of  a  naval  brigade  in  1898  to  help  subdue 
the  Boxer  Rebellion,  and  later  he  acted  as 
Chief  of  Staff  to  Admiral  Edward  Seymour 
during  the  attempted  relief  of  the  Peking 
Legations  in  1900. 

Severely  wounded  by  a  bullet  through  his 
lungs  at  Teitsang,  when  he  recovered  the  Ger- 
man Emperor  conferred  upon  him  the  Order  of 
the  Red  Eagle  and  presented  him  with  swords 
for  his  great  service  to  the  world  in  general 
and  the  Germans  in  particular  who  were  in- 
volved in  the  Chinese  Rebellion. 

Returning  from  China  an  invalid,  he  married 
Florence  Gwendoline  Cayzer,  in  1902. 

This  picturesque  sea-fighter  served  as  rear- 
admiral  in  the  Atlantic  Fleet  in  1907-8  and  be- 
came Lord  Commissioner  of  the  Admiralt\-  and 
Controller  of  the  Navy  in  1908-10.  He  be- 
came commander  of  the  Second  Squadron  of  the 
Home  Fleet  in  1911-12.  On  July  23d  last,  he 
was  appointed  Vice-Admiral  and  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  the  British  Home  Fleet,  and  to  him 
was  sent  that  m(jmentous  cablegram  when 
England  issued  her  declaration  of  war  —  "Cap- 
ture the  enemy  or  destroy  them." 

Ailmiral  Jellicoe  is  regarded  by  the  English 
as  responsible  mf)re  than  any  other  officer  for 
the  marvelous  progress  in  the  naval  gunnery 
in  the  English  fleet.  The  destinies  of  the  British 
Navy  are  now  in  his  hands. 


MARQUIS  ANTONIO  Dl  SAN  GIULIANO 

IE  Marquis  di  San  Giuliano  controls  the 
foreign  destinies  of  Ital\-.  He  is  cre- 
dited with  plunging  Italy  into  one  war 
and  keeping  her  aloof  from  another.  He  brought 
about  the  war  with  Turkey,  but  is  opposed  to 
helping  German>-  and  .Austria. 

The  Italian  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  belongs 
to  an  ancient  Sicilian  famil\'  of  Norman  descent, 
and  was  born  in  1853.  He  is  an  aristocrat  to 
the  core.  Devoting  himself  to  national  pro- 
blems, and  being  well  informed,  he  entered 
public  life  as  a  senator.  At  first,  on  account  of 
his  great  fluency,  he  was  regarded  as  a  seeker 
after  place  and  power.  His  first  official  ap- 
pointment was  to  an  inferior  position  of  Under 
Secretary  in  the  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Upon  his  own  urgent  appeal  he  was  transferred 
to  the  foreign  department  —  a  really  moment- 
ous event,  as  it  proved  for  Italy.  He  made 
such  an  impression  that  when  the  Pelloux 
Cabinet  came  into  power,  in  1899,  he  was  made 
Postmaster-General,  a  post  that  was  entirely 
uncongenial  to  him. 

But  upon  the  Cabinet's  reconstruction  he 
attained  his  goal,  becoming  head  of  the  foreign 
office.  Here  he  came  in  direct  contact  with  the 
King,  who  for  long  was  unable  to  understand 
the  extraordinary  secretiveness  of  his  Minister. 
But  the  King's  confidence  was  at  last  gained 
by  their  mutual  interest  in  old  coins,  curios, 
ancient  monuments,  etc. 

San  Giuliano  has  been  an  extensive  traveler 
in  Soudan  and  Ab\ssinia,  in  Asia,  and  especially 
in  the  Balkan  States.  Through  the  Triple 
Alliance,  he  became  the  repository  of  the  secrets 
of  the  Austrian  and  German  Alliance,  of  the 
intrigues  between  Russians  and  the  Turks,  and 
the  spy  system  of  Austria,  all  which,  keeping 
to  himself,  made  him  the  mystery  incarnate  of 
Europe.  Pressed  to  tell  what  he  knew,  he 
always  replied:  "I'll  tell  everything  when  the 
time  comes." 

As  a  former  Ambassador  to  Britain  he  ap- 
peared everything  that  an  Italian  should  be, 
polished  and  suave,  unpeccable  in  taste,  original 
and  brilliant  —  indeed,  Machiavillian.  At 
home  he  exhibited  many  talents,  literary  and 
artistic,  which  he  attributed  largely  to  the 
influence  of  his  mother,  a  daughter  of  the  Prince 
of  Cassaro,  a  great  social  leader.  At  one  time 
he  owned  the  leading  journal  in  Italy,  and  to 
that  and  other  periodicals  he  contributed 
largely.  Upon  the  drama  of  the  day,  he  is  a 
recognized  authority,  as  well  as  on  art.  He 
is  a  student  and  a  lecturer.  The  distinguished 
Italian  is  well  remembered  in  America,  having 
spent  a  considerable  time  in  the  United  States 
during  the  Interparliamentary  Union  at  St. 
Louis  in  1904,  as  the  president  of  the  Italian 
Delegation.  As  a  result  of  the  I  t;ilian- Turkish 
War,  the  King  created  him  a  Knight  of  the 
Order  of  the  Annunciation,  which  invested  him 
with  the  titular  designation  of  cousin  of  the 
King  and  almost  royal  prerogatives. 


MEN    WIKJ   CONIRUL    ihl.    DHSilNV    Oh    l-URUPh 


77 


PRIME  MINISTER  NIKOLA  FASHITCH 

NIKOLA  FASmiCH.  ilu;  i^rinic  Min- 
ister ol"  Servia,  llio  little  kingdom  around 
which  rages  the  European  War,  is  a 
lillle  gray-eyed  man,  08  \ears  ol"  age,  of  medium 
height,  high  forehead,  and  long  bearded  face 
that  shows  virility  and  intellect.  He  was  born 
at  Zayenchar,  Servia,  in  1846.  Sjon  of  a  very 
good  family  who  gave  him  a  good  education, 
he  later  on  v/as  sent  to  the  Technical  Institute 
in  Belgrade,  where  he  remained  for  four  \ears, 
from  1868  to  1872. 

At  thirty  years  of  age, .  Pashitch  became  a 
military  engineer  in  the  Servian-Turkish  War 
in  1876.  He  remained  there  two  years.  After 
the  war  he  appeared  as  a  very  active  member  of 
the  National  Deputies  in  the  old  Radical 
Party.  During  the  struggle  of  the  Serbs  he 
forced  his  way  to  the  official  leadership  of  the 
Radical  Party  which  is  now  in  power  in  Servia. 
That  happened  in  the  year  of  1881 . 

Realizing  that  his  people  were  not  making 
progress,  his  spirit  revolted,  and,  in  1883,  he 
joined  the  Zayenchar  Mutiny,  but  escaped  to 
Russia  while  twenty-one  of  his  confederates 
were  sentenced,  executed,  and  shot.  It  hap- 
pened that  at  this  time  Pashitch  was  near  the 
border  of  Bulgaria,  and  therefore  he  was  able 
to  escape,  only  to  return  later  and  pick  up 
the  struggle  where  he  had  been  forced  to  stop. 

During  the  amnesty  of  1889  he  was  made  the 
mayor  of  Belgrade,  and  it  was  now  that  the 
people  were  able  to  see  this  man  play  an 
important  part  in  the  aid  of  his  countrymen. 
He  became  Prime  Minister  of  Servia. 

He  was  sent  to  St.  Petersburg  as  ambassador 
of  Servia  in  1893,  where  he  won  the  great 
admiration  of  noted  diplomats  in  that  capital. 
It  was  at  this  time  that  he  cemented  the  friend- 
ship of  Russia  and  Servia  which  exists  so 
strongl\'  to-day. 

Pashitch  was  accused  in  1899  of  stirring  a 
mutin\-.  He  was  tried  and  sentenced,  but 
fought  imprisonment.  The  charge  was  finalls' 
suppressed  at  the  intervention  of  Russia,  where 
he  had  already  gained  impressive  respect. 

The  people  believed  in  his  great  personality 
and  character,  and  he  was  made  Minister  of 
I'oreign  Affairs  after  the  assassination  of  Alex- 
ander, King  of  Servia.  When  Peter  became 
King  of  Servia  he  was  made  Prime  Minister. 

In  German\',  Pashitch  is  looked  upon  as  the 
creator  of  the  Balkan  Alliance. 


ADMIRAL  HUGO  VON  POHL 

THE  chief  of  the  admiralt\'  staff  in  Ger- 
many is  a  mild  gentleman  S9  years  of 
age.  Admiral  Hugo  Pohl  was  born  in 
Breslau  on  the  25th  of  August,  1855.  When 
he  was  only  twenty-one  years  of  age,  in  1876, 
he  became  lieutenant  in  the  Imperial  German 
nav>-  and  three  \ears  later  was  made  a  first 
lieuten.inr.  He  became  lieutenant-captain  on 
the  scouting  cruiser  Carola  in    1887.     His  next 


commission  was  with  the  military  department 
of  the  Imperial  naval  'ffice,  and  later  he  be- 
came ofificer  on  the  ironcia  i  tVurltemberi;. 

His  ability  gained  his  steady  promotion  and 
he  was  made  korvette-captain  and  leader  of  the 
central  office  of  the  Imperial  naval  board  in 
1894.  Four  years  afterward  he  became  frigate- 
captain  and  commander  of  the  ironclad  /€^;>. 
His  next  ship  was  the  cruiser  Hansa.  He  be- 
came captain  at  sea  in  1900.  Within  five 
years  he  was  a  commodore  in  charge  of  the 
scouting  ships,  with  the  duties  of  second  ad- 
miral of  the  first  squadron.  It  befell  him  to 
take  charge  of  the  work  of  setting  up  the  new 
naval  stations  from  Kiel  to  Sonderberg  in 
Schleswig  in  1908.  He  was  awarded  for  his 
work  in  connection  with  that  undertaking  by 
being  promoted  to  vice-admiral  in  1909. 

Admiral  Pohl  (up  to  the  outbreak  of  the  pres- 
ent European  difficulties)  is  one  of  the  few 
commanding  (lerman  naval  authorities  who 
have  been  on  a  German  ship  when  it  exchanged 
the  actual  shots  of  war  The  only  opportunity 
Germany  has  had  to  try  out  the  navy,  since 
Admiral  von  Tirpitz  renovated  it,  was  at  the 
forts  at  Taku,  China,  in  1900,  while  the  Boxers 
were  active. 

Admiral  Pohl,  like  his  superior,  Admiral  von 
Tirpitz,  is  an  exponent  of  a  large  navy  for  Ger- 
many. He  would  divide  the  fleet  into  two 
squadrons,  one  to  be  kept  in  the  North  Sea  in 
order  to  protect  the  German  coast,  and  the 
other  squadron  to  roam  the  world's  waters 
seeking  prizes  and  doing  what  it  can  to  destroy 
property  of  the  enemy. 

With  the  Kaiser  he  is  extremely  popular  and 
wears,  as  a  gift  from  his  sovereign,  the  medal 
of  the  second  class  (with  black)  Order  of  the 
Crown.  The  Czar,  whose  ships  Von  Pohl 
must  try  to  destroy,  has  bestowed  on  him  the 
St.  Stanislaus  Order. 


COUNT  HELMUTH  VON  MOLTKE 

GENERAL  MOLTKE,  w^o,  as  chief  of 
staff,  is  credited  with  the  disposition 
and  direction  of  the  German  forces 
at  the  outbreak  of  this  war,  is  four  years  older 
than  his  French  antagonist.  General  Jotfre. 
General  von  Moltke  looks  what  he  is,  a  t>pical 
product  of  German  militarism,  face  like  a  mask, 
rigid,  formal,  official. 

Like  .Admiral  von  rirpilz.  Chancellor  Beth- 
mann-Hollweg,  Furslenberg,  and  Von  der 
Goltz,  he  is  a  "Kaiserman";  that  is  to  sa\-, 
he  is  now,  and  has  for  man\-  \ears  been,  a  fav- 
orite of  the  Kaiser,  holding  his  position  bv  a 
combination  of  favor  and  abilitv  —  though 
rumor  has  several  times  declared  that  his  star 
at  court  had  grown  dim  and  that  only  the 
Kaiser's  inability  to  find  a  suitable  successor 
had  kept  him  where  he  was.  When  his 
uncle,  the  famous  field  marshal  Von  Moltke, 
died  in  1891,  the  present  General  became  aide- 
de-camp  to  the  Kaiser  and  has  been  chief  of  the 
general  statf  of  the  arm>'  since  Fi'bruar\-,  1904. 


78 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


General  von  Moltke  has  not  shown  himself  to 
be  a  great  mih'tary  p^nius.  Many  beh'eve  him 
a  less  able  strategist  than  General  von  der  Goltz. 
His  promotion  to  chief  of  staff  caused  a  good 
deal  of  unfavorable  comment  which  has  how- 
ever disappeared  with  time  and  the  evidence 
that  Von  Moltke  is  able  to  handle  an  extraor- 
dinary amount  of  work. 


EMPEROR  FRANCIS  JOSEPH 

A  BROKEN  down  old  man,  eighty-four 
years  of  age,  who  holds  down  the 
destinies  of  Austria,  precipitated  the 
present  war  in  Europe.  His  tragic  career 
began  sixty-six  years  ago,  when,  on  December 
2,  1848,  as  a  slim,  pale,  delicate  youth  of 
eighteen,  he  found  himself  suddenly  confronted 
by  a  throne.  Two  weak-willed  gentlemen,  in 
turn,  somewhat  frightened  at  the  responsibility 
of  warring  states  within  their  Empire,  succes- 
sivel\'  laid  down  its  crown  with  immense  relief, 
and  left  the  beardless  student,  only  recently 
out  of  the  famous  Thercsianum  College,  to 
assume  its  burden. 

As  to  whether  he,  too,  at  that  age,  might 
have  exhibited  some  of  the  wavering  spirit  of 
his  father.  Archduke  Francis  Charles,  and  his 
uncle,  the  Emperor  Ferdinand  of  Austria,  had 
it  not  been  for  his  mercilessly  ambitious  mother, 
the  Princess  Sophia,  only  the  words  in  which 
he  greeted  his  new  honor  can  give  us  any 
clue:  "Oh,  my  youth!  Thou  art  forever  gone 
from  me!" 

Yet  with  those  words  on  his  lips  he  put  that 
youth  behind  him,  mounted  the  throne,  and 
became  Emperor  of  Austria,  destined  to  go 
down  in  history  as  one  of  the  commanding 
figures  of  his  age. 

He  found  his  empire  composed  of  seventeen 
warring  kingdoms,  chief  of  which  was  Hungary. 
For  nineteen  years,  internal  dissensions  and 
external  aggressions  engaged  his  attention,  yet 
in  all  this  time  only  two  little  principalities 
slipped  from  his  grasp. 

Recognizing  in  Hungary,  however,  a  spirit 
of  independence  that  could  not  be  quenched, 
he  granted  in,  1867,  the  organization  of  the  dual 
monarchy  of  Austria-Hungary,  each  country 
retaining  control  of  its  internal  affairs,  but 
uniting  in  the  selection  of  ministers  of  finance, 
war  and  foreign  affairs,  to  act  for  both  countries 
under  one  Emperor. 

With  inimitable  diplomacy,  Francis  Joseph, 
"the  Reform  Emperor,"  as  he  came  to  be 
known  at  the  time  of  the  establishment  of  the 
dual  monarchy,  while  thus  granting  constitu- 
tional government  to  his  people,  has  managed, 
because  of  the  warring  elements  which  make  up 
his  two  Parliaments,  to  retain  the  real  reins  of 
government  in  his  own  hands. 

His  people  have  sorrowed  with  him  in  the 
succession  of  tragedies  which  he  has  suffered: 
first,  the  execution  of  his  brother,  the  Emperor 
Maximilian,  in  Mexico;  then  the  tragic  death 
of  his  son,  the  Crown  Prince  Rudolph,  found 


slain  in  his  hunting  lodge  with  the  Baroness 
Maria  Vetsera;  to  be  followed  in  the  year  of  his 
golden  jubilee  by  the  assassination  of  his  wife, 
the  Empress  Elizabeth;  and,  finally  by  that 
event  which  has  plunged  all  Europe  into  war, 
the  assassination  of  the  heir-apparent,  the 
Archduke  Ferdinand  and  his  morganatic  wife, 
the  Countess  Sophie  Chotek,  while  on  a  visit  to 
the  Servian  capital. 

For  years  the  press  and  public  have  been 
awaiting  the  death  of  this  wonderful  wise  old 
Emperor,  and  the  loosing  of  the  bends  which 
have  held  his  varying  peoples  together,  as  the 
signal  for  a  general  Continental  war,  \ct  it 
seems  that  not  even  to  Death  is  he  willing  to- 
delegate  his  kingly  prerogative.  Years  ago, 
the  old  German  Emperor  said  of  him:  "Francis 
Joseph  has  three  ministers  of  the  whole  mon- 
archy, eight  of  Austria,  ten  of  Hungary,  and 
three  of  Croatia  —  in  all,  twenty-four  —  yet 
when  anything  is  to  be  done,  he  has  to  do  it 
himself." 


S' 


SIR  JOHN  DENTON  PINKSTONE 
FRENCH 

IR  JOHN  FRENCH,  sixty-two  j^ears  of 
age,  is  one  of  the  two  foremost  active  gen- 
erals of  the  British  Army.  He  stands, 
with  the  one  exception  of  Secretary  of  War 
Earl  Kitchener,  as  probably  the  most  striking 
military  figure  in  England. 

His  eventful  career  has  led  him  to  India, 
Africa,  and  Canada,  and  always  with  brilliant 
results.  In  the  Boer  War  he  was  the  one 
English  general  who  was  uniformly  successful. 
His  soldiers  were  popularly  supposed  to  have 
had  no  sleep.  At  the  time  of  the  Siege  of 
Kimberley,  he  was  shut  up  in  Ladysmith  with 
*he  Boer  lines  ever  circling  closer  and  no  retreat 
possible  for  the  English  troops  even  if  they  had 
wanted  it.  But  if  Kimberle}',  with  its  great 
treasure  of  diamonds,  was  to  be  saved  from  the 
Boers,  the  beleaguered  troops  had  to  be  relieved 
and  Sir  John  was  apparently  the  only  man  who 
could  accomplish  it.  The  Boers  were  allowing 
trains  to  run  out  of  Ladysmith  carrying  the 
women  and  children  to  safety,  and  in  one  of 
these  —  by  squeezing  under  the  scat  of  a 
second-class  carriage  —  French  managed  to 
escape.  Once  outside  the  Boer  lines,  he  made 
his  way  to  the  Cape,  where  he  was  put  in 
charge  of  about  eight  thousand  cavalrymen 
With  horses  dropping  every  mile,  stopping  only 
long  enough  to  annihilate  every  Boer  force  sent 
to  impede  his  progress,  he  swept  through  the 
Free  Slate,  riding  both  day  and  night  ;untii 
he  reached  Kimberley.  He  was  just  in  time, 
fwo  days  more  would  have  seen  its  enforced 
surrender. 

his  faniilv  intended  Sir  John  for  the  Church, 
but  when  he  was  fourteen  he  chose  the  navy 
instead  and  joined  the  Briiayuiia.  However, 
he  left  the  navy  for  the  army  in  1H74  and  in  a 
long  series  of  battles  he  soon  proved  his  military 
skill.     He  commanded  the  lyth  Hussars  from 


MEN   WHO   CONIROL    IHB    DtSTINY   OF    i:UROPE 


79 


1889  lo  1893,  rising  steadily  in  rank  after  that 
until,  in  1907,  he  was  made  Inspector  General 
of  the  Forces,  and  in  1915  liold  Marshal. 

His  once  fair  hair  is  gray  now,  but  his  Irish 
blue  eyes  have  not  lost  their  sparkle,  and  his 
keenness  for  long  tramps  has  kept  down  the 
extra  pounds  which  his  short,  stocky  figure  has 
shown  a  tendency  to  put  on. 


WINSTON  SPENCER  CHURCHILL 

THE  commanding  personality  in  the  Admi- 
ralty Office  in  London  during  the  present 
crisis  is  a  tall,  slender,  clean-shaven, 
gentleman  of  scholarly  bearing,  a  journalist 
and  soldier,  forty  \'cars  of  age,  who  came  to  the 
front  in  the  South  African  war. 

Winston  Churchill,  the  First  Lord  of  the 
Admiralty  since  191 1,  is  half  American  in  his 
parentage.  His  mother  was  Jennie  Jerome,  of 
New  York,  before  her  marriage  to  the  late 
Lord  Randolph  Churchill.  The  young  states- 
man was  horn  November  30th,  1874,  and  sent 
to  Harrow  when  14  \'ears  old. 

His  military  training  began  at  nineteen  years 
of  age,  when  he  entered  Sandhurst  in  1893, 
and  became  lieutenant  in  the  Fourth  Hussars 
two  years  later,  when  he  entered  the  army. 
He  served  with  the  Spanish  forces  in  Cuba, 
where  he  won  his  first  order,  "Military  Merit  of 
the  First  Class,"  and  incidentally  acted  as  spe- 
cial correspondent  of  the  Daily  Graphic. 

Churchill's  first  experience  in  actual  warfare 
was  when  the  Fourth  Hussars  were  ordered  to 
India.  Here  he  fought  on  the  Malakand  Front- 
ier. In  1898  he  was  attached  as  orderly  to  the 
first  expedition,  joining  the  Twenty-first  Lan- 
cers to  accompan)'  Lord  Kitchener  up  the  Nile 
for  the  re-conquest  of  Khartoum.  His  inter- 
esting and  outspoken  correspondence  for  the 
Moriiing  Post  attracted  wide  attention. 

Continuing  as  war  correspondent,  he  rushed 
off  to  South  Africa,  where  he  was  captured  by  the 
Boers  and  made  his  adventurous  escape  from 
Pretoria  prison.  It  was  at  this  time  that  the 
Boers,  with  what  Mark  Twain  designated  as 
"unconscious  humor,"  posted  the  following 
description  of  him:  "Englishman,  25  \-cars  old, 
about  five  feet  eight  inches  high,  indifferent 
build,  walks  a  little  with  a  bend  forward,  pale 
appearance,  red  brownish  hair,  small  mustache, 
hardly  perceptible,  talks  through  his  nose,  can- 
not pronounce  the  letter  "S"  properly  and 
does  not  know  an\'  Dutch." 

The  American  people  first  made  their  ac- 
quaintance with  their  brilliant  x'oung  English 
cousin  when  he  visited  the  United  States  in 
i()oo  to  lecture  on  the  Boer  War.  (Churchill 
was  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Oldham, 
as  a  Conservative.  He  soon  went  over  to  the 
'.iberals,  and  returned  to  the  House  as  Under 
Secretary  for  the  Colonies  (1906-1908). 

UjTon  the  reconstruction  of  the  Government 
under  Mr.  Asquith  in  1908,  Churchill  became 
president  of  the  Board  of  Trade  (1908-11)10). 
lie  was  advanceo  '<)  the  post  of  Home  Secre- 


tary in  1910  and  he  became  head  of  the  navy, 
as  first  Lord  of  the  Admiralty,  in  191 1.  He 
announced  that  he  purposed  io  make  British 
naval  supremacy  endure  at  any  cost,  a  policy 
that  has  given  the  British  Navy  a  60  per  cent, 
advantage  in  dreadnaughts  over  Germany  in 
the  present  conflict. 


GENERAL   PAU 

GENERAL  PAU  is  the  French  Com- 
mander next  in  rank  to  General  Joffre. 
It  is  proof  of  his  popularity  and  effi- 
ciency that,  having  been  retired  for  age  at  sixty- 
seven,  he  had  resumed  active  service  before  the 
outbreak  of  the  present  war  as  a  result  of  a  popu- 
lar campaign  to  reinstate  him.  Short,  thick-set, 
thoroughly  French  in  manner,  he  is  even  a 
more  complete  contrast  than  is  General  Joffre 
to  the  rigid  type  of  German  commander. 


CROWN  PRINCE  FREDERICK  WILLIAM 
VICTOR 

THE  most  extraordinary  figure  in  Europe 
to-day  is  the  young  Crown  Prince 
of  German\',  thirty-two  years  of  age. 
Riding  at  the  head  of  his  troops,  the  most  sig- 
nificant of  his  characteristics  is  a  profound  ad- 
miration for  Napoleon.  He  believes  in  rule  by 
divine  right,  and  is  said  to  be  impatient  to  have 
this  divine  right  go  into  effect.  Several  years 
ago  his  appearance  at  the  Reichstag,  to  dissent 
from  the  Chancellor's  proposed  peaceful  ar- 
rangement with  France  about  Morocco,  made 
him  the  leader  of  the  war-seeking  element  in 
Germany,  and  incidentally  led  to  considerable 
friction  with  his  imperial  father. 

The  Crown  Prince,  is  tall,  slim,  and  impul- 
sive. His  full  name  is  Frederick-William- 
Victor-August-Ernst.  The  late  Queen  Vic- 
toria, his  great  grandmother,  was  his  godmother. 
After  completing  a  course  at  the  military  cadet 
institution  at  Ploen,  like  the  Kaiser,  and  his 
grandfather,  Emperor  Frederick,  he  attended 
Bonn  University.  On  the  completion  of  his 
university  course  in  the  spring  of  1903  he  set 
out  on  his  travels. 

To  train  him  for  his  future  responsibilities 
he  was  first  sent  to  the  offices  of  the  Potsdam 
provincial  government  for  stud\'  of  local  admin- 
istration. Then  he  was  turned  over  to  the 
Prussian  Ministr\'  of  the  Interior  to  acquaint 
himself  with  the  intricate  routine  through  which 
two  thirds  of  the  German  people  are  governed. 
Since  then  the  Crown  Prince  has  studied  naval 
administration  at  the  .\dmiralt\',  besides  ac- 
quiring some  knowledge  of  the  workings  of 
Bismarckian  diplomac\'  at  the  Foreign  Office. 

He  married  tlie  Duchess  Cecilia  of  Mecklen- 
burg-Schwerin,  in  1905.  The  Kaiser  has  re- 
marked of  his  hotheaded  son:  "Well,  William 
is  no  diplomat.  I  will  admit  it,  but  1  believe 
the  fellow  has  got  marrow  in  his  bones.  He 
will  turn  out  'o  bi'  our  Mollke  >'et." 


8b 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


RENE  VIVIANM 


RENE  VIVIANI,  the  present  Prime 
Minister  in  France,  was  born  in  Algeria. 
His  success  in  French  politics  has  been 
due  to  his  interest  in  labor.  When  the  office  of 
Minister  of  Labor  was  created  by  the  Clemen- 
ceau  Government  in  1906,  he  was  the  first  man 
to  fill  it.  Although  the  next  Government  was 
of  an  opposing  faction,  M.  Viviani  still  was  kept 
at  his  post.  In  accordance  with  his  labor  sym- 
pathies, he  worked  consistently  against  the 
law  providing  for  a  compulsory  three-year  period 
of  service  in  the  army,  in  favor  of  which  the 
country  recentl\'  voted. 

M.  Viviani  is  an  able  man,  but  his  strong 
points  are  not  particularly  war  and  diplomacy. 


BARON  VON    DER  GOLTZ 

WHEN  the  Bulgars  and  the  Servians 
drove  the  Turks  out  of  Thrace  and 
Macedonia  two  years  ago,  the  rest  of 
Europe  took  the  rout  as  a  German  defeat. 
Superficially,  they  were  right.  The  organiza- 
tion and  mobilization  of  the  Turkish  army  were 
entirely  German  in  plan  and  the  beaten  Turks 
fought  in  German  uniform  with  German  artil- 
lery and  rifles.  The  correspondents  who  so 
glibly  drew  these  conclusions  very  rarely  modi- 
fied them  by  additional  information  as  to  how 
plans  and  organizations,  excellent  in  themselves, 
had  been  disregarded  or  inefficiently  carried  out. 
One  can  no  more  blame  a  German  rifle  for  miss- 
ing fire  with  French  ammunition  than  one  can 
draw  conclusions  about  Krupp  artillery  served 
by  raw  recruits. 

Field  Marshal  von  der  Goltz  taught  the 
Turkish  army  all  that  it  ever  knew  about 
modern  fighting  except  courage,  which  it  is  un- 
necessary to  teach  a  Turk.  He  has  also  taught 
the  German  army  much  of  what  it  knows  of  the 
technique  of  fighting,  and  the  German  army  is 
not  handicapped  by  Kismet  nor  by  unmilitary 
politics.  Baron  von  der  Goltz  out  of  his  uni- 
form would  fit  convincingly  into  a  professor's 
chair  at  a  university.  He  is  now  seventy  years 
old,  and  for  more  than  fifty  years  of  his  life  has 
been  working  and  writing  and  fighting.  Being 
a  first  rate  fighting  man  has  not  hindered  his 
writing  a  number  of  historical  books  which  are 
standards  in  and  out  of  Germany. 


PRIME  MINISTER  IVAN  GOREMYKIN 
OF  RUSSIA 

A  STRONG  hand  on   the   wheel   of  state- 
craft in   Russia   to-day   is   that   of   the 
economist   and   sociologist,  Prime  Min- 
ister Ivan  Goremykin. 

Goremykin  was  born  in  St.  Petersburg  in 
1H48.  He  received  a  good  academic  training  in 
that  city  and  graduated  from  a  university.  He 
became  interested  in  his  country  and  when 
twentv-onc    vcars    published    his     first    book. 


Later  on  he  wrote  a  history  of  the  Polish 
peasants,  and  with  the  success  of  this  effort  he 
added  another  volume  entitled  "The  Land  of 
the  Russian  Peasants."  These  efforts  of  study 
in  things  pertaining  to  his  country  directed  the 
attention  of  his  Government  sufficiently  to 
make  him  Chief  of  the  Emigration  Department 
into  Siberia. 

Eventually  he  rose  to  be  Minister  of  the  In- 
terior, and  in  1906,  Prime  Minister.  The 
country  was  in  a  revolutionary  state.  Count 
Witte  had  resigned.  Goremykin  declared  to 
the  Duma  that  amnesty  was  impossible  in  Rus- 
sia in  the  case  of  persons  guilty  of  murder  or 
other  acts  of  violence.  He  also  declared  that 
the  agrarian  possibilities  could  be  worked  only 
by  time.  He  then  submitted  a  programme  of 
reform.  The  Duma  would  not  accept  these 
reforms.  Revolutionary  disturbances  recom- 
menced. The  massacre  of  the  Jews  took  place 
and  a  clash  came  when  the  agrarian  proposals 
were  renewed.  Gorem>'kin  was  immediately 
replaced  by  Stolypin,  who  was  later  assassinated. 

During  the  next  few  years  Goremykin  took 
no  active  part  in  any  official  position,  but  acted 
as  advisory  functionary  to  the  Czar  in  all  mat- 
ters relating  to  economic  and  social  questions. 

Goremykin's  plan  for  the  salvation  of  Russia 
is  economic.  His  whole  wish  is  to  distribute 
the  people  over  the  different  territories.  They 
call  him  an  old-time  conservative  who  desires 
things  to  go  his  way  in  slow,  steady  paces. 


GENERAL  PUTNIK  OF  SERVIA 

THE  commander-in-chief  of  the  Servian 
army,  General  Radumil  Putnik,  is  a 
self-made  man  about  sixty-five  years 
of  age  who  has  worked  himself  up  through  the 
Servian  wars  and  revolutions  until  to-day  he 
stands  a  conspicuous  figure  before  the  world. 
He  was  born  about  1849  in  a  small  place  near 
Belgrade  in  the  southern  part  of  Austria.  He 
is  a  thorough-born  Servian  despite  this  fact. 
He  is  a  small  man,  of  large,  round  head,  chestnut 
brown  eyes,  and  a  beard  cut  in  Van  Dyke  fashion. 
His  whole  occupation  has  been  as  a  soldier. 

General  Putnik  gained  his  earliest  training  in 
a  military  academy  which  then  existed  in  Ser- 
via.  He  joined  the  army  voluntarily.  Later 
on  he  went  to  France  to  study  the  military 
tactics  of  Napoleon.  Ihese  experiences  merely 
gave  him  satisfaction,  as  he  has  not  succumbed 
to  any  other  method  but  his  own.  He  is  prac- 
tically a  self-taught  man. 

In  the  recent  war  between  the  Balkan  allies 
he  was  chief  of  staff  of  tiie  Servian  arm\'. 

As  a  general  he  strips  his  uniform  of  all  its 
trappings  and  tinsel  and  appears  in  plain  reg- 
imental apparel  with  the  two  straps  on  his 
shoulders  as  insignia  of  his  rank.  He  has  every 
opportunity  to  make  large  sums  of  money,  but 
as  his  wants  are  simple  he  used  his  funds  to  en- 
dow schools.  During  the  Balkan  troubles  he 
directed  his  forces  from  a  small  shanty  by  the 
use  of  the  telephone. 


MEN   WHO   CONTROL  THE    DESTINY   OF   EUROPE 


8i 


CHILI-    OF   STAFF   GENERAL  PUTNIK    (RIGHT) 
WHO  DIRECTED  SERVIA'S  ARMS  AGAINST  TURKEY 


PRIME  MINISTER  N.   P.   PASHI  fCH 

THE  GUIDING  SPIRIT  IN  ShRVIA 


KING    PETER    OF    SERVIA    AND    THE    CROWN   PRINCE 
WHO  SERBS  HOPE  WILL  RULE  OVER  A  GREATER  SERVIA  IN  THE  BALKANS 


KAISER   WILLIAM    II    OF   GERMANY 

"NO  GREAT    DECISION    CAN    ANY     LONGER    BE    TAKEN    WITHOUT    GERMANY    AND    WITHOUT   THE 
GERMAN    emperor"  —  EMPEROR    WILLIAM's    SPEECH,    JULY,     1 9OO 


MEN    WHO   CONTROL   THE    DESTINY    OF    EUROPE 


THE       IRON  CHANCELLOR      AND  THE   PRESENT  GERMAN   EMPEROR 

WILLIAM   II   INHERITED  FROM  BISMARCK  THE  TRADITION  OF  GERMAN  IMPERIALISM  AND  MILITARISM,   BUT  NOT 

THE  SAGACITY  WITH  WHICH   BISMARCK  USED  THEM 


CROWN  PRINCE  FREDERICK  WILLIAM 

WHO    IS    IN    COMMAND    OF    AN    ARMY    CORPS     IN     THE 
PRESENT    WAR 


OTTO  VON  BISMARCK 

WHO  MADE  A   UNITED    GERMANY,   "NOT    BY    SPEECHES 
AND  MAJORITY  VOTES  BUT  BY   BLOOD  AND  IRON" 


84 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


gP|'"   '^5Ht^ 

Bfjftp*^ 

y  -^^sr  , 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^&. 

f^^ 

Bl 

SEA  LORD  AND  CHANCELLOR 
ADMIRAL  VON  TIRPITZ  (lEFT),  CHIEF  OF  THE 

admiralty  and  creator  of  the  german 
navy;  and  dr.  von  bethmann-hollweg 
(above),  imperial  chancellor,  THE  fourth 

to  hold  the  office  since  BISMARCK 


^H«% 

^M^L 

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^w^^^^^^H 

^^^^^^^^^^^j^^^H 

^^^^^1 

GENERAL    VON    MOLTKE,    CHIbh    OJ-    SIAIh 
A  NEPHEW  OF  the  FAMOUS  VON  MOLTKE  IN  COMMAND  IN   187O-7I 


MINISTER    OF    WAR,    GEN- 
ERAL   VON     FALKENHAYN 


EMPEROR  FRANCIS  JOSEPH 

A    MUCH     BELOVED     RULER     WHO    HAS    REIGNED    65    YEARS    OVER    A    POLYGLOT    DUAL    MONARCHY 
WHICH    MANY    PEOPLE    HAVE    BELIEVED   WOULD    DISINTEGRATE    UPON    HIS    DEATH 


86 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


COUNT  BERCHTOLD.  THE  AUSTRIAN  PREMIER 

WHO  PLANNED  WAR  AGAINST  SERVIA  TO  SUBDUE  SERB  AGITATION  IN  HUNGARY  AND  TO  STOP 
THE  SLAV  DOMINATION  OF  THE  BALKANS.  OTHER  PICTURES:  (aBOVE)  COUNT  VON  H07ZEND0RF, 
HEAD  OF  AUSTRIAN   ARMY;   (beLOW)  ARCHDUKE  CHARLES  FRANCIS,  HEIR  TO  THE  AUSTRIAN  THRONE 


MEN   WHO   CONTROL   THE    DESTINY   OF    EUROPE 


87 


Coiiyrigtii  by  Uudenvood  &  Underwood 

EMPEROR    FRANCIS   JOSEPH    AND   THE   MURDERED    ARCHDUKE,    FRANCIS    FERDINAND 


THE   ARREST   OF    THE   ASSASSIN    IN    THE    STREETS   OF    SARAJEVO,    BOSNIA 
THE   ASSASSINATION   WAS   USED  AS  A   CAUSE    FOR  WAR   BY   AUSTRIA 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


LEADERS  OF  FRANCE 

GENERAL  JOFFRE  (lEFT)  SUPREME  COMMANDER  OF  THE  FRENCH  ARMIES;  M.  DELCASSE 
(upper)  PREMIER  IN  1898,  THE  FATHER  OF  THE  ENTENTE  CORDIALE  WITH  ENGLAND;  PREMIER 
VIVIANI  (lower),  whose  CABINET  WAS  FORMED  SHORTLY  BEFORE  THE  WAR 


M.  RAYMOND  POINCARE,  PRESIDENT  OF  FRANCE 
"our  words  of  peace  and  humanity  will  be  all  the  more  likely  to  be  heeded  if  we 

ARE  known  to  be  MORE  DETERMINED  AND  BETTER  ARMED"  —  PRESIDENT'S  MESSAGE,  FEB.  20,  I9I3 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


SIR    EDWARD   GREY    (LEFT)   AND    PREMIER   ASQUIIH 


THE  GUIDING  SPIRITS  OF  THU  BRITISH  CABINET  IN  THE  WAR  CRISIS.  SIR  EDWARD  GREY 
HAS  DIRECTED  ENGLAND'S  FOREIGN  POLICY  FOR  THE  LAST  NINE  YEARS.  MR.  ASQUITH,  WHO  WAS 
WAR  SECRETARY  AS  WELL  AS  PRIME  MINISTER,  RESIGNED  THE  WAR  PORTFOLIO  FOR  THE 
APPOINTMENT    OF     EARL     KITCHENER 


MEN    WHO   CONTROL    THR    DESTINY    OF    EUROPE 


9i 


EARL  KITCHENER.  OF  KHARTOUM  (LEFT),  AND  SIR  JOHN  D.  P.  FRENCH 

EARL  KITCHENER  IS  GENERALLY  CONSIDERED  THE  ABLEST  ACTIVE  SOLDIER  IN  GREAT  BRITAIN. 
SIR  JOHN  D.  P.  FRENCH,  WHO  WAS  ONE  OF  THE  FEW  ENGLISH  OFFICERS  WHO  GAINED  DISTINCTION 
IN  SOUTH  AFRICA 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Copyright  by  American  I'rcss  Association 


THE    DIRECTORS  OF  ENGLAND'S    DESTINY  AT  SEA 

SIR  JOHN  R.  JELLICOfc  (UPI'ER  LEFT),  IN  COMMAND  OF  ALL  THE  FLEETS;  SIR  GEORGE  CAL- 
LAGHAN  (right),  COMMANDING  THE  NORTH  SEA  FLEET;  FIRST  LORD  OF  THE  ADMIRALTY 
WINSTON  CHURCHILL  (LOWER  LEFT),  WHOSE  PROPOSAL  TO  GERMANY  IN  I912  TO  REDUCE  NAVAL 
ARMAMENTS    WAS    MET    BY    AN    INCREASE    OF  SIX  BATTLESHIPS    IN    THE    GERMAN    FLEET 


AN    UNNATURAL  ALLIANCE  — THE   CZAR   AND    KING    GEORGE  V 

RULERS  WITH  A  LONG-STANDING  COLONIAL  RIVALRY  AND  OPPOSING  POLITICAL  BELIEFS; 
AUTOCRAT  AND  CONSTITUTIONAL  MONARCH,  DRAWN  TOGETHER,  AS  AGAINST  NAPOLEON  ONE 
HUNDRED  YEARS    AGO,    BY    THE    KAISER's    AMBITIONS    IN    THE    NEAR    EAST    AND    ON    THE    OCEAN 


94 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


THE  RUSSIAN  MINISTER   OF    FOREIGN    AFFAIRS,  M.  SAZONOFF    AND  (ON   THE    RIGHTj    THE 

RUSSIAN    AMBASSADOR  TO   GERMANY 


GRAND    DUKE   NIKOLAS    NIKOLAIVITCH 
COMMANDER    AT    ST.     PETERSBURG,    AND,    WITH   GENERAL    SUKHOMLINOFF,    CHIEFLY     RESPONSIBLE     FOR    THE 

PRESENT   STATUS    OF    THE    RUSSIAN    ARMY 


MEN  WHO  CONTROL  THE  DESTINY  OF   EUROPE 


95 


GENERAL     SUKHOMLINOFF 
THE    RUSSIAN   MINISTER   OF   WAR 


THE   CZAR    AND    PRESIDENT    POINCARE 
ON   HIS   VISIT  TO   RUSSIA   IN  JULY   FROM  WHICH   HE   HURRIEDLY   RETURNED  JUST   BEFORE  HOSTILITIES   BEGAN 


96 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


THE    MARQUIS   OF    SAN    GIULIANO    AND    VICTOR    EMMANUEL  III  . 

THE    MINISTER    OF    FOREIGN    AFFAIRS    AND    THE    KING    WHO     REFUSED    TO    PLUNGE    ITALY    INTO    THE    WAR 
STARTED    BY    ITS    ANCIENT    ENEMY    AND    PRESENT    ALLY,    AUSTRIA 


^.  .^JK  jy ]~^^^^H| 

1^ 

-P-:: 

^m 

■•Jft^^^J 

IHL  KING  Ol    "  lllh  COCKI'IT  OI-    EUROPE" 

KING  ALBERT  OH   BELGIUM.       THE  GERMAN  VIOLATION  OF  HIS  TERRITORY  WAS  MET   HY  AN  UNEXPECTED  RESIST- 
ANCE  FROM   BELGIUM  AND  BY   ENGLAND'S   ENTRANCE  INTO  THE  WAR 


NEW  THINGS  IN  WAR 

GUN-TURRETS    ON     LAND  —  RUSSIA's    MONSTER    AEROPLANE    AND    SUBMARINE  — 
THE    FRENCH    ZEPPELIN    DESTROYER  —  MINES    ON     LAND    AND    AT    SEA 


BY 


JOHN.  S.  GREGORY 


WAR  is  now  waged  on  earth,  in  the 
air,  on  the  sea  and  beneath  the 
waters  thereof  with  the  aid  of 
numerous  devices  never  before 
tested  in  actual  hostilities.  Aero- 
planes, automobiles,  and  submarines  have 
been  used  in  previous  wars,  to  be  sure,  but  on 
scarcely  more  than  an  experimental  scale.  All 
have  been  greatly  improved  since  these  tests 
and  many  accessories  have  been  added.  Rad- 
ical changes,  believed  to  be  improvements,  have 
also  been  made  in  more  familiar  material  and 
methods.  Altogether,  some  of  its  devotees 
profess  to  believe  that  the  art  of  war  has  been 
revolutionized.  Whether  it  has  or  not  the 
world  will  soon  know. 

Most  spectacular  of  new  developments  in 
warfare  is  the  advent  of  the  airship  and  the 
aeroplane  on  an  imposing  scale.  Military 
authorities  of  all  Europe  appear  to  have  be- 
come convinced  of  the  value  of  these  new  fight- 
ing machines.  At  least,  France,  Germany,  and 
Russia,  and  more  recently',  England,  have  dis- 
played an  energy  amounting  to  frenzy  in  the 
development  of  these  machines.  With  a  cur- 
rent appropriation  of  $32,500,000  for  the  pur- 
pose, Germany  set  out  to  offset  England's  naval 
supremacy  by  building  a  great  fleet  of  dirigibles. 
At  first  the  British  war  department  professed 
to  scoff  at  German\''s  purpose;  but  after  con- 
templating the  possibility  of  a  fleet  of  airships 
flying  across  the  North  Sea  a  comprehensive 
programme  for  building  air  craft  was  under- 
taken in  haste. 

Millions  have  been  lavished  on  experiments 
with  air  craft,  aviators  have  been  drilled  by 
hundreds,  every  contingency  in  war  that  could 
be  foreseen  has  been  tested  at  the  annual  army 
manoeuvres  of  the  great  nations.  The  result 
has  been  the  development  of  two  widel\'  differ- 
ent types  of  fl\ing  machines,  each  of  which  has 
its  own  peculiar  sphere  of  usefulness. 

German\-  pins  her  faith  to  the  dirigible, 
"The  Drcadnaught  of  the  Air,"  of  which  two 
principal  t\pcs  have  been  developed,  the  Zep- 
pelin, and  the  Schuette-Lanz.  These  monsters 
are  from  400  to  500  feet  long,  ha\e  a  speed  of  50 
to  70  miles  an  hour,  a  cruising  radius  of  i  ,200  to 
3,000  miles,  and  a  carr\'ing  capacit\'  of  from  eight 
to  ten  tons.  They  are  armored  against  rifle  and 
machine  gun  bullets,  carry  small  guns,  wireless 
telegraph,  and  a  crew  of  20  to  30  men. 

As  an  indication  of  their  reliabilit\ ,  the  Zep- 


pelin Company  announced  that  out  of  334  days 
from  January  i,  to  December  i,  1912,  their 
airships  flew  on  308  days,  being  up  a  total  of 
1,167  hours  and  covering  a  distance  of  41,145 
miles  and  carrying  a  total  of  10,291  persons, 
including  5,609  members  of  the  crews  and  4,682 
passengers,  all  without  a  single  fatal  accident. 

From  the  German  point  of  view  these  craft 
are  battleships  of  great  destructive  power,  for 
they  can  release  half  a  ton  of  explosives  at  once; 
and  in  experiments  they  have  completely  shot 
to  pieces  the  silhouette  of  a  village  from  an  alti- 
tude of  six  thousand  feet.  Another,  flying  at  an 
altitude  of  three  thousand  feet,  got  the  range  of 
a  canvas  target  represcaling  a  boat  on  Lake 
Constance  at  the  third  shot,  and  then  scored 
nearly  one  hundred  per  cent,  of  hits.  These 
big  ships  have  a  platform  on  top  of  the  gas  bag 
on  which  a  machine  gun  is  mounted  as  a  pro- 
tection against  aeroplanes. 

Against  these  bulky  and  somewhat  clumsy 
dirigibles  France  has  developed  the  "Zeppelin 
Hunter,"  an  aeroplane,  armored  against  ma- 
chine gun  and  rifle  bullets,  carrying  two 
or  three  men  besides  the  pilot  and  a  couple  of 
machine  guns.  The  French  regard  an  encounter 
between  an  aeroplane  and  a  dirigible  as  a  climb- 
ing contest.  The  strategy  of  the  aeroplanist 
is  to  get  above  his  big  and  awkward  antagonist 
just  as  a  king-bird  gets  abo\e  a  hawk,  and  from 
this  superior  height  to  drop  explosives  upon  the 
big  fellow.  The  dirigible,  on  the  other  hand,  de- 
pends ifpon  its  superior  armament  and  the  far 
greater  steadiness  of  its  gun  platform  to  protect 
it  from  the  aeroplane. 

These  widely  different  t\pes  of  air  craft  are 
expected  to  play  two  distinct  roles:  the  dirigible 
is  a  fighting  machine  to  be  directed  agains( 
troops  in  the  field,  and  more  especially  against 
the  works  of  the  enem\',  trains,  bridges,  maga- 
zines, etc.,  and  to  protect  its  own  lines  from  in- 
cursions by  hostile  aeroplanes  on  scouting  expe- 
ditions. The  chief  value  of  the  aeroplane  is  ir 
reconnaissance.  Its  superior  sbeed  is  expected 
to  enable  it  to  elude  dirigibles.  Only  in  an  in- 
cidental way  is  it  expected  to  assume  tl,.  offen- 
sive, with  its  machine  gun  or  by  dropping  bombs. 

An  exception  to  this  is  the  giant  Sikorsky 
aeroplane,  a  Russian  machine  capable  of  carry- 
ing seventeen  men.  Wiili  its  great  bulk  and 
comparativel\-  slow  speed  this  recently  invented 
type  must  necessarily  be  a  fighting  machine 
rather  than  an  aerial  scout. 


98 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Notwithstanding  the  frequency  of  tragedies 
in  the  air  the  aeroplane  also  has  been  developed 
into  a  fairh'  trustworthy  machine.  Colonel 
Seelev  surprised  the  British  House  of  Commons 
last  April  by  informing  it  that  there  were  only 
six  da\'s  in  the  preceding  \ear  on  which  there 
had  been  no  flights  by  British  army  a\iators, 
and  that  there  had  not  been  a  single  fatal  acci- 
dent or  the  breakage  of  any  main  part  of  a  ma- 
chine while  in  the  air. 

In  France,  where  the  aeroplane  is  considered 
more  valuable  than  the  dirigible,  the  aviation 
corps  has  been  organized  with  the  Escadrille 
as  the  unit.  The  personnel  and  material  of  the 
Escadrille  is  designed  with  the  object  of  keeping 
six  machines  in  the  field.  Its  transport  con- 
sists of  three  automobiles  for  the  crews,  two 
motorcycles,  six  motor  trucks  with  "prolonges," 
an  extra  pair  of  trailing  wheels  on  which  the 
aeroplanes,  folded,  are  hauled,  and  two  work- 
shops on  motor  trucks.  One  of  these  aviation 
camps  was  struck,  packed,  and  read\'  to  move 
in  less  than  an  hour  at  the  19 13  manoeuvres. 

THE    NEW    ART   OF    OBSERVATION    IN    MIDAIR 

The  aeroplane  scout  must  fly  high  and  swiftly 
to  avoid  hostile  bullets.  At  an  altitude  of  three 
thousand  feet,  at  which  he  is  fairly  safe,  he  has 
a  range  of  vision  of  four  to  five  miles.  Troops 
on  the  march  can  be  seen  and  their  number  esti- 
mated b\'  the  road  space  occupied.  Artillery 
in  action  is  easil\'  distinguishable,  as  are  cavalry 
and  transport  of  all  kinds  on  the  move.  Massed 
infantry  in  th»  open  is  fairlv  distinct,  though 
khaki-clad  men  in  open  order  or  moving  over 
stubble  or  plowed  fields  are  ditficult  to  distin- 
guish, and  the\-  are  not  always  readily  seen  on 
grass.  The  fl\ing  scout  can  readily  obtain  an 
idea  of  trenches,  outposts,  and  methods  of  oc- 
cupation of  bridges  and  fords.  Field  works,  if 
their  color  and  outlines  do  not  blend  with  the 
landscape,  can  be  seen  at  a  distance  of  five 
miles,  though  they  are  not  readily  distinguish- 
able. It  is  difficult  for  the  aviator  to  tell 
"dummy"  trenches  from  real  ones. 

French  aerial  scouting  is  superb.  The  com- 
manding general  can  count  on  having  any  speci- 
fied region  examined.  The  art  of  observation 
from  midair  has  been  reduced  to  a  system  as  ex- 
actly regulated  as  that  of  cavalr\'  reconnais- 
sance. British  aviators  have  also  distinguished 
themselves  by  their  success  in  aerial  scouting. 

Yet  there  is  another  side  to  the  story,  for 
aviators  are  as  far  from  perfection  as  their  fellow 
mortals  are  in  other  ways.  At  the  1913  man- 
fruvrcs,  a  French  general  and  his  staff  were  sur- 
prised and  captured  despite  the  utmost  vigi- 
lance of  his  aerial  scouls.  A  British  "Blue" 
division  of  twelve  thousand  men  with  horses 
stole  a  march  of  sixteen  miles  on  the  "Red" 
division  while  the  aerial  scouts  of  the  latter  were 
hunting  for  it.  The  men  skulked  along  under 
hedgerows  and  other  cover  while  guns  and 
transport  wagons  were  hidden  under  straw  .so 
that  they  might  be  mistaken  for  farmers'  wag- 
ons.    Whenever  a  "Red"  aero[)lane  came  into 


view  a  whistle  from  the  "Blue"  lookout  Warned 
every  man  to  crouch  in  his  tracks,  or  under  the 
nearest  cover.  Aerial  scouts  have  been  repeat- 
edly deceived  in  German  manoeuvres. 

Although  the  Germans  claim  to  have  dropped 
bombs  from  an  altitude  of  five  thousand  feet 
on  a  target  fifteen  feet  in  diameter,  extravagant 
claims  regarding  the  effectiveness  of  aerial 
bombs  must  be  accepted  with  reservations.  In 
a  lecture  before  the  Brooklyn  Aeronautical 
Association,  Mr.  Hudson  Maxim,  who  must  be 
conceded  to  be  an  authority  on  explosives,  said 
that  explosives  so  powerful  and  destructive 
when  emploN'ed  in  aerial  bombs  as  to  fulfil 
expectations  and  predictions  of  the  scare- 
mongers could  not  be  made.  The  destructive 
power  of  torpedoes  and  shells  is  enormous  under 
favorable  conditions,  but  never  so  great  as  the 
average  man  supposes  after  a  short  course  in 
blood-curdling  aerial  fiction.  Experiments  with 
dropped  li\e  shells  and  explosives  showed  that 
although  thev  might  land  within  a  remarkably 
short  distance  of  the  target  it  was  just  that  dis- 
tance that  made  all  the  difference  in  the  result- 
ing damage;  for  the  effects  of  high  explosives 
are  very  local.  Furthermore,  the  momentum 
of  a  heavy  object  falling  from  a  great  height  is 
so  great  that  it  is  buried  in  the  ground  and  the 
force  of  the  explosion  is  thus  neutralized. 
Judging  from  analogy  with  artillery  practice 
against  towns,  aerial  bombs  are  not  worth  the 
time,  energy,  ammunition,  and  risk  to  life  in- 
volved. In  the  Boer  War,  Ladysmith  withstood 
the  battering  of  twenty  thousand  or  more  shells 
with  practically  no  damage.  Similar  results 
were  observed  at  Pretoria.  Lyddite  shells  dug 
caves  and  made  breaches  in  the  walls  of  a  fort 
at  Omdurman,  but  did  little  real  damage. 

Experiments  in  defense  against  hostile  aero- 
planes and  airships  have  been  quite  as  elaborate 
as  those  in  offensive  operations.  It  has  been 
found,  for  instance,  that  at  3,000  feet  an  aero- 
plane is  a  hard  thing  to  hit,  though  experience 
in  actual  warfare  has  shown  that  an  aeroplane 
affords  a  pretty  good  target. 

AEROPLANES    VERSUS    SUBMARINES 

A  curious  development  in  aerial  navigation 
has  been  the  pitting  of  the  airship  against  the 
submarine.  In  fairly  clear  and  smooth  water 
submarines  and  even  submarine  mines  can  be 
readily  seen  from  the  lofty  outlook  of  an  air- 
ship or  aeroplane.  As  the  submarine  moves 
slowly  when  under  water  a  battleship  guarded 
by  aerial  scouts  might  be  able  to  mancxnivre  out 
of  the  way.  It  has  also  been  proposed  to  use 
the  airship  as  a  mine  destroyer  by  dropping 
bombs  near  enough  to  the  mines  to  explode 
them,  the  ships  following  close  enough  in  the 
wake  of  the  aerial  pilot  to  avoid  other  mmes 
outside  the  cleared  zone. 

At  all  events,  l-"ngland  regards  the  airship 
as  such  an  important  naval  auxiliary  that  the 
dirigibles  have  all  been  turned  over  to  the  navy, 
the  army  retaining  only  aeroplanes.  The  navy 
also  has  a  numluT  of  seaplanes,  and   the  naval 


NEW  THINGS    IN   WAR 


99 


appropriation  for  the  current  year  carries  an 
item  of  ^400,000  for  the  construction  of  a  new 
ship  for  carrying  seaplanes.  This  will  be  the 
first  vessel  of  the  kind  ever  constructed  for  this 
special  purpose,  though  France  has  two  make- 
shift vessels  of  the  kind. 

Accessories  to  be  used  by  or  in  connection 
with  air  craft  are  innumerable.  Although  Ger- 
many has  no  fewer  than  thirty  airship  sheds 
between  Berlin  and  the  frontier  of  France,  spe- 
cial railroad  cars  have  been  provided  with  steel 
bottles  to  be  kept  filled  with  hydrogen  gas  with 
which  to  inflate  the  huge  dirigibles.  These 
cars  are  always  ready  and  can  be  rushed  any- 
where they  may  be  needed  in  a  hurry.  The 
airship  stations  are  equipped  to  facilitate 
night  work,  being  provided  with  colored  elec- 
tric flashes,  each  station  having  its  own  code 
of  signals  for  aerial  pilots.  The  dirigibles  are 
equipped  with  searchlights  to  aid  in  alighting. 

The  actual  number  of  craft  in  these  aerial 
fleets  is  known  only  to  their  respective  govern- 
ments. Published  statements  differ  so  widely 
that  the  following  figures  can  be  offered  only  as 
probably  the  most  trustworthy  approximation: 


Germany  . 
Austria-Hungary 


DUAL    ALLIANCE 

DIRIGIBLES  AEROPLANES 
22 
....  7 


320 
100 


29 


420 


TRIPLE    ENTENTE    AND    ALLIES 


DIRIGIBLES  AEROPLANES 


France 
Russia 

Great  Britain 
Belgium    . 
Servia 
Montenegro  . 


16 

8m 

10 

164 

0 

250 

2 

40 

— 

ID 

I 

34 


1,299 


A  German  bomb  designed  for  use  from  the 
air  weighs  twenty  pounds  and  is  charged  with 
four  pounds  of  trinitrotoluol  and  340  steel 
balls.  To  guard  against  mishaps  it  has  a  safety 
catch  so  that  it  will  not  explode  until  a  fall  of  at 
least  two  hundred  feet  allows  a  revolving  vane 
to  unscrew  the  safety  catch  and  bring  the  firing 
pin  in  contact  with  the  explosive.  A  slight 
touch  will  then  set  off  the  bomb. 

The  Krupp  works  have  devised  a  fire  bomb 
vhich  sheds  a  bright  light  during  its  flight  to  the 
earth  and  after  it  strikes  so  that  airship  gunners 
may  be  able  to  aim  accuratel\'  during  the  dark- 
est night. 

Another  German  bomb  for  the  use  of  aero- 
planists  and  airships  releases  a  tremendous 
quantity  of  dense  smoke  which  spreads  in  a 
great  cloud,  under  cover  of  v.'hich  the  aviator 
may  possibly  have  a  chance  to  make  his  escape. 

Still  another  bomb  is  charged  with  15c 
pounds  of  chemicals  which,  upon  exploding, 
is  supposed  to  fill  the  air  with  gases  so  poison- 
ous that  evt-ry  living  creature  within  a  radius 
of  a  hundred  yards  will  be  killed,  and  the  influ- 


ence of  the  gas  is  expected  to  extend  to  a  lesser 
degree  to  twice  that  distance. 

The  French  have  a  message  carrier,  to  be 
dropped  by  an  aviator  who  wishes  to  continue- 
his  flight,  consisting  of  a  brass  tube  in  which 
the  message  is  enclosed  with  a  charge  of  Bengal 
fire,  which  is  ignited  by  a  firing  pin  on  striking 
the  earth.  The  Are  and  smoke  mark  the  spot 
long  enough  for  a  man  to  reach  it  from  a  dis- 
tance of  three  hundred  yards. 

Progress  in  submarine  craft  and  projectiles 
has  been  as  marked  as  in  airships.  Submarines 
are  older  than  the  fl>ing  machine  but,  even  so, 
their  size,  trustworthiness,  and  radius  of  action 
are  amazing.  A  typical  submarine  ma>'  be 
said  to  be  148  feet  long,  by  15  feet  in  diameter, 
and  to  be  capable  of  a  speed  of  eleven  knots 
on  the  surface  and  five  knots  submerged. 
Some  of  the  more  recent  have  a  radius  of  action 
of  4,500  miles;  that  is,  they  could  cross  the  North 
Atlantic  without  replenishing  their  fuel  and 
stores.  While  cruising  on  the  surface  they  are 
propelled  by  gasolene  engines.  In  running  sub- 
merged they  use  electric  motors  that  are  driven 
by  storage  batteries,  which  are  charged  by  the 
gasolene  engines  while  on  the  surface.  They 
are  not  a  particularly  comfortable  craft,  even 
for  the  most  seasoned  mariner;  but  they  can 
go  anywhere  at  any  time.  If  the  weather  gets 
too  rough  they  can  submerge  and  thus  escape 
the  worst  of  the  wave  motion.  In  tests  sub- 
marines have  stayed  under  water  for  twent}-- 
four  hours  at  a  time. 

Russia,  which  has  produced  a  successful 
aeroplane  vastly  larger  than  any  other  nation 
has  ever  thought  of  building,  also  has  under 
construction  a  submarine  so  enormous  that  all 
others  seem  pigmies  by  comparison.  This 
great  submarine  cruiser  is  400  feet  long,  34  feet 
beam,  and  of  5,400  tons  displacement,  which  is 
eleven  times  the  size  of  the  next  largest  craft  of 
the  kind.  Its  engines  of  18,000  horse-power  are 
capable  of  driving  it  at  a  speed  of  26  knots 
on  the  surface,  and  its  motors  of  4,400 
horse-power  are  capable  of  maintaining  a  speed 
of  14  knots  submerged.  Either  on  the  surface 
or  beneath  the  waves  the  giant  Russian  is  capa- 
ble of  swiftly  overhauling  an\-  other  vesse^.of 
its  kind.  It  has  a  cruising  radius  of  18,500 
miles,  and  can  run  under  water  a  distance  of 
275  miles  at  a  stretch.  Its  armament  consists 
of  five  4.7 -inch,  guns  for  surface  fighting, 
and  36  torpedo  tubes,  of  which  16  are 
on  each  broadside.  It  carries  sixtx-  torpedoes 
and  120  mines,  for  it  is  equipped  for  la\ing 
mines.  It  is  capable  of  creeping  into  an  ene- 
m\''s  harbor  under  cover  of  darkness  so  that  no 
lurking  aeroplane  can  discover  it,  surrounding 
the  hostile  fleet  with  mines  so  that  certain 
destruction  will  follow  any  attempt  to  mo\e. 
and  creep  away  again,  and  be  not  only  out  ol 
sight  but  also  be\ond  suspicion  when  the 
tragedy  it  has  prepared  is  enacted 

As  a  protection  against  their  new  enfin\-,  Uu- 
fl\ing  machine,  German  submarines  are  now 
equipped  with  a  machine  gun  which  folds  down 


loo  THE  WORLD'S  WORK 

within  lue  hull  when  cruising  either  on  the  sur-  paign  will  be  the  wonderful  revolution  wrought 
face  or  submerged.  If  an  inquisitive  aeroplane  in  transportation  methods  by  the  automobile 
comes  too  near,  the  submarine  can  rise  to  the  and  motor  truck.  On  the  battlefield,  as  else- 
surface  while  a  man  climbs  out,  fishes  up  the  where,  the  horse  is  yielding  to  motor-driven 
machine  gun,  and  attacks  the  aerial  enemy.  vehicles  the  place  he  has  held   so  long.      In 

The  unvar\ing  accuracy  of  the  new  gyro-  recent    years    Germany,  France,  and  England 

scope  compass  is  expected  to  be  of  great  value  have  systematically  subsidized  motor  trucks  on 

in  enabling  the  submarine  to  stalk  its  prey  with  condition    that    they   should    be   available   for 

the  least  possible  risk  to  itself.     A  hostile  ship  governmental  use  in  case  of  need.   In  German}', 

can  be  located  at  a  distance  of  eight  miles,  after  by  complying  with  certain  conditions,  the  pur- 

which  the  submarine  can  run  fully  submerged  chaser  of  a  motor  truck  receives  a  subsid\-  of 

with  the  aid  of  the  gyroscope  compass  to  within  $i,ooo,  to  be  applied  on  the  purchase  price,  and 

striking  distance.  $2 50  a  \ear  for  upkeep  for  four  years.     These 

.  subsidized  trucks  must  carry  a  load  of  13,000 

A  TORPEDO  THAT  WEIGHS  1600  POUNDS  pounds  and  haul  a   trailer  besides,  be  capable 

Great  improvements  have  also  been   made  of  running  ten  miles  an  hour  with  full  load,  be 

recentlv    in    the    torpedo.     Lieutenant    Hard-  able  to  climb  a  14  per  cent,  grade,  and  be  able 

castle,  of  the  British  Nav\',  has  perfected  a  tor-  to  haul   a  second  trailer  if  necessary.     Eight 

pedo  that  weighs  1,600  pounds  and  that  carries  hundred  subsidized  trucks  were  available,  up  to 

a  charge  of  250  pounds  of  guncotton,  enough  to  January  i,  1912.     The  number  has  since  been 

blow  the  whole  side  out  of  a  battleship.     It  has  materiall\'  increased,  and,  besides,  the  Govern- 

a  range  of  7,000  yards,  or  about  four  miles.     In  ment  has  the  power  to  requisition  every  motor 

this  case,  too,  the  g\'roscope  plays  a  vital  part.  vehicle  in  the  Empire.     At  the  very  beginning 

.A   torpedo  fitted   with  the  new  gyroscope   is  of  hostilities  it  even  exercised  the  privilege  of 

more  certain  of  hitting  its  mark  than  the  big  requisitioning   the   automobile   of   a   party   of 

guns.     Furthermore,  the  gyroscope  rudder  can  American   ladies  who   had    innocently  crossed 

be  set  so  that  the  torpedo  can  be  fired  from  the  the  frontier. 

broadside  of  a  ship,  when  it  will  turn  through  Even  the  motorcycles  are  subsidized.     When 

an  angle  of  ninet}'  degrees  and  run  dead  ahead  the  war  began  a  force  of  2,000  subsidized  motor 

to  its  target.  cyclists,  or  schnellfahrer  (fast  riders),  as  tlie  Ger- 

Other  great  improvements  that  have  com-  mans  call  them,  were  ready  for  instant  service 
pleted  the  revolution  of  the  torpedo  are  the  sub-  in  carrying  dispatches,  reconnoitring,  and  the 
stitution  of  the  turbine  engine  for  the  old  three-  like.  In  times  of  peace,  these  schndljahrcr 
cylinder  engine  of  the  original  Whitehead  tor-  have  the  blessed  privilege  of  disregarding  all 
pedo,  and  a  method  of  heating  the  compressed  speed  limitations,  are  paid  $2.50  a  day  at  man- 
air  that  furnishes  the  power.  Air  under  high  oeuvres,  are  protected  against  loss  of  their  po- 
pressure  is  contained  in  a  flask  within  the  tor-  sitions  while  serving  the  Government,  have 
pedo.  When  the  latter  is  fired  a  valve  is  opened,  their  machines  repaired  at  the  Government's 
admitting  air  to  the  engine  through  a  reducing  expense  in  case  of  accident,  and  are  themselves 
valve  which  brings  down  the  pressure  to  300  cared  for  in  hospitals  without  expense  if  they 
pounds.  As  the  flask  is  emptied  the  temper-  get  hurt  while  riding.  In  case  of  mobilization 
ature  falls,  sometimes  below  zero.  This  they  are  paid  full  value  for  their  machines, 
freezes  oil  on  the  bearings  and  generally  retards  In  France  the  owner  of  a  three-ton  motor 
the  torpedo  and  renders  it  ineffective.  By  truck  can  get  a  governmental  subsidy  of  ^600 
adding  a  flask  of  alcohol  with  a  method  of  ig-  and  $200  a  year  for  upkeep  for  three  years, 
niting  it  when  the  torpedo  is  fired,  the  air  is  Here,  too,  the  Government  freely  exercises  the 
heated  after  leaving  the  reducing  valve  and  right  to  take  possession  of  all  motor  vehicles 
before  entering  the  turbines,  thus  greatly  in-  if  needed.  All  the  taxicabs  in  Paris  were  coin- 
creasing  its  efficiency.  When  the  pressure  in  mandeercd  at  the  beginning  of  hostilities. 
the  air  flask  is  reduced  and  the  temperature  Great  Britain  allows  a  subsidy  of  only  $40 
falls  another  burner  is  automatically  lighted  to  $60,  and  $75  a  ye^rr  Tor  upkeep.  Austria- 
that  heats  the  air  flask  itself,  thus  preventing  Hungary  also  subsidizes  motor  vehicles  and 
freezing.  This  quadruples  the  range  of  the  pro-  requisitions  all  that  are  needed, 
jectile.  According  to  the  best  available  in-  The  result  of  all  this  is  to  render  the  armies 
f()rmatif)n  the  submarine  equipment  (jf  the  five  in  the  field  to-day  mobile  beyond  the  wildest 
warring  nations  is  as  follows:  dreams  of  strategists  of  a  former  generation. 

Artillery,   which    has   been   so   radically   im- 

suDMAKiNks  proved  that  it  now  plays  a  far  moreimportanl 

Great  Britain 64  part  in  deciding  battles  than  it  ever  did  before, 

France 61  js  hiuled   by  motors  to  a  large  extent  in  the 

'^"5^'''' 29  armies  of  all  the  countries  now  at  war,  especially 

Germany 18  ^|^^^,  Y,\g  guns.      Ihe  I  rench  gave  their  artillery 

Austri..-Hung.iry (.  tractors  an  elaborate  lest  in  the   IQH  man<ru- 

Thesc  figures  are  a  \ear  old.     Facts  about  sub-  vrcs.      These  tractors  are  of  a  special  build  and 

marines  are  jealously  guarded  military  secrets.  cjf  35  horse-power.     They  are  eciuipped  with  a 

One  of  the  most  notable  phases  of  the  cam-  winch  and  chain  cable  for  pulling  the  gun  out 


NEW  THINGS    IN   WAR 


101 


of  the  mud.  They  can  carry  a  load  of  two  and 
a  half  tons  and  draw  fifteen  tons  additional 
at  a  speed  of  fifteen  miles  an  hour  and  climb 
a  grade  of  lo  per  cent.,  with  a  full  load.  In  an 
emergency  the  speed  can  be  considerably  in- 
creased. 

Everything  that  an  army  in  the  field  needs, 
or  can  use,  is  now  provided,  mounted  on  motor 
trucks,  though  such  equipment  is  by  no  means 
universal.  There  are  auto  ambulances,  auto 
kitchens,  auto  wireless  outfits,  armored  autos, 
sleeping  and  office  autos  for  the  generals,  and 
special  airship  guns  for  firing  at  a  high  angle 
mounted  on  motor  trucks. 

A  Russian  automobile  field  kitchen  consists 
of  a  motor  truck  carrying  the  stock  of  provi- 
sions and  a  trailer  containing  the  kitchen  de- 
signed to  prepare  food  and  cofTce  for  250  men 
at  one  time,  or  2,000  men  in  twenty-four  hours. 
The  kitchen  includes  a  twenty  gallon  coifee  pot 
and  a  kettle  of  a  capacity  of  53  gallons  that  is 
jacketed  with  glycerine,  which  retains  the  heat 
so  that  the  contents  continue  to  cook  after  the 
fire  is  out  and  keep  hot  for  six  or  eight  hours 
on  the  well  known  fireless  cooker  principle.  Food 
and  coffee  are  transferred  to  fireless  cookers  to 
be  taken  to  the  men  in  the  field. 

No  commander  has  ever  been  able  to  keep  in 
as  perfect  touch  with  all  the  units  of  his  force  as 
those  in  the  field  to-day,  for  in  this  line  also 
there  have  been  improvements  in  recent  years. 
The  portable  field  wireless  telegraph  is  being 
used  for  the  first  time  in  a  great  war.  Portable 
wireless  sets  of  various  sizes  are  made  for  use  m 
the  field.  One  outfit  is  transported  on  a  single 
wagon.  It  has  telescoping  masts  that  can  be 
set  up  in  a  very  short  time,  and  a  gasolene  mo- 
tor for  driving  the  generator  that  furnishes  the 
current.  A  still  smaller  outfit  which  can  be 
/nicked  on  three  horses  has  a  generator  that  is 
driven  by  cranks  turned  by  two  men. 

The  field  telegraph  and  telephone,  which  have 
rendered  good  serxice  in  former  times,  have 
been  developed  into  a  combined  instrument 
about  the  size  of  a  large  field  glass  and  weighing 
4]  pounds.  An  insulated  field  wire  weighing  75 
pounds  to  the  mile,  which  can  be  used  l>'ing  on 
the  ground,  can  be  laid  from  a  reel  on  an  auto 
at  ten  miles  an  hour,  or  it  can  be  carried  on 
horseback,  or  a  man  on  foot  wearing  a  reel 
strapped  to  his  breast  can  creep  right  up  to  the 
firing  line,  where  he  can  establish  a  station  sim- 
pl\'  b>'  thrusting  a  steel  ground  rod  into  the 
earth.  The  commander  can  maintain  commun- 
ication with  each  unit  of  his  force  at  all  times, 
for  these  lines  can  be  laid  as  fast  as  troops  can 
advance  against  the  enemy. 

However,  the  modern  commander  is  by  no 
means  dependent  on  the  field  telegraph  or  tele- 
plione  to  keep  in  touch  with  his  troops.  He 
now  has  aeroplane  and  motorc\cle  messengers, 
besides  the  signal  flag  and  the  heliograph,  all 
which  have  their  place  in  the  equipment  of  the 
modern  arm)'.  Even  the  homing  pigeon,  which 
wa^  used  for  carr\ing  messages  in  the  da\s  of 
the  Pharaohs,  still  has  its  place  in  the  scheme  of 


military  organization,  for  the  wireless  telegraph 
and  the  motorcycle  can  no  more  supplant  these 
time-tried  messengers  than  the  aeroplane  scout 
can  take  the  place  of  cavalry.  But  e\'en  the 
homing  pigeon  has  been  modernized.  In  no 
previous  war  did  pigeons  have  the  advantage 
of  military  training 

The  famous  performance  of  these  winged 
messengers  during  the  siege  of  Paris  in  the 
Franco-Prussian  war,  when  they  carried  up- 
ward of  forty  thousand  messages,  was  the  re- 
sult of  an  inspiration  rather  than  of  forethought. 
Private  citizens  who  chanced  to  have  pigeons 
offered  them  to  the  Government.  Their  per- 
formance was  such  a  splendid  success  that 
France  has  ever  since  maintained  large  flocks 
in  charge  of  the  engineer  corps.  The  birds  are 
carefully  trained  as  soon  as  they  are  able  to 
fi\'  and  are  then  drilled  daily  for  the  rest  of 
their  useful  life.  They  are  taught  to  fly  and  to 
alight  on  signal.  The  first  thing  Bismarck  did 
after  the  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  was  to 
establish  pigeon  lofts  in  Berlin  and  elsewhere 
throughout  the  Empire.  Every  other  nation 
in  Europe  followed  his  example,  and  to-day 
every  Government  has  thousands  of  pigeons, 
all  ready  to  carry  messages  in  time  of  war. 

At  the  siege  of  Port  Arthur  the  Japs  made 
such  effective  use  of  improvised  hand  grenades 
that  the  attention  of  militar>-  experts  was  at- 
tracted, with  the  result  that  this  ancient  weapon 
has  also  been  modernized.  One  t\pe  of  modern 
hand  grenade,  the  Aasen,  weighs  one  kilogram, 
and  contains  190  bullets.  As  these  fly  in  all 
directions,  it  can  be  used  only  from  under  cover. 
Another  form  of  the  grenade  can  be  fired  from 
a  "howitzer"  weighing  about  twent\-four 
pounds,  which  can  be  carried  in  a  case  like  a 
rifle.  It  throws  a  murderous  missile  weighing 
about  two  pounds  to  a  distance  of  three  hundred 
yards.  It  explodes  on  contact,  scattering  215 
bullets  over  an  area  of  about  100  square  \ards. 
Still  another  t\pe  of  this  so-called  grenade  can 
be  flred,  with  the  aid  of  a  stick  thrust  into  a  rifle 
barrel,  to  a  distance  of  four  hundred  \'ards. 

Most  deadly  of  all  is  the  mine  "grenade," 
weighing  eight  pounds  and  containing  400  large 
bullets.  This  is  buried  a  few  inches  under- 
ground. When  the  enemy  is  over  the  mine 
the  touch  of  an  electric  button  causes  it  to 
spring  out  of  the  ground  until  it  is  checked  by  a 
chain  at  a  height  of  a  \ard  above  the  surface, 
when  it  explodes,  mowing  down  every  man  in 
the  vicinitw 

The  mine  at  sea  is  not  a  new  de\  ice,  but  it 
has  been  brought  into  particular  prominence 
b\-  the  sinking  of  the  first  British  warship,  the 
cruiser  Ampbiou.  In  the  Russian-Japanese  war 
the  Japanese  used  electro-mechanical  mines  as 
well  as  free  mines  around  the  harbor  of  Port 
Arthur.  The  Russian  flagship,  the  Petro- 
piivlofsk,  was  blown  up  by  the  mines  set  off  by 
electricitw  On  the  other  hand  the  Japanese 
themselves  were  literally  hoist  by  their  own 
petard,  for  they  lost  two  of  their  largest  ship^, 
the  Hatsiime  and  the   Yashima,  from  the  free 


102 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


mines  that  they  loosed  for  the  destruction  of  the 
Russian  battleships. 

Ever}-  decade  in  the  last  half  century  has  seen 
an  improvement  in  the  accuracy,  range,  and 
power  of  heavy  artillery  and  the  destructive 
power  of  the  projectiles. 

The  Belgian  resistance  at  Liege  has  drawn 
public  attention  to  modern  fortresses  and  their 
defence.  Heavy  shells  fired  from  long  ranges 
will  penetrate  as  much  as  twenty  feet  of  sand, 
which  offers  more  resistance  than  other  soils. 
Moreover,  a  shell  which  explodes  after  it  has 
penetrated  soil  will  cause  more  damage  than  if 
it  explodes  in  the  air,  on  account  of  the  confine- 
ment of  the  earth  it  has  penetrated.  Walls 
exposed  to  fire  are  therefore  made  of  from  five 
to  ten  feet  of  concrete,  sometimes  reinforced 
with  steel.  Over  these  there  is  a  few  inches  of 
dirt  as  a  bed  for  grass,  so  that  the  fortification 
ma\'  be  concealed. 

In  practicall\'  ever\'  European  countr>'  either 
turrets  or  iron  and  steel  revolving  cupolas 
containing  guns  such  as  those  at  Liege  are 
in  use.  The  cupolas  are  a  kind  of  flattened 
dome,  and  the  turrets  are  flat  topped  like  those 
aboard  ship.  There  are  "  disappearing  "  cupolas 
mounting  small  guns,  oscillating  cupolas  set 
up  on  edge  and  balanced  by  springs  which 
turn  the  cupola  forward  after  a  shot  is  fired 
until  the  gun  is  under  cover,  and  others  that 
move  on  a  central  pivot.  There  are  large  single 
gun  cupolas  with  very  heavy  armament  and 
smaller  ones  of  light  batteries.  There  are  even 
portable  ones. 

The  value  of  night  attacks,  always  more  or 
less  appreciated  by  military  commanders,  was 
emphasized  in  the  Russian-Japanese  War,  with 
the  result  that  troops  have  been  specially 
drilled  in  this  form  of  operations,  and  numerous 
devices  for .  off"ense  and  defense  have  been 
invented.  One  of  these  is  the  portable  search- 
light with  which  all  European  armies  are  pro- 
vided to  some  extent  at  least.  These  consist  of 
a  generator  driven  by  a  gasolene  engine  mounted 
on  an  automobile.  These  are  especially  relied 
upon  for  protection  in  case  of  attack  by  a  dirigi- 
ble, and  also  in  attacks  on  the  ground.  With- 
out light,  artillery  would  be  of  little  use  in  a 
night  attack;  but  with  a  searchlight  playing 
upon  an  assaulting  colunm,  it  can  be  used  with 
deadlv  efl'ect. 

In  the  absence  of  a  searchlight  a  force  may 
be  equipped  with  parachute  lights,  a  sort  of 
grenade  weighing  fourteen  ounces  which,  with 
the  aid  of  a  firing  stick,  can  be  shot  from  a 
rifle  to  a  distance  of  fifty  to  a  hundred  \'ards, 
where  it  will  float  in  the  air  and  burn  brilliantly 
for  a  half  to  three-quarters  of  a  minute.  A 
larger  form  of  parachute  light  fired  from  a  field 
gun  with  a  small  charge  of  powder  floats  in  the 
air,  giving  a  dazzling  light  for  several  minutes. 

A  phase  of  the  war  of  interest  to  the  military 
expert  is  the  fact  that  an  American  invention, 
the  gun  silencer,  devised  bv  Hiram  Percy 
Maxim,  of  Hartford,  will  be  given  a  thorough 
trial.      Ihere    arc    Maxim    silencers    in    small 


numbers  in  each  of  the  nations  now  at  war. 
The  inventor  expects  that  the  military  advan- 
tages of  the  silencer  will  be  developed,  just  as 
Great  Britain  demonstrated  the  value  of  ma- 
chine guns  at  the  battle  of  Khartoum.  When 
the  inventor's  father.  Sir  Hiram  Maxim,  first 
presented  his  Maxim  gun  it  was  considered  an 
extremely  clever  and  interesting  novelty,  bu! 
impractical  under  the  conditions  of  warfare. 
The  old  argument  against  Catling  guns  was 
revived  against  it  — that  ammunition  could  not 
be  supplied  fast  enough.  If  it  taxed  the  organi- 
zation to  keep  the  firing  line  supplied  with  am- 
munition when  men  with  repeating  rifles  were 
firing  twenty  shots  a  minute,  what  would  happen 
if  an  attempt  were  made  to  supply  machine  guns 
firing  650  shots  a  minute?  But  when  the  Eng- 
lish at  the  great  battle  of  Khartoum  were  able 
to  rout  an  enormous  rush  of  mounted  Eg}ptians 
they  decided  that  the  machine  gun  was  a 
pretty  good  thing,  after  all. 

No  world  power  has  been  at  war  with  another 
world  power  since  the  Maxim  silencer  was  in- 
vented, though  very  elaborate  field  trials  have 
been  conducted.  Some  of  the  silencer's  ad- 
vantages are,  according  to  official  reports,  the 
muffling  of  the  noise  of  firing,  allowing  the  voice 
of  the  officer  to  be  heard,  thus  giving  better 
control  of  firing.  The  nervous  strain  and  con- 
sequent fatigue  of  the  soldier  due  to  the  distress- 
ing noise  of  firing  is  abolished.  Another  im- 
portant aspect  is  that  it  not  only  muffles  the 
noise  but  at  the  same  time  reduces  the  recoil, 
so  that  it  becomes  a  gentle  push  instead  of  a 
sharp  blow.  The  soldier  no  longer  flinches 
instinctively  as  he  pulls  the  trigger.  This  is 
conducive  to  better  marksmanship,  and,  by  abol- 
ishing nervous  strain,  the  soldier  is  less  liable 
to  yield  to  pani'c.  The  diminution  of  the  noise 
of  the  report  increases  the  enemy's  difficulty 
in  locating  the  firing  line.  The  difficulty  is  stiH 
further  increased  by  the  fact  that  the  flash  is 
absolutely  annulled  in  the  dark. 

All  the  foregoing  facts  show  what  a  huge 
experimertt  the  present  war  is.  It  will  settle 
not  only  the  fate  of  Europe  for  many  years  to 
come,  as  all  the  diplomatists  are  predicting; 
it  will  settle  the  future  of  warfare  itself.  In 
many  respects  these  new  contrivances,  like  the 
aeroplane  and  submarine,  introduce  elements 
that  really  put  a  premium  upon  military  skill. 
In  others,  such  as  the  new  bombs  and  the  pro- 
posed use  of  gaseous  fumes,  they  simply  add 
to  its  most  brutal  horrors.  After  considering 
these  new  engines,  the  conviction  remains  that 
there  is  only  one  possible  "improvement"  in 
modern  accoutrements.  The  newspapers  have 
recently  described  the  so-called  invention  of  a 
young  Italian  by  which  explosives  could  be 
shot  off  at  a  distance,  something  on  the  wire- 
less principle.  That  invention  seems  clearly 
to  have  been  a  fraud.  The  idea,  however, 
seems  to  be  about  the  only  thing  that  could 
make  warfare  more  horrible  than  it  is.  Before 
this  conflict  is  over,  possibly  some  one  may 
Actually  make  it  work. 


AUSTRIA'S  CIVILIZING  MISSION 

UNIVERSAL     SUFFRAGE     UPON     THE     INITIATIVE     OF    THE     EMPEROR  —  AUSTRIA'S 

RELATIONS  TO  BOSNIA    LIKE  THOSE  OF  THE    UNITED   STATES  TO  TEXAS  — 

SERVIA's  OPPOSITION  TO  AUSTRIA'S  BENEFICENT  WORK 

BY 

AN  AUSTRIAN  DIPLOMAT 


AT  THIS  portentous  moment  in 
history,  when  tlie  activities  of 
Austria-Mungarv  in  the  Near  East 
ha\e  stiddenl\-  been  made  a  world- 
issue  b\'  the  outbreak  of  the  most 
terrible  war  in  the  history  of  civilization,  the 
aims  and  methods  of  the  dual  monarchy  are  of 
paramount  significance. 

Situated  upon  the  outskirts  of  (Central 
Europe,  in  the  debatable  region  between  the 
West  and  the  East,  Austria  stands  in  a  peculiar 
sense  as  the  connecting  link  between  civiliza- 
tion and  vanishing  barbarism,  between  to-day 
and  yesterday.  The  double  eagle  of  Austria 
is  the  symbol  that  connects  racial  fragments  in 
a  civic  bond  which  spells  progress  and  peace. 
The  aims  of  Austria,  whether  in  the  Balkans  or 
further  east,  are  mainly  commercial  and  cul- 
tural. They  are  political  only  in  so  far  as  the 
geographical  situation  of  the  dual  Empire 
makes  it  incumbent  upon  her  statesmen  to 
maintain  her  territorial  integrity  and  to  provide 
for  the  normal  expansion  of  her  industrial 
output. 

The  attempt  to  centralize  and  Germanize 
the  Austrian  Empire  as  a  whole  has  been  twice 
made  —  once  under  the  Emperor  Joseph  II, 
toward  the  end  of  the  eighteenth  centur\',  and 
again  under  Erancis  Joseph  after  the  suppression 
of  the  revolution  of  1848.  In  each  case  the 
attempt  failed,  and  it  was  abandoned  as  im- 
practicable by  the  present  Emperor-King. 
Hungar\-  had  always  retained  its  old  liberties 
under  the  hegemony  of  the  Magyars.  By  the 
compromise  of  1867  the  dual  form  of  the  mon- 
archy was  defmitcly  fixed.  So  carefully  were 
the  rights  of  the  various  races  in  the  Empire 
safeguarded  under  this  readjustment  that  in 
Hungary,  for  instance,  the  Croatians  were 
recognized  as  a  separate  entity,  under  their  own 
Ban  or  Governor,  their  separate  diet,  and  their 
distinct  machinery'  of  local  and  provincial 
administration. 

In  Austria  proper  the  constitution  of  1867 
created  a  central  parliament  in  Vienna  and 
icft  a  large  measure  of  autonomy  to  the  old 
provinces.  One  of  the  most  important  articles 
of  the  constitution  guarantees  to  every  nation- 
ality the  free  use  of  its  language  "in  word  and 
writing."  B\'  this  means  it  made  forever  im- 
possible an\-  attempt  to  interfere  with  the  legiti- 
mate aspirations  oi  the  various   races   in   t'^e 


Empire.  In  fact,  the  entire  spirit  of  the  new 
constitution  was  to  assure  to  each  race  the  great- 
est and  freest  use  of  its  language  in  its  educa- 
tional system,  from  the  primary  school  to  the 
university,  in  the  diets,  in  the  provincial  legis- 
latures and  in  the  administration,  excluding 
only  the  ministries  at  Vienna,  and  in  the  courts 
with  the  sole  exception  of  the  Supreme  Court 
in  the  imperial  capital. 

Even  to  this  last  reservation  in  favor  of  a 
central  authority  an  exception  is  made.  In 
Polish  litigation  the  entire  process  of  litigation 
and  judicature,  including  the  highest  court, 
ma\'  be  carried  on  in  the  Polish  language. 

Only  in  the  army  common  to  the  Empire  is 
there  a  common  language,  and  that  language  is 
the  German.  This  arrangement  is  not  based 
upon  any  propaganda,  but  is  the  outcome  of  the 
entirely  practical  consideration  that  an  arm\- 
made  up  of  so  many  races  as  is  the  Austro- 
Hungarian  would  be  badly  handicapped  in  the 
performance  of  its  duties  if  it  did  not  have  a 
common  language  of  command  and  communica- 
tion. The  selection  of  the  German  language 
for  this  purpose  was  the  logical  outcome  of 
the  German  origin  of  the  Empire. 

The  tangible  result  of  this  practically  unlim- 
ited freedom  of  race-development  is  presented 
by  the  present  complexion  of  the  Reichstag  in 
Vienna.  So  long  as  the  franchise  was  based 
upon  property  qualifications  the  votes  of  the 
landed  proprietors  kept  a  disunited  German 
majority  in  the  Reichstag,  but  the  granting  of 
universal  suffrage  upon  the  personal  initia- 
tive of  the  Emperor  a  few  \ears  ago  resulted  in 
the  return  of  a  Slavic  majority  in  the  imperial 
legislative  chamber  —  a  remarkable  result  if 
one  is  to  believe  the  persistent  charges  that 
Austria  has  sought  to  destro\-  or  Germanize 
the  Slavic  nationalities  within  its  boundaries. 

I  his  presence  of  a  Slavic  majorit\'  in  the 
chamber  has  brought  about  a  state  of  affairs 
wherein  no  Austrian  administration  can  neglect 
the  wishes  of  the  Slavic  groups  without  being 
forced  to  resort  to  the  short-li\ed  and  unpopular 
expedient  of  imperial  decrees. 

Thanks  to  its  liberal  treatment  of  the  claims 
of  contending  nationalities,  the  German  element 
in  man\'  parts  of  Austria  is  alread\-  on  thetk- 
fensivc,  and  the  ascendanc\'  of  the  Sla\  (.'IcnuMii 
is  more  and  more  felt  in  the  [)i.)litic-al  and  inu-i- 
lectual  life  of  the  Empire.      The  Slav  has  taken 


104 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


the  offensive  all  along  the  line,  and  the  Germans 
have  lost  many  important  positions  in  the  civil 
and  financial  administration  and  in  the  courts. 
Bohemia  is  the  centre  of  the  Slavic  movement. 
In  Prague,  the  capital  of  Bohemia,  the  new 
Czech  university  is  a  dangerous  rival  to  the  old 
German  universitx',  the  renowned  Carolina, 
founded  in  1348  by  the  Emperor  Charles  of 
Luxemburg.  This  Czech  university  has  be- 
come the  focus  of  Slav  science,  literature,  and 
thought  —  and,  unfortunately,  also  of  pan- 
Slavic  agitation,  as  hundreds  of  Servian  and 
Croatian  students  have  flocked  to  its  gates  to 
be  imbued  with  the  dreams  of  the  future  uni- 
versal Slavic  domination. 

In  the  midst  of  these  contending  racial  forces, 
the  mission  of  Austria  has  been,  first,  to  intro- 
duce among  the  great  Slavic  populations  within 
her  borders  the  ideals  of  German  culture  and 
German  civilization.  Her  greatest  achieve- 
ments in  this  direction  have  been  in  Bohemia. 
It  is  recognized  by  the  Slavic  world  universally 
that  the  Slavic  movement  in  Prague  is  the  out- 
come of  German  culture  inculcated  by  Austria. 
It  is  one  of  the  tragic  circumstances  of  history 
that  the  German  culture  imparted  to  the  Czechs 
is  now  operating  in  favor  of  the  pan-Slavic 
cause,  intellectual  and  political. 

In  the  east,  the  mission  of  Austria  has  been 
suggestively  indicated  bytheflowof  the  Danube. 
Eastward  and  southward,  with  the  current  of 
the  mighty  river,  have  gone  Austrian  cultural 
and  industrial  activities,  hand  in  hand.  And 
one  of  the  earliest  stations  of  the  commercial 
and  moral  expansion  —  the  stations  of  Austria's 
Drang  nach  Osten  —  are  Bosnia  and  Herze- 
govina. 

The  destinies  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina 
came  under  the  purview  of  Austria  in  1876-77, 
when  the  revolutionary  movement  in  the  prov- 
inces, in  conjunction  with  the  Servian  war 
against  Turkey,  was  suppressed  with  unex- 
ampled severities  by  the  Ottoman  government. 
At  that  time  the  natural  refuge  for  the  stricken 
Christians  of  Bosnia-Herzegovina  was  Austria. 
Two  hundred  thousand  of  them  were  cast  upon 
the  resources  of  the  authorities  and  had  to  be 
taken  care  of.  As  there  was  no  promise  of  the 
immediate  amelioration  of  the  stricken  prov- 
inces the  question  of  the  day  at  Vienna  became 
the  final  solution  of  the  problem  of  introducing 
order  and  personal  security  in  the  territory 
infested  by  brigands  and  terrorized  by  official 
severities,  just  across  the  Turkish  border. 

The  relation  of  Austria  to  Bosnia  and  Herze- 
govina duplicated  in  a  marked  degree  that  of 
the  United  Stales  and  Texas  during  the  1  exan 
uprising  against  Mexico,  and  the  solution  of  the 
problem  in  the  case  of  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina, 
as  in  that  of  Texas,  appeared  to  be  an  Austrian 
occupation.  This  destiny  of  the  distracted 
provinces  was  recognized  by  the  Congress  of 
lUrlin,  which  adjusted  the  affairs  of  south- 
eastern Europe  after  the  defeat  of  Turkey  by 
Russia  in  1877.  The  congress,  after  a  thorough 
balancing  of  international   interests  and  inter- 


national jealousies,  handed  over  the  two  prov- 
inces to  Austria  for  pacification  and  administra- 
tion, and  conceded  to  Austria  the  right  to  occupy 
the  Sanjak  of  Novibazar,  the  narrow  strip  of 
territory  which  lay  between  Servia  and  Mon- 
tenegro. This  occupation  was  in  the  nature  of 
a  condominium  with  Turkey. 

Installed  in  Bosnia-Herzegovina  by  the  man- 
date of  Europe,  Austria  entered  upon  its  task 
of  cleaning  the  Augean  stable  of  Bosnian  affairs 
with  an  energetic  realization  of  the  difficulties 
of  its  undertaking.  The  first  obstacle  that 
confronted  the  newly  installed  authorities  was 
an  uprising  of  the  Begs,  or  Mohammedan 
nobility.  Aroused  by  the  land-owning  Mos- 
lems, secretly  instigated  by  the  Sultan,  they 
undertook  to  oppose  by  force  of  arms  the  peace- 
ful entrance  of  Austria  into  its  new  functions. 
The  outcome  of  the  contumacy  of  the  Begs  was 
a  six  months'  war,  which  ended  in  the  suppres- 
sion of  the  Moslem  resistance  and  the  restora- 
tion of  internal  peace.  Next,  Austria  undertook 
the  task  of  cleaning  out  the  brigands  who  in- 
fested the  country  and  made  travel  and  com- 
merce practically  impossible. 

Side  by  side  with  measures  for  the  pacification 
of  the  provinces  and  the  restoration  of  internal 
order,  the  new  Austrian  administration  accom- 
plished wonders  in  the  construction  of  a  system 
of  roads,  the  first  that  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina 
had  had  since  the  Ottoman  conquest. 

The  land  question  in  the  newly  occupied 
provinces  was  extremely  delicate.  When  Aus- 
tria marched  into  Bosnia  she  found  there  a 
survival  of  the  feudal  ages  in  the  distribution 
of  the  land.  The  entire  area  of  the  provinces, 
with  rare  exceptions,  was  owned  by  the  Begs, 
and  the  tenants  who  cultivated  them  for  the 
scant  reward  of  one-half  the  produce  were  in  a 
condition  of  peonage.  Two  alternative  solu- 
tions of  the  question  presented  themselves. 
One  was  the  forcible  expropriation  of  the  lands 
of  the  nobles,  and  the  other  was  the  gradual 
distribution  of  the  holdings  through  a  period  of 
years. 

It  is  one  of  the  foremost  grievances  of  the 
Servian  agitators  on  the  Austrian  border 
provinces  that  the  administration  of  the  dual 
monarchy  did  not  at  once  proceed  to  the  seizure 
of  the  land  and  its  distribution  among  the 
peasantry  by  arbitrary  means,  after  the  method 
employed  by  the  Servians  after  the  fall  of  the 
Ottoman  power  in  Servia.  Such,  however, 
was  not  the  Austrian  method  of  dealing  with 
the  rights  of  property,  and  it  had  been  under- 
stood by  the  signatories  to  the  treaty  of  Berlin 
that  no  agrarian  revolutionary  measures  would 
be  undertaken  by  Austria. 

Baron  Kallay,  the  first  Austrian  civil  ad- 
ministrator of  Bosnia-Herzegovina,  however, 
adopted  the  much  more  equitable  and  on  the 
whole  far  more  successful  plan  of  encouraging 
thrift  among  the  peasants,  and  at  the  same  time 
enabling  them  to  achieve  independence  by  the 
gradual  acquisition  of  the  lands  they  cultivated. 
This  conservative  reorganization  of  the  agrarian 


AUSTRIA'S   CIVILIZING    MISSION 


105 


system  of  the  count  rv  wasaccompilished  through 
the  aid  of  the  Land  Bank  of  Bosnia,  an  insti- 
tution of  private  finance  under  the  rigid  super- 
vision of  the  Government.  Baron  Kallay's 
project,  which  produced  highly  satisfactory 
results,  was  carried  on  by  his  successors,  Burian 
and  Bilinski. 

The  educational  problem  of  the  provinces 
was  no  less  difficult  than  that  presented  by  the 
distribution  of  the  land.  When  Austria  entered 
Bosnia-Herzegovina  in  1878,  she  found  no 
schools  there,  with  the  exception  of  a  few 
mosque  classes  and  madrasahs  for  the  chant- 
ing of  Arabic  prayers  and  verses  from  Al  Koran. 
Far  from  attempting  to  make  German  the 
language  of  the  people,  or  even  the  language  of 
the  more  highly  educated  among  them,  the 
Austrian  authorities  at  once  undertook  the 
establishment  of  native  schools,  in  which  the 
instruction  should  be  carried  on  in  Serb  or  in 
Croatian,  the  former  written  in  the  Cyrillic  or 
Bulgarian  alphabet,  and  the  latter  in  Latin 
characters.  Not  only  was  no  attempt  made 
to  introduce  German  schools,  but  the  Govern- 
ment declined  to  permit  the  expenditure  of 
public  money  for  instruction  in  any  language 
except  the  two  named  idioms  of  the  Slavic 
language. 

This  liberal  polic\-  stands  out  in  sharp  con- 
trast to  the  destructive  activities  of  the  Servians 
in  the  newly  occupied  Macedonian  lands,  where 
they  have  closed  all  the  Bulgarian  schools 
amid  circumstances  of  severity,  to  which  some 
reference  is  made  in  the  Report  of  the  Carnegie 
Commission.  Certainly  there  is  nothing  in 
the  establishment  of  Serb  schools  by  Austria 
in  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  to  justify  the  con- 
tention of  the  Servians  that  Austria  is  seeking 
to  crush  out  Serb  nationality  under  the  rule 
of  the  double  eagle. 

Nevertheless,  the  Servian  propaganda  in 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  following  closely  the 
Servian  propaganda  in  its  first  stage  in  Mace- 
donia, was  conducted  along  cultural  lines,  quite 
regardless  of  the  palpable  fact  that  the  people 
of  Servia  themselves  stood  in  need  of  all  the 
cultural  efforts  of  which  their  Government  and 
their  financial  resources  were  capable.  This 
fact  is  easily  demonstrable  when  it  is  remem- 
bered that  in  1909  the  Slavs  of  Bosnia  and 
Herzegovina,  after  thirty  \'ears  of  Austrian 
administration,  stood  higher  educationally 
than  any  of  the  independent  Slavic  nations  of 
the  Balkan  Peninsula.  Despite  the  mani- 
festl>'  hostile  purposes  of  the  so-called  cultural 
Servian  propaganda  in  the  border  provinces,  the 
Austrian  authorities  took  no  measures  to  com- 
bat it  until  it  had  entered  the  phase  of  bomb- 
throwing,  in  which  the  Servians  had  become 
adepts  in  the  course  of  their  abortive  struggle 
for  the  conversion  of  Macedonia  to  Serbisni. 
And  that  final  and  intolerable  phase  of  the 
Serb  nationalist  propaganda  was  close  at  hand. 
Ihe  crisis  began  in  1909,  when  the  Austrian 
Government  declared  the  annexation  of  Bosnia 
and  Herzegovina. 


This  annexation  was  based  upon  three 
essential  considerations,  each  one  of  which 
would  have  been  considered  sufficient  in  itself 
by  any  nation.  The  first  of  these  considerations 
was  the  mandate  of  Europe;  the  second  was 
the  right  of  conquest,  established  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  occupation  by  the  suppression 
of  the  armed  resistance  of  the  recalcitrant  Begs; 
the  third  was  the  expenditure  ofabout  S250,- 
000,000  by  the  dual  monarchy  for  the  construc- 
tion of  railroads  and  other  means  of  communica- 
tion, public  works  of  various  sorts,  and  educa- 
tion and  local  improvements;  and  the  fourth 
was  the  duty  of  continuing  a  regime  which  had 
brought  peace  and  prosperity  to  the  country 
itself.  All  the  signatories  to  the  treaty  of 
Berlin  readily  acquiesced  in  the  accomplished 
fact  as  a  logical  outcome  of  accomplished 
events. 

Servia,  however,  conceived  that  it  had  been 
robbed  by  the  act  of  the  Austrian  Government, 
and  the  press  of  that  countrv  launched  a  cam- 
paign of  bitter  and  indecent  vilification  of  the 
dual  monarchy.  The  contention  of  the  Serbs 
that  they  were  entitled  to  the  annexed  provinces 
was  based  upon  two  considerations,  each  easily 
demonstrable  as  absurd.  The  first  was  that 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  had  been  a  part  of 
the  great  Servian  Empire  under  Stefan  Dushan 
about  five  hundred  years  ago.  This  argument 
may  best  be  compared  with  a  Mexican  claim  to* 
Texas  because  that  state  had  formcrl\-  been  a 
part  of  Mexico.  And  the  Servian  pretension 
to  Bosnia-Herzegovina  is  very  much  weaker 
than  the  h\pothetical  Mexican  claim  to  pos- 
session of  Texas,  because  the  inclusion  of  the 
contested  provinces  in  the  gigantic  empire  of 
Dushan  (The  Strangler),  which  was  only  one 
tenth  as  large  as  the  State  of  Texas,  lasted,  as 
did  the  empire,  only  about  twent\'  }'ears. 

The  second  basis  of  the  Servian  claim  to 
Bosnia-Herzegovina  is  the  allegation  that  the 
provinces  are  inhabited  by  people  of  Serb  race, 
of  Servian  language  and  of  Serb  faith.  Not 
one  of  these  contentions  even  approaches  the 
facts.  Of  the  less  than  two  millions  of  people 
who  populate  the  provinces,  onl\'  800,000  at 
the  most  are  orthodox  Serbs.  The  remainder 
are  Roman  C^.atholic  Croat ians,  whose  written 
language  the  Orthodox  Serb  cannot  even  read 
unless  he  has  a  knowledge  of  the  Latin  char- 
acters, or  Mohammedans,  who  detest  the 
Servians  heart il>'  and  despise  them  profoundly. 

The  frothing  protests  which  the  Servian 
press  continued  to  make  against  the  act  of 
annexation,  it  was  realized  clearls'  at  Vienna, 
were  instigated  partl\'  from  St.  Petersburg, 
where  the  statesmen  saw,  or  pretended  to  see, 
a  fresh  sign  of  Austrian  encroachment  upon  the 
Southern  Slavs,  those  dear  Southern  Slav^ 
whose  destinies  have  been  for  centuries  tht 
pawns  on  the  chessboard  of  Russian  diplomacy. 
But  the  Russian  statesmen  did  not  observe,  or, 
observing,  did  not  care  to  admit,  that  Austria, 
while  annexing  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  had 
definitely     abandoned     her     alleged     road     to 


io6 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Salonika  b\  the  withdrawal  of  her  troops  from 
the  Sanjak  of  Novibazar,  which  was  the  key 
to  the  militar}-  situation  in  an\-  advance  further 
south  and  east.  A  glance  at  the  map  will 
convince  even  the  most  hostile  critic  of  Austrian 
polic\-  in  the  Balkans  that  the  abandonment  of 
Novibazar  by  Austria  is  incompatible  with 
anv  suspicion  of  an  Austrian  design  of  terri- 
torial expansion  in  the  direction  of  Salonika  or 
of  Constantinople. 

Thus  events  wore  on  toward  the  culminating 
traged\-  of  Sarajevo.  In  191 3  the  Serbs  had 
attained  a  wild  dream  through  the  annexation 
of  a  large  part  of  Bulgarian  Macedonia  by  the 
defeat  of  Bulgaria  in  the  second  Balkan  War. 
The  Servian  campaign  in  Bosnia-Herzegovina, 
following  out  its  previous  metamorphosis  in 
the  Macedonian  agitation  that  preceded  the 


alliance  with  Bulgaria  for  the  first  Balkan  War, 
emerged  from  the  "cultural"  stage  and  entered 
the  bomb-throwing  phase.  The  assassination 
of  the  Archduke  Francis  Ferdinand  and  his  con- 
sort at  Sarajevo  b\-  a  young  Serb  patriot  this 
summer  startled  the  world  and  aroused  Austria 
to  the  imperative  need  of  energetic  action  to 
put  a  check  upon  a  political  and  racial  move- 
ment which  had  degenerated  into  a  conspiracy 
to  commit  murder. 

The  tremendous  events  which  have  cast  the 
world  in  gloom  since  July  23d  are  the  outcome 
of  Servia's  resistance  to  Austria's  demand  for  a 
cessation  of  this  orgy  of  violence.  The  Servians 
have  opposed  Austria's  civilizing  mission  with 
unpardonable  venom,  and  Austria  has  not 
flinched  before  the  task  of  undertaking  to 
crush  that  opposition. 


EUROPE'S  FOOD  SUPPLY  IN 
WAR  TIME 

England's  SUPPLY  depends  entirely  upon  her  supremacy  at  sea  —  Ger- 
many's   LARGE    importations    OF    WHEAT  —  FRANCE,    RUSSIA,    AND 
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY    ESSENTIALLY    SELF-SUPPORTING 


BY 


JAMES  MIDDLETON 


READERS  of  history  are  fond  of  de- 
tecting a  resemblance  between  the 
present  European  situation  and  that 
which  prevailed  a  century  ago. 
Then  the  greatest  European  Pow- 
ers were  united  in  a  struggle  against  one  coun- 
try—  France;  now  they  seem  united  against 
another  common  encm\',  Germany.  Now,  as 
in  1814,  all  the  forces  of  Europe  are  determined 
to  humiliate  one  overweening  personality.  In 
one  respect,  however,  and  this  is  a  fundamental 
one,  the  situation  is  entirely  different.  A 
hundred  \ears  ago  practically  every  great  Euro- 
pean power  was  an  economic  entity.  Each 
one  could  have  built  a  Chinese  Wall  about  itself 
and  lived  indefinitely.  Each  one,  that  is, 
raised  on  its  own  soil  enough  of  the  essential 
foodstuffs  to  support  itself  Even  England,  in 
the  Napoleonic  wars,  was  largely  an  agricultural 
communil)'.  It  raised  both  cereals  and  meat 
in  sufficient  quantities  to  stand  an  indefinite 
siege.  Even  as  late  as  the  Crimean  War, 
in  1853,  England  could  go  cheerfully  to  war 
with  no  fear  of  national  starvation. 

If,  as  some  one  has  said,  an  army  travels 
upon  its  stomach,  the  same  statement  may  be 
made  of  a  nation  itself  at  war.  Clearly,  any 
|)fopU-  that  has  its  supply  of  food  cut  olf  woukl 
immediately  have  to  submit  io  an\'  humilialing 
Icrms  proposed,     its  position  would  he  that  of 


a  huge  beleaguered  fortress.  And  there  is  at 
least  one  of  the  nations  engaged  in  the  present 
struggle,  England,  that  faces  this  contingencs'; 
and  another,  German\',  that  certainly  has  rea- 
sons for  apprehension.  A  remarkable  devel- 
opment of  the  present  international  situation 
is  the  dependence  of  one  nation  upon  others  for 
its  food  supply.  There  is  no  country  of  im- 
portance that  does  not  import  large  amounts 
of  food  from  almost  every  other.  The  United 
States,  huge  as  are  its  foodstuffs,  adds  millions 
of  dollars'  worth  to  its  supply  from  other  sources. 
Even  China,  content,  as  we  have  supposed,  with 
its  staple  rice,  purchases  immense  quantities 
of  American  canned  goods,  especially  salmon. 
Looking  over  the  statistics,  one  is  forced  to  con- 
clutle  that  there  is  no  longer  any  such  thing  as  a 
national  taste  in  foods;  each  nation  is  rapidly 
picking  up  all  the  good  things  of  another.  The 
extent  to  which  almost  the  entire  world  depends 
upon  one  or  two  countries  for  its  coffee  and  tea 
—  foods  which,  in  the  Middle  Ages,  were  prac- 
tically unknown  in  Europe  —  sufficiently  il- 
lustrates the  growth  of  this  international  taste. 
In  the  present  conflict,  however,  these  special 
foods  will  cut  no  particular  figure;  the  great 
staples  of  life  are  the  important  considerations 
in  an  international  war.  In  this  struggle, 
wheal,  not  cotton,  nr<jmises  to  be  king.  What, 
then,  is  the  situation  of  the  se\'eral  nations  in 


EUROPE'S    FOOD   SUPPLY    IN    WAR   TIME 


107 


this  respect?  How  are  they  to  feed  not  only 
the  huge  armies  in  the  field,  but  their  own  peo- 
ples? Unquestionably  this  is  the  first  time  in 
history  when  war  has  presented  precisely  this 
problem  to  the  peoples  involved. 

THE    NATIONS   THAT   CAN    SUPPORT   THEM- 
SELVES 

There  arc  seven  nations,  at  this  writing,  im- 
mediately involved.  These  are  England,  Ger- 
many, France,  Russia,  Belgium,  Austria- 
Hungary,  and  Servia.  We  can  immediately 
clarify  the  situation  by  arranging  these  coun- 
tries in  two  classes:  those  that  raise  the  essen- 
tial food  materials  in  sufficient  quantities  to 
support  themselves,  at  least  in  time  of  peace, 
and  those  that  do  not.  This  division,  as  ac- 
curately as  can  be  determined  from  available 
statistics,  is  as  follows: 


COUNTRIES  SELF- 
SUPPORTING 

Russia 
France 

Austria-Hungary 
Servia 


COUNTRIES    NOT    SELF- 
SUPPORTING 

England 
Belgium 


DOUBTFUL 

Germany 


Of  these  Russia,  next  to  the  United  States, 
is  the  largest  wheat  growing  country  in  the 
world.  Seven  eights  of  all  the  peasants  are 
tillers  of  the  soil.  Two  thirds  of  all  the  lands 
are  sown  with  cereals.  The  nation  raises  not 
only  enough  to  support  its  own  enormous  popu- 
lation, but  exports  large  quantities.  France, 
most  investigators  are  surprised  to  learn,  ranks 
third  —  next  to  Russia  and  the  United  States 
—  as  a  wheat  growing  land.  The  thrifty 
French  farmers,  with  their  comparatively  small 
acreage,  raise  more  wheat  than  the  Argentine, 
British  India,  or  Canada  —  all  of  them  usually 
regarded  as  huge  granaries.  They  produce 
100,000,000  more  bushels  than  the  whole  of 
South  America.  France  grows  about  3 1 5,000,000 
bushels  a  year  —  almost  half  as  much  as  does 
the  United  States  in  normal  years;  it  imports 
about  22,000,000  bushels.  Clearly,  with  strict 
economy  enforced  by  war  conditions,  France 
can  easily  furnish  its  own  wheat  supply  without 
calling  on  outside  nations.  Austria-Hungary 
and  Servia  arc  similarly  situated.  When  we 
come  to  England,  German\',  and  Belgium,  how- 
ever, the  conditions  are  different.  The  United 
Kingdom  raises  about  65,000,000  bushels  of 
wheat  every  year  and  imports  217,000,000. 
Belgium  raises  14,000,000  bushels  and  imports 
4(), 000,000.  The  situation  in  Germany  is  not 
;o  acute  as  this,  but  still,  with  importations  shut 
down,  the  wheat  situation  might  become  em- 
barrassing. The  empire  raises  149,000,000 
bushels  a  year  and  imports  67,000,000.  Clearly 
Ihe  sudden  wiping  out  of  these  importations, 
while  they  might  not  produce  an  actual  wheat 
famine,  would  so  considerably  reduce  the  food 
supply  as  to  amount  to  a  distinct  military 
disadvantage.     Germany's    situation    is    con- 


siderably better  than  that  of  England,  but  in- 
ferior to  that  of  France  and  Russia,  i^ussia 
raises  all  of  its  wheat  and  more;  France  raises 
ninety  per  cent;  Germany  raises  sixty  per  cent. 
On  the  other  hand  (}reat  Britain  and  Belgium 
raise  only  about  twenty  per  cent.  each.  On  the 
theory  that  a  nation  that  raises  only  sixty  per 
cent,  of  its  most  important  article  of  food  can 
hardly  he  regarded  as  entirely  self-supporting, 
Germany  is  included,  in  the  classification  given 
above,  as  in  a  more  or  less  precarious  position. 

ENGLAND    hNTIRELY    DEPENDENT   ON    OUT- 
SIDE   SOURCES 

From  tlie  standpoint  of  food  supply  in  case 
of  war,  England,  of  course,  presents  the  most 
interesting  problem.  There  was  a  time  when 
English  statesmen  worried  little  over  this 
situation.  The  supremacy  of  England's  sea 
power  was  regarded  as  a  fixed,  determined  fa<.l 
The  lleet  was  so  immeasureably  superior  to 
other  navies,  and,  indeed,  to  all  of  them  com- 
bined, that  England  went  on  serenely  develop- 
ing a  huge  industrial  state  within,  and  depend- 
ing upon  other  nations  for  its  food.  About 
fifteen  years  ago,  however,  Englishmen  began  to 
be  nervous  on  this  point;  since  then  there  have 
been  periodical  scares.  The  building  of  other 
formidable  navies,  especially  that  of  Germany, 
began  to  cause  general  alarm.  The  last  of 
these  great  searchings-of-heart  was  in  1903. 
Parliament  then  appointed  a  Royal  Commis- 
sion, of  which  the  Prince  of  Wales,  the  present 
king,  served  as  chairman,  to  investigate  the 
question.  This  Commission  collected  a  large 
array  of  facts,  most  of  them  alarming.  It 
found  that  the  precariousness  of  England's  food 
supply  was  about  as  black  as  it  had  been  de- 
scribed. England  imports  four  fifths  of  all  its 
food.  Most  of  it  comes  from  far  distant  coun- 
tries—  from  North  and  South  America,  British 
India  and  Australia.  It  gets  large  quantities  of 
butter,  eggs,  bacon,  poultry,  fruit,  and  potatoes, 
and  other  vegetables  from  France,  Denmark, 
and  the  Baltic  ports. 

A  certain  amount  of  grain  comes  also  from 
Russian-Baltic  ports  —  and  from  the  Black 
Sea  region.  For  the  larger  staples,  however, 
like  wheat  and  meat,  England  has  to  go  several 
thousand  miles.  It  always  has  a  comparatively 
small  supply  of  food  on  hand.  The  swiftness 
of  the  modern  steam  vessel  has  made  an\-  large 
storage  s\stem  unnecessary.  Of  butter  it  has 
normally  only  a  seven  or  ten  days'  supply;  of 
cheese  only  a  month's  supply;  of  eggs  —  Eng- 
land consumes  80,000,000  a  week  —  only  lour 
or  five  weeks'  supply.  Its  resources  in  wheat 
vary  through  the  year;  it  has  the  highest  suppl\' 
in  September,  when  it  has  enough  for  seventeen 
weeks,  and  the  lowest  in  August,  when  it  has 
enough  for  onl>-  six  and  one  half  weeks.  Eng- 
land has  a  larger  supply,  however,  than  that 
stored  up  in  its  own  larder.  There  is  always 
an  immense  amount  floating  in  ships  —  in 
thousands  of  English  vessels,  crowding  the 
trade  routes  in  all  parts  of  the  world.     This 


io8  THE  WORLD'S  WORK 

usually  amounts  to  from  three  to  seven  weeks'  starved  into  submission  in  a  few  weeks.  The 
supply.  An  interesting  fact  herein  disclosed  Ro\-al  Commission,  which  investigated  this 
is  that  England's  lowest  stock  on  hand  is  subject,  came  to  this  conclusion.  The  enor- 
reached  in  August  —  the  very  month  in  which  mous  navy  which  England  maintains  in  the 
she  now  goes  to  war.  The  whole  food  situation  North  Sea,  therefore,  has  ample  justification, 
was  well  summed  up  in  a  formal  declaration  England  will  probably  control  the  sea  in  the 
made  to  the  Roval  Commission  by  the  most  present  conflict;  there  are  other  problems,  how- 
influential  members  of  the  wheat  trade  in  ever,  that  she  will  have  to  solve.  Many  ships 
London:  "We,  the  undersigned,  concur  in  the  are  drawn  from  the  mercantile  marine  for  the 
opinion  that,  if  Great  Britain  should  become  use  of  the  admiralty;  inasmuch  as  there  are 
involved  in  a  European  war,  the  country  must  thousands  of  English  ships,  however,  this 
be  prepared  to  see  bread  at  practically  famine  probably  will  not  seriously  interfere  with  trans- 
prices."  portation  facilities.     Nor  does  there  seem  much 

,     _ ^  _  _^  danger  that  the  German  and  Austrian  navies 

THE    UNITED    STATES    SENDS     L  TTLE    WHEAT    TO  ■,,'^  .  .        .  r-       r   i       u-       • 

Will  prey  to  any  extent  upon  English  shipping. 
The  days  of  the  privateer  are  over;  the  steam- 

From  1870  until  1902,  the  United  States  did  ship,   involving  the   difficulty   of  coaling,   has 

the  larger  part   in   feeding  the    British    Isles.  practically  made  impossible  "this  old  fashioned 

We  not  only  had  a  large  surplus  of  food  stuffs,  roving  of  the  sea.     Nor  is  Germany  likely  to 

but  the  shortness  of  the  voyage  gave  us  an  ad-  send  any  of  her  rapid  cruisers  to  prey  upon 

vantage     over     competitors.     The     enormous  English  trade;  she  will  weaken   her  fleet,   al- 

increase  in  our  population   forces   us   now  to  ready  considerably  overmatched,  by  doing  so. 

keep   the  larger  part   of  our  food,   especially  Neutrals  ought  not  to  suffer,  especially  as  the 

wheat,  to  feed  our  own  stomachs.     Although  Declaration  of  London  has  settled  the  fact  that 

we  are  still  the  world's  largest  wheat  producer,  food,  unless  intended  for  military  purposes  — 

we  send  comparatively  little  of  it  abroad.     Eng-  such  as  the  feeding  of  armies  and  fortresses  — 

land  now  draws  its  supply  from  Russia,  Can-  is   not   contraband.     Some    English  ships   un- 

ada,   the  Argentine,    British    India,   and   Aus-  questionably  will  be  captured;  but  there  will  be 

tralia.     The  figures  for  191 1  are  as  follows:  few  in  comparison  with  the  depredations  that 

seem  likelv  to  be  made  on  German  commerce. 

PRESENT  SOURCE  OF  ENGLAND'S  WHEAT  SUPPLY  Qne    Consideration    that    especially    protects 

R  •.•  K  r  A-         (Hundredweights)  England's  food  supplv  is   the  fact    that    it    is 

British  India 20,161,518  °,  r  ^^  ■  ..       u   ^  r         r 

R„^^:_  ,Q  ,r.r^  ,r>r,  "ot  drawn  from  any  one  country,  but  from  five 

KUSSia 1(5,100,100  ,  I  I     •        1       o  /^  1  A 

Argentine 14,748,600  — the     United     States,     Canada,     Argentine, 

Canada        .........     141373,700  Russia,  and  British  India.     It  comes  over  three 

Australia 13,910,720  great  trade  routes  —  the  North  Atlantic,  the 

United  States        12,939,229  South  Atlantic,  and  the  Mediterranean.     The 

.     .  .  first  has  its  most  important  port  in  New  York, 

England  likewise  imports  two  thirds  of  all  its  the  second  in   Buenos  Ayres,  while  the  third 

meat.     It  gets  a  small  supply  fresh  killed  from  jeads  to  Bombay  and  Australian  depots.     There 

Holland    and     Denmark    and    a    far    greater  seems  no  likelihood  that  Germany  can  control 

amount  in  the  shape  of  live  animals  from  Can-  these  three  transportation  routes,  or  any  one 

ada   and  the   United   States.     Its  frozen   car-  ^f  them.     When  the  Royal  Commission  made 

casses  come  mainly  from   the  Argentine  and  jts  investigation,  the  Mediterranean  route  was 

Australia      It  usually  has  about  one  month's  the  one  that  gave  the  greatest  anxiety.     The 

supply  of  all  kinds  of  meat  on  hand.  ^„/^„/^  cordiaJe  was  then  not  a  factor  in  Euro- 

SEA  POWER  ENGLAND'S  ONE  SALVATION  P^^^"  P?'!f.''-"^''  ^"^  ^']:  with  France  was  not  an 

impossibility.      I  he  Republics  naval  strength 

The    practical    question    that    has    agitated  in  the  Mediterranean,  in  that  event,  would  have 

England  for  many  >'ears  has  been:     How  are  endangered  such  of  England's  food  supply  as 

we  to  protect  our  food  supply  in  case  of  war?  came  by  way  of  Suez.     The  present  European 

Some  authorities  have  advocated  the  building  alignment    makes    this    same    Mediterranean 

of  huge  granaries  that  would  hold  a  large  re-  route  perhaps  better  protected  than  either  of 

serve  supply.     There  are  many  practical  ob-  the  other  two  routes, 
jections  to  this  proposition  and  it  has  never 

i„|-   ,     I  ,        *       '  1         A/l^    r-       I-   u  UNITED     STATES     AS     A     FOOD     SUPPLY     IN    WAR 

enlisted  popular  approval.     Most  Englishmen 
vho  have  had  the  courage  to  face  the  situation 

have  reached  the  same  conclusion:  that  there  With  an  English  fleet  victorious  on  the  sea, 

is  only  one  way  of  protecting  the  food  supply  therefore,  the  English  food  supply  seems  abund- 

and  that  is  the  navy.     Even  with  England  in  antly   safeguarded.     In   all   probability,   if  the 

command  of  the  sea,  there  would   be  certain  war   lasts   any   time,    the   United    Stales   will 

difficulties  in  feeding  the  nation;  without  this  largely  increase  its  exports.     Our  natural  posi- 

control.  most  people  agree  that  the  game  would  tion  should  make  us  the  largest  storehouse  of 

W  f;iirl\   up.     With  a  hostile  nav\-  blockading  the  Englishman's  food.     The  route  to  the  River 

llie  inipdrtaiU   p(irls  aiul  sd  shutting  out   the  Plata  is  6,500  miles;  that  to  Bombay  is  6,250 

foodships,     England     rould     undoubtedl)'     be  miles  by  the  Suez  Canal  and    K),500  by  tlie 


EUROPE'S    POOD   SUPPLY    IN    WAR   TIME  109 

Cape.  New  Zealand  and  Australia  are  10,000  quent  shifting  of  the  population  from  town  to 
miles  away;  the  distance  to  American  ports,  city,  the  imperial  polics'  has  still  promoted  agri- 
however,  is  only  3,500  miles.  Moreover  the  culture.  Agrarianism  has  long  been  a  politi- 
ships  coming  this  short  distance  can  carry  more  cal  issue.  As  part  of  its  monarchical  system, 
than  those  sailing  on  the  other  routes.  The  the  ruling  forces  have  used  the  powers  of  govern- 
longer  the  voyage,"  the  more  coal  the  ship  has  ment  to  sustain  the  landlord  class.  The  junker 
to  carry,  and,  proportionately,  the  smaller  is  aristocracy  has  been  the  mainstay  of  the 
its  cargo.  Inasmuch  as  England  will  naturally  throne  and  the  prevailing  social  system.  The 
import  from  the  places  whence  the  food  will  government  has,  therefore,  protected  its  inter- 
come  quickest  and  in  the  largest  amount,  it  ests  by  placing  high  tariff  duties  upon  agri- 
should  naturally  draw  tirst  of  all  upon  the  re-  cultural  and  meat  products.  As  far  as  food  !$■ 
sources  of  the  United  States.  It  will  do  this  concerned  the  empire  has  been  in  about  the 
particularly  this  year,  as  our  grain  crop  is  un-  same  position  as  England  before  the  passage 
usually  large  and  that  of  the  other  agricultural  of  the  corn  laws;  it  does  not  raise  food  enough 
nations  unusually  small.  for  its  own  purposes,  and  has  difficulties  in  im- 

When  we  look  to  German\',  however,  the  op-  porting    it.     Especial    restrictions    have    been 

portunities  for  food  importations  do  not  seem  so  placed  upon  the  importation  of  meats.     As  a 

reassuring.     In    all    probability   (jerman    ships  result,  large  supplies  are  grown  in  the  empire 

will  not  be  able  to  use  the  North  Sea.     With  itself.     Germany  produces  almost  one  third  as 

both  the  French  and.the  British  fleets  in  the  .Med-  many  cattle  as  does  the  United  States  —  about 

iterranean,  there  is  apparently  no  hope  of  ob-  20,000,000    to    our    71,000,000  —  and    stands 

laining  supplies  from  that  source.     It  is  even  second  to  the  United  States  in  the  growth  of 

probable  that  the  larger  part  of  the  mercantile  hogs.     In  times  of  peace  this  protective  policy 

marine  which  Germany  has  been  building  up  at  has  great  disadvantages.     As  one  result  meat 

such  enormous  cost  will  be  swept  from  the  sea.  famines  have  become  almost  chronic.     In  re- 

That  scurrying  to  friendly  ports  that  marked  cent  years  to  supply  the  need,  the  municipalities 

the   first   days   of  war  will  probably  develop  have  themselves  erected  slaughter  houses  and 

into  little  less   than   a   stariipede.     Moreover,  swineries.    The  increased  cost  of  living  has  been 

while  the  blockading  of  the  English  coast  is  a  an  even  more  acute  problem  in  Germany  than 

difficult  problem,  owing  to  its  character  and  here,  and  has  figured  largely  in  politics.     All 

extent,  the  blockading  of  the  German  North  popular  appeals  for  the  removal  of  restrictions, 

Sea  sealine  presents  comparatively  few  prob-  however,  have  failed.     And  in  times  like  these 

Icms  to  a  victorious  fleet.     Germany  will  find  the  policy  has  certain  compensations.     For  it  has 

some  embarrassment  also  in  the  fact  that  she  furnished  Germany  a  large  supply  of  meat;  in 

has  gone  to  war  with  the  country  that  furnishes  all  likelihood  it  can  worry  along  for  an  indefi- 

the  larger  part  of  her  additional  food.     This  is  nite  time  without  any  imports. 
Russia.     She    takes    from    the    Czar's    empire  Their  embarrassment  will  come  only  from 

large  quantities  of  wheat,  barley,  oats,  and  corn  the  destruction  to  crops  that  is  incident  to  war, 

every    year.     In    fact    she    imports    foodstuffs  and  to  the  removal  of  large  masses  of  cultivators 

from  about  the  same  countries  as  England  her-  to  face  the  cannon.     No  one  can  estimate,  of 

self.     The  following  table,  showing  her  impor-  course,  to  what  extent  these  circumstances  will 

tations  of  wheat,  illustrates  this  point:  affect  the  food  situation. 

The  other  three  great  countries,  as  already 

GERMANY'S  IMPORTATIONS  OF  WHEAT  s^jj  _  France,  Austria-Hungar)',  and  Russia  — 

P      .  (Tons)   1912  2Pg    practically    self-supporting,    so   that    their 

Ar"gemine lll'lll  provisioning  will  involve  no  particular  problem. 

Q^^ada 260  s^o  ^  crisis  ot  the  most  serious  character  for  the 

United  States  .......  4465 12  German    farmer   arose   in   the    "four  years   of 

Australia '.     '.     ^22^500  gloom"  from   1896  to   1900.     The  competition 

of  agricultural  exporting  countries,  such  as  the 

The  Germans,  therefore,  use  the  same  trade  United  States,  Argentina,  and  Uruguav  caused 

routes  as  the  English  ships.     With  the  English  a  drop  of  more  than  2=;   per  cent,   in   prices, 

and    Irench    commanding    the    sea,    however,  Mortgages    increased,    market    value    of    land 

the  (jermans  can  not  draw  much  wheat  from  decreased,  and   in  those  four  years  alone  the 

these  sources.  indebtedness  of  the  farms  increased  by  hundreds 

Germany's  LARGH  SUPPLIES  OF  MEAT  of  millions  of  dollars. 

Irretrievable   ruin    taced    the   German    agri- 

I  he   cuttmg  off    of    these   foreign   supplies  culturists  and  immediate  steps  were  taken  to 

would  not  affect  Germany  to  the  same  extent  save   the  situation.     The  protectionist   policy 

that  a  similar  scarcity  would  embarrass  England,  was    made    more    rigid,    railroad    rates    were 

In  the  British  Isles  such  a  calamity  would  mean  lowered   on    behalf  of  the   home   producer   to 

starvation;  in  Germany  it  would  mean  a  severe  enable  him  to  meet  foreign  competition  more 

scarcity  of  lood.     For  Germans-  still  produces  successfulh',     government     education     of     ad- 

the  larger  part  of  what  it  eats.     Although  in  vanced  agricultural  methods  was  widelv  used, 

the  last  lorty  years  the  empire,  like  England,  has  and  a  widespread  svstem  of  credit  in  the  agri- 

become  a  great  industrial  state,  with  the  conse-  cultural  department  was  organized. 


THE    RED    CROSS    OF  THE  WARRING 

NATIONS 


THE    EFFICIENT    RED      CROSS    OF     RUSSIA  —  HOW    IT    WORKS 
IN    FRANCE   AND   GERMANY 

BY 

ARNO  DOSCH 


TilE  women  of  many  nations  wearing 
trie  Red  Cross  are  following  the  armies 
on  to  the  battlefields.  The  work  of  the 
Red  Cross  is  more  rapid  and  efl'ective 
than  ever  before.  Hospital  corps  have 
trailed  ammunition  wagons  and  the  wounded 
have  often  been  moved  to  field  hospitals  before 
the  first  numbness  of  injury  has  given  way  to 
pain.  This  is  modern  warfare,  as  unbelievably 
humanitarian  as  it  is  barbarous. 

Every  European  nation  in  the  war  has  an 
efficient  Red  Cross  of  its  own.  in  every  one 
the  Red  Cross  has  a  somewhat  different  stand- 
ing. In  Russia  it  stands  higher  than  anywhere 
else,  it  is  given  great  freedom  and  deserves 
it.  At  the  same  time  it  is  more  of  a  state 
affair  than  anywhere  in  Europe.  It  is  supported 
by  special  taxes  and  is  given  unusual  privileges 
at  all  times.  The  nurses  of  the  Red  Cross  form 
a  sisterhood.  They  are,  in  a  measure,  con- 
secrated to  the  cause.  The  Russians  have  come 
to  a  better  understanding  of  the  usefulness  of 
women  nurses  on  the  battlefield  than  have  the 
people  of  any  other  nation. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Spanish  War,  the 
Russian  Red  Cross,  which  was  at  the  time  al- 
most the  only  effectively  organized  Red  Cross 
in  the  world,  offered  its  services  to  both  the 
United  States  and  Spain.  The  United  States 
declined,  but  Spain  accepted.  The  United 
States  might  have  done  better  to  accept.  Lack 
of  a  modern  Red  Cross  was  responsible  for 
much  suffering  and  loss  of  life  in  Cuba  and 
Porto  Rico.  Tampa  and  Chickamauga  might 
have  had  other  stories  to  tell  if  the  Russian 
Red  Cross  had  been  there  to  help.  Now,  of 
course,  such  conditions  would  be  impossible. 
Our  own  Red  Cross  has  learned  how  to  handle 
the  situation. 

The  Russians  divide  the  field  work  of  the 
Red  Cross  into  five  divisions:  Handling  supply 
depots;  taking  the  injured  back  from  the 
firing  line,  which  means  an  emergency  trans- 
portation s\'stem;  assistance  to  the  regular 
surgeons;  direct  relief  on  the  battlefield;  and 
caring  for  the  feeding  stations  in  the  rear  of 
the  army.  In  war  time  the  Russian  Red  Cross 
does  more  than  the  Red  Cross  of  any  other 
nation.  Russia  began  developing  the  Red 
Cross  in  the  Crimean  War.  When  the  Russian- 
Japanese   War   came   on,   tiic  "while   trains" 


given  by  wealthy  nobles  were  particularly 
conspicuous.  Altogether,  the  Red  Cross  took 
to  the  front  3,000  carloads  of  material  and 
food.  The  nurses  were  as  elllcient  at  the  front 
as  the  organization  was  in  forwarding  supplies.' 
At  the  fall  of  Port  Arthur  all  stray  ends  of  that 
ugly  business  were  left  to  them.  The  Red 
Cross  really  did  the  evacuating.  When  Muk- 
den was  evacuated  there  were  many  hundreds 
of  wounded  whom  it  was  impossible  to  move. 
Surgeons  and  nurses  remained  behind  with 
them  and  were  given  every  courtesy  by  the 
conquering  Japanese. 

The  Japanese  themselves  developed  the  Red 
Cross  into  the  best  possible  field  force  in  a  very 
short  time.  Taking  advantage  of  the  patriot- 
ism, the  women  of  all  Japan  were  organized. 
The  nurses  and  cooks  formed  one  body  and 
went  to  the  front.  Another  body  developed 
lunch  and  refreshment  rooms,  and  women 
everywhere  made  bandages  and  helped  prepare 
field  outfits.  Now  the  Red  Cross  operates 
hospitals  throughout  Japan,  and  one  out  of 
every  forty  persons  in  the  empire  belongs  to 
the  Red  Cross  organization. 

In  contrast  to  Russia's  attitude  is  Germany's 
limitation  on  all  volunteer  nursing.  It  is  con- 
trary to  the  German  character  to  leave  matters 
of  that  kind  to  any  chance.  It  is  all  worked  out 
methodically  by  the  army  medical  corps,  and 
the  volunteers  are  held  in  check.  They  are 
used  to  help  expand  the  regular  forces,  but  they 
have  no  such  independence  of  action  as  they 
enjoy  in  Russia. 

The  French  Red  Cross  has  more  of  the 
liberties  of  the  Russian.  It  is  a  question  of 
national  temperament.  The  French  in  their 
nursing  make  up  for  lack  of  drill  by  the  en- 
thusiasm with  which  they  enter  into  the 
combat.  The  volunteer  French  Red  Cross  is 
composed,  as  in  the  United  States,  of  the  best 
trained  nurses  in  France.  They  have  no 
experience  in  that  particular  service,  but  they 
understand  nursing  and  sanitation.  They  are 
organized  according  to  army  divisions  and  do 
better  work  perhaps  because  of  their  freedom 
from  red  tape.         »• 

The  Italian  Pod  Cross  is  admittedly  the 
best  organized  for  war,  and  here  again  its 
effectiveness  is  due  to  the  lack  of  restraint. 
Ihe  Austrian  Red  Cross  has  also  been  giving  a 


THE   RED  CROSS  OF   THE   WARRING   NATIONS 


III 


good  account  of  itself  for  several  years.  Its 
organization  is  much  like  the  Italian. 

Almost  every  nation  was  represented  in  the 
Red  Ooss  in  the  Balkans,  but  tlie  absence  of 
Red  Cross  organizations  in  the  Balkan  states 
themselves  brought  about  in  the  first  battles 
suffering  to  which  only  the  battlefields  of  the 
Middle  Ages  could  offer  comparison.  Stories 
that  came  to  the  outside  world  from  the  few 
nurses  present  roused  the  world  and  made  the 
later  battles  less  awful.  The  graphic  account 
of  twcnt\-four  hours  at  an  operating  table  in 
the  rear  of  the  Servian  arm\',  as  told  by  the 
Countess  Maggiolini,  did  more  for  humanitar- 
ianism  in  the  Balkan  wars  than  any  other  single 
influence. 

The  Red  C^ross  will  probably  be  even  more 
conspicuous  in  this  war  than  in  any  previous 
one.  Where  lines  are  so  tightly  drawn  and  the 
fighting  is  frequentl)'  in  a  comparativel\-  small 
area,  the  crossing  of  lines  and  the  invasion  by 
hospital  corps  of  hostile  territory  bring  up  fine 
points.  It  is  a  question  how  far  the  Red 
Cross  may  go  toward  relieving  the  suffering 
of  the  noncombatants  without  interfering 
with  the  brutal  purpose  of  war.  There  will  be 
charges  of  violation  of  the  Red  Cross,  and  the 
extent  to  which  the  Red  Cross  will  be  permitted 
to  go  will  depend  largel\'  upon  the  humanitari- 
anism  of  the  individual  commanders.  Despite 
its  many  other  activities  the  Red  Cross  is 
always  associated  with  the  battlefield.  There 
it  has  certain  coveted  rights  in  the  name  of 
humanity,  and  it  never  yields  any.  If  any- 
thing, it  is  inclined  to  stretch  them.  At  its 
conventions  war  is  always  foremost,  as  it  has 
a  perennial  discussion  as  to  its  rights.  Part 
of  the  purpose  of  war  is  to  lay  waste  the  invaded 
country  and  make  its  inhabitants  suffer  want. 
The  Red  Cross  stands  for  the  alleviation  of 
suffering  wherever  found.  These  two  cross 
purposes  constantly  clash,  and  the  needs  of 
war  generally  win.  1  he  Red  Cross  can  go  no 
further  than  it  is  permitted.  It  can  be  only 
so  bold  before  it  is  interfered  with. 

Besides  tr\ing  to  define  and  enlarge  its  rights 
on  the  battlefields,  the  Red  Cross  conventions 
bring  out  new  inventions  for  giving  better 
service.  The  Dowager  Empress  of  Russia 
contributed  a  fund  of  about  $50,000  to  stimu- 
late the  inventive  ability.  The  first  prize  is 
of  6,000  rubles,  about  $^,000,  the  second  of 
3,000  rubles,  and  the  third  i  ,000  rubles.  These 
prizes,  known  as  the  Marie  Feodorovna  prizes, 
have  been  won  for  the  invention  of  a  consider- 
able list  of  handy  contrivances  —  from  stretch- 
ers which  can  be  changed  to  meet  almost  any 
condition,  to  handy  kits  for  the  uses  of  nurses 
in  war.  They  ha\'e  been  awarded  for  practical 
things,  and  the  work  of  the  Red  Ooss  in  the 
present  war,  as  well  as  the  work  of  the  medical 
corps,  will  be  greatly  facilitated  by  the  fact 
that  those  prizes  were  given. 

When  the  Geneva  Convention  was  held  in 
1S64  the  world  had  been  sickened  with  the 
smell  of  blood.     The  horrors  of  war  were  upper- 


most in  the  minds  of  people.  It  was  possible 
to  gain  a  wide  appeal  for  the  movement.  But 
it  was  found  (nit  before  long  that  work  of  the 
Red  Cross  was  not  alwa>s  to  the  best  interests 
of  a  conquering  arm\',  and  this,  added  to  the 
poor  handling  of  the  Red  Cross,  caused  a 
reaction.  In  England's  various  campaigns, 
particularly  in  b^gypt,  the  Red  Cross  met  almost 
violent  opposition  from  the  English  army  offi- 
cers. It  was  not  until  army  officers  discoverec 
in  the  Spanish  War  that  the  Red  Cross  could  be 
efiectivel)'  used  for  repairing  broken  men  that 
it  began  to  gain  in  standing. 

From  the  devoted  labors  of  scattered  volun- 
teer nurses,  tNpified  and  ennobled  in  Clara 
Barton  and  Fljrence  Niglitingale,  the  imme 
diate  care  of  the  wounded  has  become  a  part 
of  the  modern  fighting  machine.  It  was  found 
in  the  last  war  in  the  Balkans  that  it  paid  as  a 
mere  nialtcr  of  repairing  the  injured  men. 
Unless  a  man  was  mortally  wounded  or  re- 
quired a  capital  operation,  he  was  usually  back 
in  the  ranks  fighting  in  two  weeks.  The  Red 
Cross  had  become  a  repair  shop. 

Efficiency  has  come  in  the  Red  Cross,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  onl\'  with  the  passing  of  the 
compassionate  women  like  Clara  Barton.  She 
was  frequently  alone  on  battlefields  in  the 
Civil  War  where  hundreds  lay  wounded.  She 
was  nothing  short  of  the  "angel  of  the  battle- 
field." The  same  was  true  of  Florence  Night- 
ingale in  the  Crimea.  Those  tVv'o  women  made 
names  for  themselves  that  will  outlast  war. 
But  the  movement  languished.  The  American 
Association  of  the  Red  Cross,  of  which  (2lara 
Barton  was  president  for  twenty-two  \ears, 
consisted  chiefly  of  a  dozen  women.  1  he 
American  National  Red  Cross  of  to-da\',  in- 
corporated in  1905,  after  Clara  Barton's  death, 
has  3,500  trained  nurses,  all  with  three  \ears' 
hospital  training,  ready  to  mobilize  as  rapidly 
as  the  arm\'. 

If  the  United  States  were  to  go  to  war  the 
volunteer  organization  of  the  Red  Cross  would 
in  fact  be  mobilized  with  the  army.  Ihis  was 
made  possible  b\'  an  Act  of  Congress  two  \ears 
ago  authorizing  the  spending  of  the  mone\'. 
Much  the  same  thing  happened  when  the 
European  armies  mobilized.  Not  onl\'  the 
highl\'  de\eloped  hospital  corps  were  imme- 
diatelx'  behind  the  artiller\-,  but  the  Red  Cross 
came  in  behind  as  medical  reserve  full\'  as  well 
equipped.  In  most  of  the  armies,  in  fact, 
every  soldier  has  had  an  emergenc\-  kit  the 
existence  of  which  was  due  to  the  Red  Cross 
movement. 

The  Red  Cross  has  become  what  it  is  in  this 
country  to-da\'  largely  on  account  of  the  un- 
necessar\'  sickness  at  Chickamauga  during 
the  Spanish  War.  The  modern  saiiitation 
campaign  carried  on  since  by  army  surgeons, 
for  that  matter,  also  had  its  rise  in  the  Spanish 
War.  1  he  cleaning  up  of  Ha\ana  led  to  the 
sanitation  of  the  ('anal  Zone.  The  English 
learned  their  lesson  m  South  Africa,  although  the 
peculiar  unheaUlifulmess  of  much  of  India  had 


H2 

already  forced  Some  measlifes  of  care.  Both 
the  Japanese  and  Russian  armies  were  followed 
in  the  Russian-Japanese  War  by  very  good 
Red  Cross  corps.  They  worked  together 
sometimes,  in  sorting  the  wounded,  and, 
through  the  French  Red  Cross,  which  was  also 
ver\-  active  in  Manchuria,  the  names  of  the 
dead  were  listed  to  be  sent  back  to  friends  and 
families.  The  French  Red  Cross  served  as  a 
news  agency. 

It  has  all  been  within  fifteen  years  that  the 
Red  Cross  has  come  to  play  the  part  it  now 
plays  in  warfare.  It  was  thirty-five  years, 
following  the  organization  of  the  international 
Red  Cross  at  Geneva,  in  1864,  before  it  became 
what  it  was  planned  to  be.  This  was  alm.ost  sim- 
ultaneous with  the  discovery  in  poverty  of  the 
man  who  was  responsible  for  it.  Jean  Henri 
Dunant,  the  Swiss  author,  the  founder  of  the 
Red  Cross,  who  stirred  Europe  with  the  horrors 
of  war  and  brought  about  the  international 
convention  at  Geneva,  was  found  in  an  old 
.man's  home  in  Switzerland,  in  1897.  It  was 
at  this  time  that  the  Spanish  War  showed  how 
the  development  of  the  Red  Cross  had  been 
neglected  and  Dunant  began  to  assume  the 
position  in  the  world  he  deserved.  Four  years 
later,  the  Nobel  Peace  prize,  given  for  the  first 
time,  went  to  him  and  to  Frederick  Passv'.  His 
share  of  that  was  104,000  francs,  about  ^20,000, 
which,  with  a  small  pension  from  the  Dowager 
Empress  of  Russia,  served  him  until  he  died 
in  1910. 

He,  with  his  horrible  description  of  Solferino, 
and  Florence  Nightingale  and  Clara  Barton, 
with  their  vivid  experiences,  launched  the 
international  Red  Cross  with  much  more  to  go 
on  than  it  took  advantage  of  for  many  years. 
Clara  Barton  even  foreshadowed  the  industrial 
activities  of  the  American  Red  Cross  by  help- 
ing organize  workshops  in  Paris  and  Strassburg 
to  save  the  women  left  destitute  by  the  Franco- 
Prussian  War. 

The  report  of  the  Sanitary  Commission  of 
the  (j'vil  War,  which  raised  by  voluntary  sub- 
scription $500,000,  was  also  largely  responsible 
for  the  shaping  of  the  original  Red  Cross.  The 
Sanitary  Commission  used  a  [Greek  cross  sur- 
rounded by  an  oval  band.  But  the  red  cross 
has  long  ago  become  standard  throughout  the 
world  except  where  the  red  crescent  is  used. 

Attempts  have  been  made  to  protect  the 
insignia  from  indiscriminate  use.  It  is  fre- 
quently abused  in  war  for  scouting  purposes 
and  noncombatants  adopt  it  as  a  shield.  There 
is  nothing  to  prevent  it.  Even  at  catastrophes 
where  the  red  cross  serves  merely  as  a  con- 
venience in  facilitating  progress  it  is  usually 
abused.  At  the  San  Francisco  fire  after  three 
days  every  automobile  displayed  the  red 
cross  and  it  came  to  mean  nothing  at  ;ill.  As 
a  result,  those  who  were  entitled  to  use  the 
red  c'oss  changed  suddenly  to  the  use  of  a 
piece  of  red  flannel,  and  the  red  cross  insignia 
u;is  not  honf)red. 

The  sluwness  of  ''te  Red  Crcjss  mo\ement  to 


TKE  WORLD'S  WORK 


get  under  way,  in  fact,  was  due  to  the  fflisiise 
of  it.  In  the  Franco-Prussian  war  it  fell  into 
disrepute.  Ignorance  of  the  rules  laid  down 
b\'  the  Geneva  Convention  was  largely  respon- 
sible. Though  it  had  been  carefully  laid  out 
just  how  far  the  Red  Cross  could  go  without 
being  looked  upon  as  succoring  the  enemy,  the 
volunteer  field  workers  paid  no  attention. 
There  were  also  jealousies  between  the  various 
Red  Cross  organizations.  The  Red  Cross  got 
such  a  bad  name  among  military  men  in  that 
one  war  that  volunteer  nursing  was  discouraged 
up  to  the  time  of  the  Spanish  War. 

There  is  hardly  any  chance  that  there  will  be 
any  accidental  complications  of  this  kind  in  the 
present  war.  The  Red  Cross  may  be  deliber- 
ately used  to  get  information  or  to  advance 
supplies,  but  the  volunteer  organizations  are 
so  completely  tn  hand  now  that  they  act  under 
the  orders  of  the  military  surgeons.  The  Red 
Cross  is  to  the  armies  of  the  world  now  what 
the  volunteers  are  to  the  regular  army.  It 
is  officered  by  army  surgeons  and  becomes  a 
part  of  the  army  sanitary  body. 

A  dispatch  dated  Washington,  August  6th, 
said:  "Committees  of  the  American  National 
Red  Cross  to-day  were  at  worw  on  plans  to 
rush  aid  to  the  sick  and  wounded  in  the  Euro- 
pean war.  Surgeon-General  William  C.  Brai- 
sted  and  a  party  went  in  search  of  a  ship  to 
carry  doctors,  nurses  and  hospital  supplies 
across  the  Atlantic,  and  others  were  receiving 
and  disbursing  funds  for  supplies. 

"The  ship  will  be  painted  white  with  a  red 
cross  on  the  funnels,  and  will  sail  under  the 
Red  Cross  flag.  She  will  also  be  under  the 
treaties  of  Geneva  and  The  Hague,  and  will  be 
able  to  enter  any  harbor." 

The  American  Red  Cross  has  played  a  leading 
part  in  alleviating  the  suffering  caused  by 
every  kind  of  catastrophe,  except  war,  during 
the  last  ten  years.  Even  in  war  it  has  done  its 
part,  especially  in  Turkey,  feeding  and  clothing 
the  noncombatants  when  the  Bulgarians  made 
their  spectacular  dash  at  Constantinople. 
From  the  plague  in  Manchuria  to  the  Triangle 
Building  fire  in  New  York,  the  American  Red 
Cross  met  the  emergency.  But  when  it  came 
to  general  European  warfare,  every  army  had 
worked  out  a  complete  Red  Cross  system. 

The  American  Red  Cross  did  not  jump 
directly  into  the  field  in  Europe  because  there 
was  no  place  for  it.  It  would  not  fit  in.  It 
could  be  useful  only  as  an  organization  handling 
and  forwarding  supplies.  Ikit  once  the  armies 
are  disorganized  or  the  initial  organization  is 
broken  up  by  defeat,  the  American  Red  Cross, 
or  any  body  of  foreign  nurses,  could  do  as  good 
work  as  the  nurses  of  the  country. 

At  present,  however,  the  Red  Cross  societies 
of  the  warring  nations,  with  the  same  sympathy 
;ind  heroism  that  prompted  Florence  Nightin- 
gale and  Clara  Barton,  and  with  modern 
organization  and  cITecliveness,  are  caring  for 
the  sick  and  wounded  on  the  stricken  fields 
of  Europe. 


THE  EFFECT  OF  THE  WAR  ON 
THE  UNITED  STATES 

AN    ERA    OF    HIGH    PRICHS  —  A    RISING    COST    OF     LI  VING  —  INTHRRU  PTHI)     IRADL 
AND    IMMIGRATION  —  BUT    ALSO    AN    OPPORTUNITY    TO   TAKE    THE    COM- 
MERCIAL  AND    FINANCIAL    LEADERSHIP    OF    THE    WORLD 

BY 

CHARLES  FREDERICK  CARTER 


LI  KE  the  rain,  the  penalties  of  a  great  war  fall 
alike  on  the  just  and  on  the  unjust.  Al- 
though the  United  States  is  innocent  of 
^  blame /or  the  present  conflict  (with  all  the 
parties  to  which  we  were,  and  still  con- 
tinue to  be,  on  terms  of  impartial  friendship)  the 
Nation  has  already  paid  a  heavy  toll  because  of 
the  war,  and  it  will  be  obliged  to  pay  an  increas- 
ingly heavy  one  as  time  goes  on. 

First  came  the  great  demand  for  gold  for 
export  and  an  endeavor  by  European  investors 
to  realize  on  American  securities  at  any  price, 
that  compelled  the  shutting  down  of  the  stock 
exchanges.  Financial  and  commercial  opera- 
tions on  a  large  scale  were  reduced  to  the  lowest 
limits  pending  the  taking  of  necessary  precau- 
tions against  total  demoralization.  Business 
everywhere  felt  the  shock  keenly. 

Foreign  trade  was  practically  brought  to  a 
standstill.  The  sea-borne  traffic  of  the  world  is 
carried  in  a  fleet  of  approximately  31,000  vessels 
having  an  aggregate  capacity  of  47,000,000 
gross  tons,  in  round  numbers,  of  which  Great 
Britain  owns  40  per  cent.,  Germany  11  percent., 
France  5  per  cent.,  and  the  rest  of  the  nations 
at  war  enough  to  bring  the  aggregate  to  nearly 
two-thirds  of  the  grand  total.  Barely  10  per 
cent,  of  our  foreign  commerce  is  carried  in 
American  ships,  and  on  the  north  Atlantic  we 
have  but  a  single  line  of  four  venerable  vessels. 
With  hostile  warships  scouring  the  seas,  the 
owners  of  commercial  craft  naturally  prefer  to 
keep  their  ships  in  some  safe  port.  This  ap- 
plies not  merely  to  the  north  Atlantic  trade, 
but  to  the  traflk  with  the  West  Indies,  South 
America,  Africa,  the  Far  East,  and  Australasia. 
Until  one  side  or  the  other  gains  the  mastery 
of  the  sea,  or  until  we  can  provide  ourselves, 
by  purchase,  with  a  merchant  marine,  under 
the  new  law,  the  embargo  on  commerce  must 
continue.  Some  of  the  finest  vessels  in  the 
trans-Atlantic  trade  were  built  with  the  aid  of 
governmental  subsidies  on  condition  that  they 
should  be  con\erted  to  military  use  in  case  of 
war.  These  will  not  be  available  for  commerce 
in  any  case  until  the  war  is  ended.  The  situa- 
tion may  at  any  time  be  further  complicated 
b>'  blockades,  so  that  the  acquisition  of  vessels 
of  our  own  would  not  help  us  out  altogether. 


The  embargo  on  shipping  and  the  dislocation 
of  the  exchange  market  caused  congestion  of 
wheat  at  the  ports,  which  reacted  upon  the 
railroads  and  thence  to  the  farmers  in  the  West. 
The  stevedores  and  kjngshoremen  were  the  first 
Americans  to  suffer  from  the  consequences  of 
the  war,  but  in  a  very  few  da\s  the  effects  had 
spread  over  all  the  country. 

A  still  more  serious  aspect  of  the  situation  is 
that  the  nations  at  war  are  our  best  customers. 
Of  our  total  exports,  amounting  in  191 3  to 
$2,465,884,149,  these  warring  nations  took 
$1,190,463,425,  sending  us  in  return  goods 
valued  at  $709,498,119.  In  other  words,  44 
per  cent,  of  all  our  foreign  trade  is  with  those 
nations  which  are  now  at  war.  Practically  the 
entire  able-bodied  male  population  in  all  these 
countries  has  been  withdrawn  from  industrial 
pursuits,  leaving  only  women,  children,  and 
old  men  to  do  whatever  useful  work  is  done. 
The  women  of  Europe  are  accustomed  to  doing 
much  of  the  drudgery,  because  even  in  time  of 
peace  all  able-bodied  young  men  are  compelled 
to  give  at  least  three  of  the  best  years  of  their 
life  to  the  arm\-;  but  there  is  a  limit  to  what  the 
women  can  do.  The  purchasing  power  of  these 
nations  has  already  been  reduced  to  the  lowest 
possible  figure,  and  it  will  continue  at  the 
minimum  for  a  long  period  afler  peace  has  been 
declared.  Our  trade  must  decline  because  there 
will  be  fewer  p'ople  with  whom  to  trade.  Some 
industries  will  doubtless  be  seriously  affected, 
others  to  a  lesser  decree,  but  thousands  will  be 
thrown  out  of  work,  while  the  cost  of  lixing 
increases,  and  the  Government,  deprived  of 
customs  duties,  may  be  obliged  to  levy  a  war 
tax,  which  will  make  things  still  more  uncom- 
fortable for  the  .American  citizen  who  has  no 
part  in  the  quarrel. 

Whatever  the  seventeen  million  men  \yho 
are  tr\ing  to  kill  each  other,  and  their  families 
ma\'  do  without,  at  least  the\'  must  have  food. 
It  happens  that  although  the  wheat  crop  of  the 
rest  of  the  world  is  short  about  438,000,000 
bushels,  or  14  per  cent.,  that  of  the  United 
States  shows  an  increase  of  I48,ooo,(M)o  bushels. 
The  corn  crop  is  187,000,000  bushels  larger 
than  a  \'ear  ago,  and  the  oat  crop  is  31,000,000 
bushels  larger.     The  total  increase  in  the  three 


114 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


great  cereals  over  last  year  is  366,000,000 
bushels.  This  surplus  we  shall  be  able  to  dis- 
pose of  at  prices  that  have  already  advanced 
materially  and  that  are  pretty  certain  to  go  still 
higher.  This  is  all  very  well  for  those  who  have 
grain  to  sell;  but,  unfortunately,  we  cannot  have 
one  price  for  foreign  customers  and  another  for 
the  home  market.  There  are  more  consumers 
than  producers  of  cereals,  so  the  great  majority 
will  find  nothing  agreeable  in  the  increased  cost 
of  grain  and  flour. 

There  is  another  consideration.  Though 
our  exports  of  foodstuffs  for  the  year  ending 
June  30,  1914,  totalled  $430,296,666,  we  im- 
ported $475,070,689  worth.  In  other  words, 
we  are  unable  to  feed  ourselves,  but  must  go 
out  into  the  world's  markets  and  make  up  the 
shortage  in  provisions  at  the  same  increased 
prices  that  others  pay. 

The  tariff  was  taken  off  sugar  for  the  benefit 
of  the  consumer.  But  an  important  part  of  the 
world's  supply  of  sugar  comes  from  beets  grown 
in  the  countries  now  at  war.  It  is  uncertain 
whether  the  present  crop  can  be  harvested  or 
not.  On  the  prospect  of  a  shortage  sugar  ad- 
vanced a  cent  a  pound  to  the  consumer  before 
the  war  was  a  week  old.  Meat,  butter,  eggs, 
cheese,  and  other  articles  of  food  also  promptly 
started  to  climb.  Steel  advanced  a  dollar  a  ton. 
Many  chemicals,  drugs,  and  innumerable  other 
manufactured  articles  come  almost  wholly  from 
the  war  zone.  The  opening  of  hostilities  promptly 
cut  off  the  supply.  As  it  is  extremely  uncertain 
when  this  source  of  supply  will  again  be  avail- 
able, or  when,  or  to  what  extent,  American 
manufacturers  will  be  in  a  position  to  supply 
the  demand,  the  consumer  may  confidently 
count  on  paying  fancy  prices  for  all  these  articles 
or  going  without  them. 

Germany  supplied  an  important  part  of  the 
fertilizers  used  on  American  farms.  If  this 
supply,  now  entirely  cut  off,  is  not  forthcoming 
when  needed,  the  result  may  be  a  decreased 
production  next  year  which  will  offset  any 
benefit  the  farmers  affected  may  gain  through 
increased  prices  for  their  crops. 

In  short,  there  is  no  lack  of  ways  in  which  to 
collect  from  America  the  penalty  for  Europe's 
crime.  The  penalty  has  cen  passed  along  to 
the  average  man  everywhere  in  the  form  of  a 
prompt  increase  in  the  cost  of  living,  with  the 
comforting  assurance  that  the  increase  is  likely 
to  go  on  indefinitely.  In  all  probability  there 
will  be  a  temporary  slowing  up  in  all  lines,  which 
will  make  dollars  scarcer  for  the  average  man 
at  the  same  time  that  the  purchasing  power  of 
the  dollar  is  shrinking. 

Another  very  serious  result  of  iht-  war  will  be 
to  shut  off  the  supply  of  foreign  capital.  Amer- 
ica has  always  been  a  heavy  borrower,  and  could 
continue  to  borrow  with  profit  to  herself.  The 
railroads  alone  need  billions  in  the  next  few 
years  if  they  are  to  be  developed  on  a  scale  that 
will  allow  the  country  to  grow.  But  after 
such  a  titanic  struggle  as  is  now  going  on  I" iiropc 
will  be  hopelessly  bankrupt.     No  mailLf  who 


wins  the  nominal  victory  all  the  nations  involved 
will  be  the  real  losers,  and  their  neighbors  will 
suffer  to  a  lesser  degree.  Countless  billions  in 
capital  and  property  will  be  destroyed  utterly, 
and  the  best  lives  of  the  countries  will  be  wiped 
out  by  scores  of  thousands.  It  is,  obviously, 
impossible  to  make  any  sort  of  guess  at  the 
number  of  lives  to  be  lost,  but  perhaps  past 
experience  may  serve  as  a  guide  in  appreciating 
the  awful  cost  in  blood.  The  Japanese  death 
rate  in  the  Russian-Japanese  war  on  the  battle- 
field, from  wounds  and  from  disease,  was  79 
per  thousand  per  >ear.  Assuming  that  the 
nominal  strength  of  all  the  nations,  amounting 
to  17,000,000  men,  is  actually  called  out,  and 
that  the  war  lasts  one  year,  the  death  roll  would 
total,  at  the  Japanese  rate,  1,343,000.  What- 
ever the  number  of  lives  cut  off  before  their 
time  may  be,  the  productive  power  and  pur- 
chasing capacity  of  the  nations  will  be  reduced 
b}'  just  that  much.  To  this  must  be  added  the 
productive  capacity  of  other  scores  of  thousands 
doomed  to  drag  out  the  rest  of  their  lives  as 
hopeless  cripples  or  invalids,  unable  to  take 
care  of  themselves,  to  say  nothing  of  caring  for 
others.  Finally,  the  birth  rate  will  be  reduced 
by  all  these  horrors,  so  that  altogether  the 
warring  nations  will  be  set  back  many  years  in 
the  march  of  progress.  Taking  all  these  things 
into  consideration,  it  must  be  conceded  that  our 
trade  with  Europe  is  not  likely  to  be  what  it 
has  been  for  some  time  to  come. 

All  this  is  but  the  climax  to  a  ruinous  drain 
that  had  continued  until  the  world  was  suffering 
from  a  famine  of  capital.  The  belligerents  had 
been  spending  upward  of  a  billion  dollars  a 
year  in  preparation  for  war,  which  was  the  best 
possible  way  to  make  war  inevitable.  This 
vast  expenditure  served  no  useful  purpose,  but, 
together  with  the  earning  capacity  of  four  mil- 
lion men  withdrawn  from  useful  labor  to  serve 
in  the  armies,  was  as  utterly  lost  as  if  it  had 
been  sunk  in  the  depths  of  the  ocean.  Besides 
this,  financiers  had  just  completed  the  task  of 
raising  considerably  more  than  a  billion  dollars 
to  foot  the  bill  for  the  wars  in  the  Balkans,  added 
to  which  England  was  still  paying  interest  on  a 
debt  of  more  than  a  billion  dollars  incurred  in 
the  Boer  War.  The  economic  convalescence 
of  the  nations  must  be  slow,  because  they  were 
financially  anemic  before  the  war  began. 

Still  there  is  a  streak  of  silver,  even  in  this 
sombre  cloud.  The  warring  millions  will  have 
to  be  fed  and  clothed  somehow.  At  whatever 
sacrifice,  they  will  have  to  raise  money  with 
which  to  buy  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  to  a 
'arge  extent  they  will  have  to  buy  from  us.  They 
must  find  some  means  of  getting  provisions 
across  the  sea.  if  they  ha\e  to  send  a  whole 
lleet  of  battleships  to  con\o\-  each  freighter. 
Also,  the  rest  of  the  world  must  turn  to  us  now 
for  the  manufactured  goods  formcrl)  purchased 
from  the  warring  nations.  A  little  more  than 
half  our  foreign  trade  last  >car  was  with  nations 
not  direcll)'  coiKernt'ii  in  tlu'  war.  There  is 
now  a  chance  for  us  to  obtain  the  Inilk  of  the 


CARING    FOR   THE   SOLDIER'S    HEALTH 


"5 


trade  Europe  formerly  enjoyed  with  these  na- 
.ions.  The  prompt  action  of  New  York  bankers 
in  establishing  a  sort  of  international  clearing 
house  to  offset  the  collapse  of  all  ordinary  foreign 
exchange  indicates  a  disposition  to  take  advan- 
tage of  the  opportunity. 

Indeed,  some  of  the  ablest  financiers  now 
assert  that  the  present  situation  is  this  Nation's 
great  opportunity  if  we  but  have  the  wisdom 
to  grasp  it.  We  can  become  the  leader  of  the 
world  in  industry,  commerce,  and  finance  if 
wejwill,  so  these  far-seeing  men  aver.  In  order 
to  do  this  wo  must  economize.  The  rich  have 
been  economizing  in  recent  jears,  but  the 
farmer  and  the  workingman  have  been  growing 
ever  more  profligate.  As  the  second  step 
toward  world  leadership  they  say  we  must  enact 
the  trust  bills  over  which  Congress  has  been 
deliberating  all  summer.  Everybody  knows 
there  are  underlying  evils  that  need  to  be  cured, 
and  which  these  bills  are  intended  to  cure. 
They  may  not  be  perfect  measures,  but  at  least 
they  make  a  beginning  and  they  can  be  improved 
later  as  experience  may  suggest. 

One  eflect  of  the  present  situation  will  be  to 
compel  us  to  linance  our  own  ventures,  since 


we  can  get  no  capital  from  Europe.  The 
bankers  say  we  can  do  it. 

Another  effect  of  the  war  will  be  to  cut  off 
immigration.  Naturally,  no  man  capable  of 
bearing  arms  will  be  allowed  to  leave  any  of  the 
nations  involved  while  hostilities  last.  After- 
ward they  will  be  even  more  urgentl)'  needed 
than  they  are  now.  This  will  not  be  a  serious 
drawback,  because  there  is  labor  enough  here 
now  to  meet  the  demand,  though  the  restriction 
of  cheap  labor  will  check  the  wasteful  develop- 
ment of  natural  rescjurces  and  compel  the  con- 
servation of  which  so  much  has  been  said,  but 
toward  which  so  little  has  been  done. 

Another  effect  will  be  to  compel  the  United 
States  to  provide  its  own  merchant  marine  so 
that  we  may  no  longer  be  dependent  on  foreign 
ship  owners  to  get  our  prf)ducts  to  market.  The 
Administration  has  already  perceived  this,  and 
has  begun  the  task  of  modernizing  our  archaic 
shipping  laws. 

Another  effect  which  will  inure  to  our 
benefit  is  that  we  will  be  compelled  to  man- 
ufacture our  own  cotton  instead  of  sending 
so  large  a  portion  of  it  abroad  to  be  man- 
ufactured. 


CARING  FOR  THE  SOLDIER'S  HEALTH 


REDUCING  THE  LOSS  FROM  SICKNESS  AND  WOUNDS —  BUSINESSLIKE  HUMANITY  — 

BURYING   140  MEN  AN  HOUR 


SOLDIERS  who  escape  death  on  the 
battlefield  in  the  great  conflict  now 
going  on  will  have  a  far  better  chance 
of  returning  home  alive  than  any 
soldiers  ever  had  before.  It  must 
be  remembered  that  in  all  previous  wars  the 
real  enemy  was  not  the  one  with  gun  in  hand 
under  the  opposing  flag,  but  disease,  which 
mowed  down  troops  on  both  sides  impartially. 
It  has  taken  the  world  a  long  time  to  grasp  so 
obvious  a  fact,  but  the  lesson  has  been 
thoroughly  learned  at  last,  and  it  has  been  ap- 
plied in  all  civilized  armies. 

Sick  soldiers  of  an  earlier  day  received  no  at- 
tention whatever.  If  the  wounded  received 
any  care  it  was  from  a  comrade  or  from  the 
women  who  followed  in  the  wake  of  the  army. 
Then  the  barber  became  the  army  surgeon, 
when  there  was  an\',  to  give  way  later  to  monks. 
Napoleon  paid  little  or  no  attention  to  sick  and 
wounded.  In  the  Peninsular  campaign  about 
do, 000  French  soldiers  were  killed  in  battle 
in  Spain,  and  about  400,000  died  of  disease. 
In  the  Russian  campaign  of  1812,  of  500,000 
who  crossed  the  Dneiper  in  June  scarcels'  20,000 
returned  in  December.  Bullets  killed  some,  to 
be  sure;  the  deadl\'  cold  claimed  others;  but 
the  great  majority  perished  of  disease.  The 
1813  campaign  after  Leipzig  was  no  less  dis- 


astrous. Of  an  army  of  100,000  that  left 
Leipzig  in  October  only  a  few  fragmentarx' 
battalions  followed  the  eagles  across  the  Rhine 
in  November.  The  total  ruin  of  this  armv  was 
due  to  sanitary  neglect.  Soldiers  died  of 
disease  by  thousands,  scattered  among  the 
villages  along  the  route  from  Germany,  leaving 
pestilence  in  their  wake. 

In  the  Crimean  campaign  230  out  of  each 
1,000  British  soldiers  died  annuall\-  of  txphoid 
fever,  dysenterx',  and  other  infectious  diseases. 

In  the  Franco-Prussian  War  in  1870-71,  the 
annual  death  rate  from  disease  among  French 
troops  was  140.8  per  thousand;  among  the  Ger- 
mans, 24.5. 

In  the  Boer  War,  lasting  two  \ears  and  eight 
months,  5,774  British  soldiers,  in  a  force  having 
an  average  strength  of  208,326,  were  killed  in 
battle,  and  2,108  died  of  wounds,  a  total  of 
7,882,  or  about  14  per  thousand  a  \ear.  Disease 
claimed  14,210,  or  25.!;8  per  thousand  a  \ear, 
which  was  almost  double  the  number  slain  b\' 
Boer  bullets.  The  total  death  rate  was  39  per 
thousand  a  year,  and  the  total  wastage,  in- 
cluding invalided,  missing,  and  prisoners, 
amounted  to  40  per  cent,  of  the  total  strength 
of  the  arm\'  annuall\'.  Nearly  3  per  cent,  of 
the  total  strength  was  constantly  sick. 

In  the  Russian-Japanese  Wan  which  lasted 
«  9 


ii6 


IHK  WURLU'S  WORK 


twenty  months,  the  number  of  Japanese  alone, 
in  killed  and  death  from  wounds,  averaged  54 
per  thousand  a  >ear.  Disease  claimed  27,142, 
or  25  per  thousand  a  \ear,  a  showing  no  better 
than  that  made  by  the  Germans  in  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war. 

The  foregoing  figures  serve  to  give  an  idea 
of  the  magnitude,  as  well  as  of  the  character, 
of  the  task  confronting  the  medical  staff  of  the 
modern  army.  All  the  world  seems  to  have 
realized  after  the  Russian-Japanese  War  the  ab- 
solute necessitx'  of  caring  for  the  health  of 
troops  in  the  field.  Soldiers  are  no  longer  re- 
garded merely  as  "food  for  cannon,"  but  as 
valuable  property  belonging  to  the  State,  which 
it  is  good  business  polic\"  to  care  for  with  at 
least  as  much  pains  as  are  bestowed  on  other  war 
material. 

In  the  last  ten  \ears  the  medical  staff  of  every 
army  has  been  completely  reorganized  and 
brought  up  to  date.  In  every  language  elaborate 
treatises  have  been  written  on  the  proper 
methods  for  preserving  the  health  of  troops  and 
for  taking  care  of  the  wounded  with  a  view  to 
returning  them  to  the  ranks  as  soon  as  possible. 
Text  books  containing  "problems"  are  prepared 
for  the  \'oung  military  surgeon  who  aspires  to 
promotion,  so  that  he  may  become  skilled  in  the 
art  of  providing  for  large  numbers  of  wounded 
under  various  difficult  conditions,  on  paper  at 
least.  The  most  minute  studies  have  been 
made  of  every  detail  in  the  daily  life  of  the 
soldier  in  barracks,  on  the  march,  in  battle,  and 
after  he  has  been  wounded. 

The  first  department  of  the  army  with  which 
the  prospective  soldier  comes  in  contact  is  the 
medical  staff,  which  examines  all  applicants 
for  enlistment  and  decides  whether  they  shall 
be  accepted  or  rejected.  In  England,  the  onl\' 
country  now  at  war  in  which  military  service 
is  voluntary,  the  physical  examination  is  rigid 
and  the  percentage  of  rejections  is  high.  Even 
in  those  countries  in  which  military  service  is 
compulsory  and  universal  the  unfit  are  excluded 
from  the  ranks.  The  volunteer,  or  the  unwill- 
ing \'outh  who  reports  for  his  compulsory  tour 
of  military  duty,  who  is  accepted  as  a  recruit  is 
never  thereafter  free  from  the  watchful  care  of 
the  medical  department  until  he  is  discharged 
or  dies  and  is  buried  under  the  direction  of  that 
department. 

The  medical  stafT  prescribes,  or  at  least  modi- 
fies, the  exercises  and  setting-up  drill  for  the 
raw  recruit  to  make  sure  that  he  is  not  over- 
worked; for  in  Europe  the  \oung  recruit  is 
likely  to  have  been  underfed.  The  medical  depart- 
ment makes  a  point  of  feeding  up  these  weak- 
lings while  it  begins  their  physical  educatit)n. 
Hygiene  is  now  all-important  in  the  militar\' 
world,  for  the  fact  is  recognized  that  it  is  much 
cheaper  to  keep  the  soldier  well  than  to  cure 
him  after  he  becomes  ill.  Besides,  the  com- 
mander wants  a  fighting  force,  not  a  hospital 
population. 

Thanks  to  vaccination,  t\phoid  fever  is  be- 
coming a  negligible  clement  in  the  military  or- 


ganization. The  United  States  army  leads  the 
world  in  the  extent  to  which  this  preventive  is 
used,  and  France  is  foremost  in  this  regard 
among  European  nations.  Owing  to  the  great 
numbers  in  continental  armies,  t\'phoid  vacci- 
nation is  proportionately  less  used  than  in  this 
countr}';  but  American  military  surgeons  pre- 
dict that  if  the  war  is  prolonged  all  the  troops 
will  be  inoculated  against  their  deadliest  foe. 
Vaccination  against  smallpox  is  practically 
universal.  Besides  these  there  are  numerous 
infectious  diseases  for  which  vaccine  therapy 
has,  as  >'et,  pro\ided  no  remedy;  and  these 
cause  the  army  medical  officer  no  end  of  trouble. 
Soldiers  seem  prone  to  mumps,  measles, 
and  kindred  ailments,  which  run  through  a 
camp  or  a  garrison  as  through  a  boarding 
school. 

The  medical  staff  is  consulted  about  the 
soldier's  clothing,  and  especially  about  his 
shoes;  for  if  these  are  not  properly  made  he  be- 
comes footsore  on  the  march.  England,  like  the 
United  States,  provides  socks  for  her  soldiers; 
but  troops  on  the  Continent,  if  they  want  such 
luxuries,  must  buy  them  themselves.  Ger- 
many, by  unanimous  consent,  is  conceded  to 
provide  worse  boots  for  her  troops  than  any 
other  nation,  though  improved  footwear  has 
recentl)^  been  adopted. 

Extraordinary  care  has  been  bestowed  upon 
the  soldier's  ration.  Since  the  work  men  and 
steam  engines  can  do  depends  upon  the  amount 
and  quality  of  fuel  fed  to  them,  the  continental 
soldier  is  nourished  as  carefully  as  a  locomotive 
is  stoked  by  an  expert  fireman.  The  army  medi- 
cal staff  of  each  nation  has  made  exhaustive 
experimental  studies  in  order  to  arrive  at  the 
proper  quantity  of  food  required  by  the  average 
individual  to  do  the  average  day's  work  for  a 
soldier.  This  amount  is  measured  in  calories, 
which  is  the  standard  heat  unit  used  by  phy- 
sicists, a  calorie  being  the  amount  of  heat  re- 
quired to  raise  the  temperature  of  a  kilogram  of 
water  from  zero  to  one  degree  Centigrade. 

The  Russian  soldier  either  requires  more  food 
than  other  men,  or  else  he  is  blessed  with  a  more 
liberal  government,  for  his  daily  field  ration 
amounts  to  4,929  calories.  The  French  soldier 
is  the  next  best  fed,  his  daily  field  service  ration 
providing  him  3,340  calories.  England  ranks 
third  with  a  field  ration  of  3,292  calories,  and 
the  Dual  Alliance  is  at  the  bottom  of  the  list,  the 
German  ration  being  3.147  calories,  and  the 
Austrian  only  2,620  calories,  or  but  little  more 
than  half  the  Russian  ration.  From  the  military 
surgeon's  point  of  view  this  inferiority  in  rations 
bodes  no  good  to  the  Dual  Alliance. 

The  British  ration  is  not  much  different  from 
that  of  the  American  soldier,  consisting  of  a 
pound  of  bread  and  three  quarters  of  a  pound 
of  fresh  meat  with  bone,  or  seventeen  ounces  of 
preserved  meat  when  in  camp  or  abroad.  In 
addition  to  these  staples,  he  is  allowed  a  mess-' 
ing  allowance  of  twelve  cents  a  day  with  which 
If)  i^urchase  vegetables  and  the  like.  For  service 
in   the  fickl,   the   1  lench   and  (jermans  use  to 


CARING    FOR   THE   SOLDIER'S   HEALTH 


117 


some  extent  tinned  meats  put  up  with  vegetables 
and  consomme.  In  some  of  their  African  cam- 
paigns the  Germans  found  that  contractors, 
with  a  view  to  economy,  had  filled  the  tins 
chiedy  with  water;  so  now  the  Government 
puts  up  its  own  tinned  meats  for  army  use. 

Food  may  contain  proteins  and  carbo- 
hydrates in  the  proper  proportions  and  be  in 
good  condition,  yet  so  unappetizing  as  to  cause 
aversion,  or  even  loathing;  so  the  army  medical 
officer  must  see  that  the  troops  have  the  proper 
condiments  to  season  their  food  and  that  it  is 
well  cooked.  For  this  purpose  they  visit  the 
men  at  meal  time.  Only  last  year  the  sanitary 
chief  of  the  French  Army  reported  that  the  food 
of  the  soldier  had  been  most  carefully  considered 
and  regulated  with  proper  regard  to  obtaining 
the  highest  cfliciency  from  the  individual  fed 
on  a  scientific  diet.  Since  1905,  when  the  doc- 
tors recommended  a  better  cooked  and  more 
varied  diet,  a  system  of  instruction  in  cookery 
had  been  introduced  in  the  army  with  gratifying 
results.  One  of  the  results  is  a  death  rate  in 
time  of  peace  of  onI>'  3.75  per  thousand  as  com- 
pared with  a  fraction  more  than  20  for  the 
nation,  and  8  per  thousand  for  the  civilian  popu- 
lation between  the  ages  of  20  and  22. 

The  motor  omnibuses,  familiar  to  visitors  to 
Paris,  are  now  being  used,  with  wire  screens  re- 
placing the  windows,  to  convey  fresh  meat  to 
the  French  troops  in  the  field.  One  of  these 
vehicles  can  haul  a  load  of  two  and  a  half  tons 
of  frozen  beef  imported  from  Argentina,  or 
fresh  killed  beef  from  the  herd,  about  forty 
miles  back  from  the  front. 

To  wash  down  his  carefully  measured  dose  of 
proteins  and  carbo-hydrates  the  English  soldier 
is  allowed  twenty-two  hundredths  of  an  ounce 
of  tea  daily.  On  the  Continent  the  average 
soldier  prefers  coffee.  The  French  soldier  is 
pro\ided  with  a  coffee  mill;  but  the  Germans, 
at  least  in  some  of  their  African  campaigns,  had 
to  use  the  butts  of  their  rifles,  which  proved  to 
be  a  very  poor  substitute  for  a  cofTee  mill. 

From  the  military  surgeon's  point  of  view, 
water  is  e\en  more  important  to  the  soldier  than 
food.  The  classic  example  illustrating  the  con- 
sequences of  a  hard  march  without  water  is 
Napier's  description  of  the  march  after  Sauro- 
ren,  when  "many  fell  and  died  con\'ulsed  and 
frothing  at  the  mouth,  while  others  whose 
spirit  and  strength  had  never  before  been 
quelled  leant  on  their  muskets  and  muttered  in 
sullen  tones  that  they  )  ielded  for  the  first 
time." 

It  is  an  axiom  aniong  mountain  climbers  that 
"the  more  \ou  orink  the  farther  \ou  go."  The 
soldier  is  not  allowed  to  drink  whenexer  he 
pleases.  On  the  contrary  the  medical  staff  in- 
sists that  water  discipline  is  as  essential  as  firing 
discipline.  They  say  a  man  is  not  allowed  to 
expend  a  single  round  of  ammunition  without 
authorit\-,  and  that  he  should  not  be  allowed  a 
-Irop  of  water  without  specific  permission  while 
nn  the  march.  Indeed,  in  some  native  regiments 
in  India,  the  water  bottle  is  carried  so  its  owner 


cannot  reach  it  while  marching.  He  can  get  a 
drink  only  when  halted  for  that  purpose. 

The  time  for  drinking  and  the  quantity  to  be 
allowed  have  been  carefully  calculated  on  a 
scientific  basis.  It  has  been  found  that  the 
evaporation  of  two  grams  of  water  abstracts 
one  calorie  from  the  body  and  that  the  average 
expenditure  of  energy  per  man  in  marching  is 
90  calories  per  mile,  which  is  equivalent  to  the 
evaporation  of  180  grams  of  water.  In  six  miles 
the  evaporation  amounts  to  one  litre,  or  ij 
pints,  or,  say,  one-fortieth  of  the  water  in  the 
body,  which  is  about  as  much  as  should  be  lost 
without  replacing,  if  full  vigor  is  to  be  main- 
tained. But  as  it  takes  a  march  of  about  three 
fourths  of  a  mile  to  raise  the  temperature  to  the 
evaporating  point,  the  military  surgeon  cal- 
culates that  the  men  should  be  halted  after 
marching  the  first  seven  miles,  when  they  should 
be  allowed  the  contents  of  their  water  bottles, 
which  hold  one  litre.  After  that  they  should  be 
allowed  one  litre  every  six  miles.  In  the  Ger- 
man Army  during  manoeuvres  mounted  officers, 
or  orderlies  on  bicycles,  are  sent  ahead  of  a 
marching  column  to  warn  the  inhabitants  of 
villages  to  turn  out  and  have  water  ready. on 
both  sides  of  the  road  for  the  troops.  If  pos- 
sible a  short  halt  is  made  while  the  men  refresh 
themselves;  if  time  presses  they  must  snatch 
a  drink  as  the\'  pass  and  if  they  can  manage  it, 
they  also  fill  their  water  bottles. 

The  medical  staff"  is  keenly  interested  in  the 
equipment  the  soldier  carries  and  the  manner 
of  its  adjustment;  for  every  pound  added  to  his 
load  means  the  expenditure  of  energy  at  the 
rate  of  4.5  small  calories  a  minute,  and  an  awk- 
wardly placed  load  ma\'  interfere  with  his 
breathing,  ur  do  some  other  mischief. 

Foreign  v/riters  pay  the  American  army  the 
compliment  of  sa\ing  that  it  has  the  best  se- 
lected and  best  managed  equipment  in  the 
world.  Something  appears  to  be  wrong  with 
all  other  equipment  and  the  way  it  is  carried, 
according  to  medical  writers  on  the  subject. 

Here  is  what  every  soldier  must  carry  about 
with  him  all  the  time  while  in  the  field:  a  rifle, 
weighing  about  9  pounds,  with  ba\onet,  cleaning 
materials  for  keeping  his  gun  in  order,  ammuni- 
tion, and  an  entrenching  tool;  his  clothing,  in- 
cluding coat,  trousers,  puttees,  boots,  neckcloth, 
handkerchief,  a  change  of  underwear,  identi- 
fication disk,  and  first-aid  dressing;  food,  in- 
cluding one  reserve  or  emergency  ration,  or,  in 
the  case  of  the  Germans  and  Austrians,  two  re- 
serve rations,  and  in  the  case  of  the  Russians 
two  and  a  half;  water  bottle,  mess  tin,  knife, 
fork  and  spoon,  though  the  Russians  carry 
merel\'  a  wooden  spoon  stuck  in  the  boot  in  lieu 
of  these  refinements;  accoutrements,  including 
knapsack,  belt,  and  braces;  a  great  coat,  and 
half  a  shelter  tent,  4x6  feet  which,  upon  being 
buttoned  or  hooked  to  another  half  carried  by 
another  man,  forms  a  shelter  for  the  two;  per- 
sonal necessaries,  including  toilet  articles  and 
spare  linen.  In  the  case  of  the  British  soldier 
tliis  totals  47  pounds;    in  the  case  of  '.he  Ger- 


ii8 


IHH    WORLD'S  WORK 


mans,  38  pounds,  and  the  PVench,  44  pounds. 
These  lighter  weights  are  due  to  the  fact  that 
the  P'rench  and  Germans  carry  fewer  rounds  of 
ammunition  than  the  British  soldier,  who  never 
has  less  than  150  rounds.  The  Russian  soldier 
has  the  heaviest  load  of  all  to  carry,  61  pounds; 
or,  when  he  sets  out  with  four  da\s'  rations  and 
extra  ammunition,  72  pounds. 

The  medical  department  also  prescribes  rules 
for  the  sanitation  of  the  camp,  disposal  of  waste 
material,  and  sees  that  public  as  well  as  personal 
cleanliness  is  enforced. 

Though  it  finds  its  sphere  of  greatest  useful- 
ness in  maintaining  the  troops  at  the  maximum 
of  physical  efficiency,  thereby  contributing 
directly  to  their  fighting  eftectiveness,  the 
medical  department  has  a  second  important 
function,  and  that  is  to  relieve  the  field  force  of 
the  incumbrance  of  sick  and  wounded.  In  this 
work  the  authority  of  the  medical  director,  or 
chief  surgeon,  is  supreme.  In  time  of  peace  the 
medical  department  has  constantly  under  its 
care  from  3  to  4  per  cent,  of  the  entire  force;  in 
war,  more  than  twice  this  proportion.  The  de- 
partment must  provide  ever\thing  required  for 
the  well-being  of  the  men,  their  medical  and  sur- 
gical treatment,  food,  clothing,  and  transporta- 
tion, from  the  time  they  fall  out  of  the  ranks  till 
they  return. 

Every  soldier  carries,  in  a  sealed  tin  box,  a 
first-aid  packet,  consisting  of  a  bandage,  gauze, 
and  adhesive  plaster.  If  the  wound  is  but  slight 
and  in  an  accessible  place  the  soldier  may  apply 
the  dressing  himself;  if  more  severe,  a  comrade 
ma>'  appl\'  it  for  him.  The  importance  of  this 
first-aid  may  be  better  understood  when  it  is 
said  that  infection  is  the  most  frequent  cause  of 
death  from  wounds  not  immediately  fatal.  This 
first-aid  serves  the  double  purpose  of  preventing 
infection  to  a  large  extent  and  of  checking 
hemorrhage,  which  ranks  third  in  causes  of 
death  from  wounds,  shock  being  second.  Mili- 
tary surgeons  say  that  the  great  majority  would 
recover  from  gun  shot  wounds  if  infection  could 
be  prevented.  The  fate  of  the  wounded  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  man  who  applies  first  aid. 

The  wounded  soldier,  with  or  without  first- 
aid  dressing,  passes  back  to  the  rear  by  way  of 
dressing  stations  beside  an  ambulance  in  a  spot 
that  is  more  or  less  sheltered  from  hostile  fire  to 
the  field  hospital.  As  soon  as  he  can  stand 
transportation,  he  is  passed  on  to  the  general 
hospital,  and  thence  in  due  time  to  the  convales- 
cent camp  to  recuperate.  A  large  proportion  of 
the  wounded  require  transportation  by  litter 
and  ambulance  to  the  field  hospital,  which  is 
located  as  near  the  firing  line  as  prudence  will 
permit. 

Though  the  medical  staff  of  no  two  nations  is 
identical,  it  may  he  said,  in  a  general  way,  that 
equipment  is  provided  on  the  theory  that  10 
per  cent,  of  a  division  will  be  killed  or  wounded 
in  a  single  battle.  If  the  number  engaged  is 
l8,cxx),  20  per  cent.,  or  3,600  will  be  dead  on  the 
field;  8  per  cent.,  or  1,440,  will  be  so  Severely 
wounded   that    it   will    be   inadvisable   to  mo\e 


them;  40  per  cent.,  or  7,200,  will  be  able  to 
walk,  one  half  of  them  to  the  station  for  the 
slightl\-  wounded  at  the  rear,  the  rest  to  the 
dressing  station,  and  32  per  cent,  will  require 
transportation.  In  recent  wars  the  mortality 
among  the  wounded  collected  and  transported 
to  the  rear  has  averaged  from  3  to  6  per  cent. 
In  the  Manchurian  campaign,  one  third  of  the 
wounded  Japanese  returned  to  the  ranks  within 
a  month. 

In  deciding  on  his  arrangements  for  a  battle, 
the  chief  surgeon  bears  in  mind  that  the  wounded 
will  be  distributed  in  "zones  of  losses."  The 
usual  proportion  of  wounded  is  20  per  cent,  up 
to  1,000  yards  range;  from  1,000  to  400  yards 
range,  60  per  cent.;  in  the  final  rush  10  per  cent  ; 
in  pursuit,  10  per  cent.  The  field  hospital  is 
not  pitched  till  the  tactical  situation  develops 
and  the  point  where  the  main  attack  is  to  be 
made  is  known.  Then  a  site  is  chosen  bc\ond 
range  of  the  enemy's  fire,  accessible  to  front  and 
rear  by  road,  \'et  off  the  route  of  march  of  ad- 
vancing troops,  convenient  to  wood  and  water 
and,  if  possible,  near  buildings  which  may  be 
used  for  the  overflow  of  wounded,  for,  of  course, 
casualties  in  battle  are  not  limited  by  rule,  and 
the  facilities  provided  may  be  overwhelmed. 
Conditions  on  the  battlefield  are  all  unfavorable 
for  clean  surgical  work,  and  it  is  often  impos- 
sible to  reach  many  of  the  wounded  for  hours. 
The  results  achieved  by  modern  military  sur- 
geons under  the  difficulties  inherent  in  their 
work  seem  little  less  than  miraculous. 

A  pleasant  fiction  widely  credited  is  that  men 
have  been  studying  for  years  to  make  war  more 
humane — ^  as  if  war  could  be  humane!  For 
example,  one  of  these  "humane"  devices  is  the 
small  bullet  at  high  velocity.  Stories  are  told 
of  men  who,  after  being  shot  through  the  chest 
or  head  with  a  modern  bullet,  about  the  dia- 
meter of  an  ordinary  lead  pencil,  have  walked 
long  distances  to  the  dressing  station  and  have 
then  recovered  in  a  miraculously  short  time. 

Military  surgeons  who  have  seen  actual  ser- 
vice tell  a  different  tale.  It  is  true  that  really 
slight  wounds  made  by  modern  bullets  heal 
more  quickl\'  and  thoroughl\'  than  in  former 
days.  But  severe  wounds  are  no  less  severe  and 
much  more  frequent. 

The  Germans  use  a  steel-jacketed  bullet  with 
a  core  of  lead  hardened  with  antimony.  The 
steel  jacket  frequently  comes  olT  in  jagged  frag- 
ments which  horribly  lacerate  the  llesh. 

The  French  bullet,  a  mixture  of  copper  and 
zinc,  is  not  jacketed,  but  is  longer  and  sharper 
than  the  German  bullet.  Bent  by  ricochelting, 
it  often  enters  the  body  as  a  hook;  sometimes  it 
"tumbles"  and  enters  broadside  on,  making  a 
long,  gaping  wound.  Up  to  a  range  of  about 
eight  hundred  yards  one  horror  is  as  bad  as  the 
other.  These  "humane"  bullets  have  three 
general  cftects:  up  to  a  range  of  500  yards  they 
have  an  explosive  eff'ect,  splintering  the  bone  so 
thoroughly  as  to  explain  the  frequent  accusa- 
tion that  explosive  bullets  have  been  used;  at 
ranges  of  500  to  1,500  yards  the  ell'ect  is  cum- 


A   CHANCE    FOR   AMERICAN    SHIPPING 


119 


minutivc,  grinding  the  bone  to  powder,  and 
not  infrequcntl>'  earning  with  it  into  the  wound 
fragments  of  soiled  clothing,  thus  causing  gan- 
grene. The  third  effect  is  contusive.  A  bullet 
fired  into  an  empty  metal  vessel  enters  and 
leaves  by  a  small  hole.  Fill  the  vessel  with 
water,  and  the  bullet  will  still  enter  by  a  small 
hole,  but  will  make  a  large,  jagged  wound  in 
leaving.  The  bullet  has  exactly  the  same  effect 
on  the  body  or  the  head.  In  any  case  the  bullet 
st.ikes  a  heavy  blow  as  with  a  club. 

Modern  bullets  are  "humane"  only  when 
compared  with  the  effects  of  shells,  and  it  must 
be  remembered  that  a  far  greater  proportion 
of  casualties  are  due  to  shells  than  ever  before. 
In  the  Franco-Prussian  War,  shell  wounds  were 
91  per  thousand;  in  the  Manchurian  campaign 
the  ratio  had  increased  to  176  per  thousand, 
and  in  the  Balkan  War  of  1912  the  proportion 
was  ^64  per  thousand.  The  Russians  in  Man- 
churia called  shrapnel  "the  devil's  watering- 
pots."  When  they  burst  they  scatter  hundreds 
of  round  bullets  as  well  as  fragments  of  the  shell 
itself.  They  are  most  deadlv  within  a  radius  of 
ten  to  thirty  yards,  but  even  at  a  hundred  yards 


the  "dewdrops"  are  lively  enough  to  penetrate 
six  inches  of  pine.  The  common  shell  is  still 
more  terrible.  1  he  fragments,  heated  to  a  very 
high  temperature  by  the  explosion,  burn  the 
flesh  so  as  to  compel  cries  of  agony  that  only 
morphine  can  quiet.  The  large  shells  of  the  navy 
not  only  cut  like  razors,  but  asphyxiate,  amputate 
portions  of  the  body,  and  crush.  Altogether,  the 
experienced  military  surgeon  is  not  unduly  im- 
pressed with  the  "humane"  aspects  of  war. 

The  last  service  rendered  to  the  soldier  by 
the  medical  department  is  to  see  that  he  is 
promptly  buried  after  the  battle;  for  as,  he 
has  now  become  rubbish,  or  waste  matter,  his 
disposal  is  properly  a  part  of  the  sanitar\-  work 
of  the  medical  staff.  The  widow  and  orphans, 
waiting  at  home  until  anxiety  deepens  into  dread, 
and  dread  into  despair,  may  be  able  to  form 
some  estimate  of  the  rexerent  care  with  which 
this  last  rite  is  performed  for  their  loved  one, 
"humanely"  killed  by  modern  methods,  when 
they  know  that  the  chief  surgeon,  according  to 
the  standard  authors,  counts  on  a  burial  squad 
of  five  hundred  men  disposing  of  140  bodies  an 
hour,  after  the  bodies  have  been  collected. 


A  CHANCE  FOR  AMERICAN  SHIPPING 

POSSIBILITY   THAT   THE    UNITED    STATES    MAY    CAPTURE    SOME    OF    THE    GERMAN 

CARRYING  TRADE  —  ENGLAND  LIKELY  TO  HOLD  HER  OWN  —  CONTROL 

OF     THE     SEA     THE     DETERMINING    FACTOR 


BY 


SYLVESTER  THOMPSON 


M 


ANY  .Americans  have  found  one 
pious  hope  in  the  present  European 
struggle:  that  it  might  stimulate 
the  long  deferred  building  of  an 
American  merchant  marine.  Ap- 
parently American  enterprise  has  here  a  fairer 
opportunity  than  millions  spent  in  subsidies 
could  provide.  The  great  carrying  nations 
no  longer  sweep  the  seas.  There  are  just  about 
as  many  cargoes,  however,  to  be  carried;  why 
should  we  not  carry  them?  —  carry  them  not 
only  for  the  few  months  the  war  will  probably 
last,  but  for  all  time?  The  United  States 
apparently  occupies  the  position  of  a  com- 
mercial house  whose  chief  rivals  have  suffered 
re\erses  that  amount  to  a  practical  suspension; 
ordinary  business  sense  would  spur  us  to  take 
over  their  business.  Not  only  our  business 
enterprise,  but  our  position  as  a  shipping  coun- 
try, should  lead  us  to  do  this.  The  American 
who  first  glances  at  the  figures  of  the  world's 
shipping  has  something  of  a  shocked  surprise. 
He  has  heard  so  much  about  America's  decline 
on  the  sea  —  about  the  possibility  of  sailing 
around  the  world  and  never  seeing  the  American 


flag  at  a  masthead  —  that  he  naturall\'  regards 
himself  as  belonging  to  a  nation  of  landlubbers. 
In  fact  we  are  the  second  largest  shipping 
nation  in  the  world:  England  ranks  first,  and 
Germany  makes  not  a  particularl)'  respectable 
third.  'Fhe  actual  figures  are  16,541,000  tons 
for  England,  7,886,000  for  the  United  States 
and  4,593,000  for  Germany.  But  the  disturb- 
ing fact  about  our  large  shipping  industrx'  is 
that  it  limits  practicall)'  all  its  activities  to  the 
Great  Lakes  and  our  two  great  coast  lines. 
Nearly  all  English  and  German  shipping  goes 
over  seas;  nearly  all  of  ours  stays  at  home. 
Our  shipping,  therefore,  helps  us  out  little  in 
the  present  crisis.  Possiblx'  a  few  of  these  lake 
and  coast  \essels  might  be  transferred  tem- 
porarily to  the  transatlantic  lanes;  for  the 
most  part,  however,  they  have  plenty  of  em- 
plo\ment  in  their  accustomed  waters.  Shipping 
them  to  the  high  seas  would  cause  a  complete 
disorganization  of  coast  and  lake  commerce; 
demoralize  it  as  completely  as  the  present 
ocean  Watfic  is  demoralized. 

.•\merican  maritime  hislor\'  discloses  a  series 
of  ups  and  downs;  accidental  causes  at  times 


I20 


'IHE  WORLD'S  WORK 


have  built  up  our  mercantile  marine,  at  other 
times  have  destroyed  it.  We  were  not  much 
of  a  sea-faring  people  in  colonial  times;  the 
polic\'  of  Britain  always  aimed  at  keeping  this 
valuable  business  in  the  hands  of  Englishmen. 
But  national  independence  swept  aside  all 
these  antiquated  navigation  laws.  The  year 
1790  saw  the  >oung  United  States  with  prac- 
ticallv  no  mercantile  marine;  Englishmen  were 
then  our  carriers,  just  the  same  as  they  are  now. 
The  first  year  of  the  century  witnessed  a  change; 
we  were  then  carrjing  80  per  cent,  of  our  own 
products  in  American  bottoms.  By  181  o  we 
were  carrying  go  per  cent.;  a  few  years  after- 
ward we  were  carrying  not  only  our  own,  but  a 
considerable  part  of  the  world's.  And  then 
followed  one  of  the  most  splendid  periods  in 
American  commercial  history.  As  a  maritime 
nation  .America  led  the  world;  we  held  the 
position  as  a  carrier  that  England  does  now. 
What  had  caused  the  sudden  rise  of  America 
as  a  great  maritime  power?  This  question  has 
the  utmost  interest  in  view  of  the  present  situ- 
ation. For  the  conditions  that  faced  Europe 
in  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  century 
strongly  resemble  those  which  face  it  now.  It 
was  the  era  of  the  Napoleonic  wars.  These 
struggles  had  one  effect,  practically  identical 
with  that  we  are  witnessing  to-day  —  the  utter 
demoralization  of  European  commerce.  Eng- 
land and  France  were  constantly  preying  upon 
each  other's  mercantile  marine,  the  result  being 
that  the  ships  of  both  nations  no  longer  felt 
secure  upon  the  high  seas.  Both,  as  great 
maritime  people,  suffered  a  tremendous  de- 
cline. Herein  was  America's  opportunity, 
and  splendidly  she  seized  it.  As  a  consequence 
—  and  here  is  another  point  that  has  a  present 
practical  application  ■-  we  retained  this  sea 
supremacy  after  the  Napoleonic  era  closed. 
The  years  from  1830  until  about  1855  repre- 
sented the  greatest  glory  of  the  American 
merchant  marine.  By  the  time  the  civil  war 
started,  however,  the  decline  had  set  in;  b>' 
the  time  the  war  was  ended,  the  greatness  of 
our  shipping,  although  the  famous  American 
clippers  still  sailed  the  seven  seas,  had  disap- 
peared. Authorities  differ  as  to  the  cause  of 
this  change.  A  considerable  number  attribute 
to  the  civil  war  itself.  The  fact  is,  how- 
ever, that  our  shipping  had  begun  to  de- 
cline several  years  before  the  civil  war.  By 
1855,  as  already  said,  its  greatness  was  a 
matter  of  history.  A  new  material  found 
use  in  the  construction  of  vessels  —  iron.  When 
this  substance  supplanted  wood  in  ship  building 
the  knell  sounded  for  the  American  merchant 
marine.  There  was  then  practically  no  Ameri- 
can iron  or  steel  industry,  England,  on  the 
other  hand,  had  greatly  developed  its  iron 
resources.  There  was  only  one  way,  in  those 
days,  in  which  we  could  still  maintain  a  stand- 
ing at  sea;  that  was  by  purchasing  the  new 
langled  ships  in  I!unjpe,  mainh  in  England. 
But  this  ihe  law  forbade.  No  ship  that  \v;is 
not  constructed  in  the  United  Stales  could  lly 


the  stars  and  stripes.  However,  this  idea,  ana 
the  many  others  used  to  explain  the  disappear- 
ance of  American  foreign  shipping,  are  now 
purel\'  academic.  The  one  fact  is  that,  al- 
though Americans  have  built  up  a  large  mer- 
cantile marine  in  their  own  waters,  they  have 
practically  none  on  the  high  seas.  We  annually 
pay  about  $200,000,000  to  foreign  nations  for 
the  transportation  of  our  products. 

It  is  not  surprising,  therefore,  that  many 
should  see  in  the  present  European  conflict  a 
chance  to  regain  our  marine  suprem.acy.  Wc 
did  this  when  Europe  was  convulsed  with  tl.e 
Napoleonic  struggle;  why  should  we  not  repeal 
the  performance  now? 

One  or  two  considerations  at  once  come  to 
mind  that  apparently  discourage  such  an 
enterprise.  The  Napoleonic  wars,  for  example, 
lasted  a  long  time  —  about  fifteen  years.  This 
is  long  enough  to  permit  pretty  radical  and 
permanent  readjustments.  It  gi\es  plenty  of 
time  for  the  creation  of  a  mercantile  marine, 
and  for  the  establishment  of  new  trade  rela- 
tions. The  present  large  shipping  interest  of 
Germany  is  little  more  than  a  matter  of  twenty- 
five  years;  a  generation  ago  Germany  had  to 
go  to  England  for  her  warships.  No  one  be- 
lieves, however,  that  the  present  conflagration 
will  last  fifteen  years,  or  anywhere  near  that 
long;  if  it  lasts  fifteen  months,  most  observe;-s 
will  be  surprised.  The  creation  of  an  inde- 
pendently constructed  American  marine  lleet, 
therefore,  is  not  likely.  Before  we  could 
actually  launch  any  new  ships,  the  war  would 
be  ended.  One  fact,  therefore,  is  at  once  ap- 
parent. The  commerce  of  the  world  has  got 
to  use  such  shipping  facilities  as  it  now  possesses. 
About  15,000  ships  now  furnish  the  world's 
marine  transportation.  These  ships  will  con- 
trive to  do  so  throughout  the  war,  and  probably 
for  some  time  afterward.  They  may  change 
their  flags  or  their  ownership;  if  they  arc  kept 
off  the  high  seas,  however,  the  business  of  man- 
kind will  largely  stop  and  many  millions  of 
people  will  starve  to  death.  One  can  imagine 
what  would  happen  to  the  United  States  if  all 
our  railroads  stopped  running.  That  is  pre- 
cisely what  is  happening  now,  so  far  as  maritime 
commerce  is  concerned.  Forces  are  already 
at  work  to  put  an  end  to  this  paral\sis;  and 
these  efforts  must  succeed. 

An  analysis  of  foreign  shipping  by  nation- 
ality will  simplify  the  situation.  Take,  for 
example,  American  exports  last  year,  and  the 
nations  that  carried  them.     We  find  that 

60  per  cent,  were  shipped  in  British  vessels 
1 5  per  cent,  were  shipped  in  German  vessels 
9  per  cent,  were  shipped  in  American  vessels 
4  per  cent,  were  shipped  in  I-'rench  vessels. 

These  figures  bring  out,  as  do  all  other 
similar  statistics,  the  tremendous  leadership 
of  British  foreign  shipping.  It  not  onh'  sur- 
passes that  of  an\'  other  countr\';  it  is  greater 
than  that  of  all  the  other  countries  combined. 


A   CHANCE    FUR   AMERICAN    SHIPPING 


121 


if  the  American  people  are  going  to  carry  most 
of  their  own  commerce  in  this  war  they  must 
i^et  not  only  (ireat  Britain's  business  but  Great 
/Britain's  ships. 

EVERYTHING  DEPENDS  ON  SEA  POWER 

Before  that  happens,  however,  certain  im- 
portant preliminaries  must  be  settled.  From 
whatever  point  of  view  we  survey  this  war,  we 
invariabl\'  come  back  to  the  same  point.  It 
all  hinges  upon  one  thing:  the  control  of  the 
sea.  With  the  English  navy  dominating  the 
situation,  England  probably  cannot  lose. 
With  the  English  navy  destroyed,  England's 
surrender  would  come  within  a  few  weeks. 
And  this  question  of  sea  supremacy  has  the 
most  important  bearing  upon  the  question  of 
the  possible  boom  in  American  shipping.  If 
England  destroys  or  effectively  bottles  up  the 
German  fleet,  there  is  no  reason  wh\'  she  cannot 
resume  the  greater  part  of  her  shipping.  Her 
vessels  can  carry  nearly  60  per  cent,  of  our 
commerce  this  \ear,  as  they  did  last.  The  only 
possible  danger  is  an  occasional  capture  by 
Cjerman  cruisers.  This  danger  is  so  slight, 
however,  that  it  can  be  practically  disregarded. 
England  has  nearly  10,000  vessels  engaged  in 
commerce.  Where  can  Germanv  get  any  war- 
ships to  prey  upon  this  enormous  fleet?  She 
cannot  detach  them  from  her  main  squadrons. 
After  all,  the  chief  business  of  warships  is  to 
destroy  the  enemy,  hot  to  destroy  its  commerce. 
Every  cruiser  that  is  taken  from  the  battle 
line  will  weaken  a  force  already  enormously 
outclassed. 

Supposing  there  arc  a  few  German  cruisers 
prowling  the  ocean,  what  will  happen  to  them? 
England's  fleet  is  so  large  that  she  can  easily 
set  aside  a  few  warships  to  destroy  them.  If 
she  does  not  do  so,  where  are  they  to  get  their 
coal?  Where  are  they  to  take  their  prizes, 
in  case  they  capture  them? 

It  is  possible,  again,  that  the  English  Govern- 
ment may  press  into  the  navy  part  of  the  mer- 
chant marine.'  But,  with  10,000  ships,  a 
good  many  can  be  used  this  way  without  ma- 
terially decreasing  its  efficienc}'. 

germ.\ny's  shipimng  our  opportunity 

Most  naval  authorities  believe  that  England 
and  France  will  secure  the  command  of  the 
seas.  At  the  present  writing  the  indications 
are  that  the  great  German  high  seas  fleet  is 
bottled  up.  Again  the  English  Government  has 
assumed  the  insurance  risk  on  British  shipping. 
It  practically  sa>s  to  the  shipowner:  "Go  to 
sea  with  >our  cargo;  if  \ou  lose  it,  the  govern- 
ment will  reimburse  you."  These  and  other 
considerations  apparentl\'  dispose  of  the  idea 
that  Americans  can  supersede  England  on  the 
high  seas  as  a  result  of  tiiis  war. 

If  these  predicted  events  ct)me  to  pass,  how- 
ever, there  still  rem;iins  the  question  of  German 
cununerce.     With  the  Britisli   llid    ■  'iitrolling 


the  situation,  Germany's  piercantile  marine, 
for  all  practical  purposes,  will  cease  to  exist. 
Germany  carried  15  per  cent,  of  our  commerce 
last  year,  against  England's  60  per  cent.  Small 
as  this  seems  in  comparison  with  her  greai  rival, 
this  still  represents  a  prize  well  worth  striving 
for.  Herein  unquestionably  lies  the  real 
American  opportunity.  Under  normal  con- 
ditions the  sudden  wiping  out  of  Germany's 
mercantile  marine  would  mean  one  thing; 
that  England  would  capture  it.  But,  with  a 
tremendous  war  on  her  hands,  England  is  not 
expanding  her  industries  in  an\'  direction.  The 
war  expenses  have  so  strained  her  credit  that 
she  would  have  the  utmost  dillicult)'  in  financing 
any  new  shipping  enterprises.  The  same  state- 
ment applies  to  France,  the  only  other  nation 
that  could  possibly  step  into  the  breach.  The 
opportunity,  in  all  its  aspects,  therefore,  seems 
made  for  the  United  States.  Germany  now 
has  about  2,000  ships,  most  of  them  engaged 
in  the  foreign  trade.  The  present  likelihood 
is  that  most  of  these  will  stand  useless  at  the 
docks  during  the  war.  They  represent  a  ver\' 
large  investment;  how  large  there  are  no  avail- 
able statistics  to  show.  Their  loss  of  earning 
power  will  sadly  inconvenience  their  owners, 
especiall}'  if  the  war  is  continued  for  an\'  period. 
The  companies  will  be  so  badly  crippled  that  it 
will  take  them  a  long  time  to  recover,  when 
peace  returns.  In  man\-  cases  offers  to  purchase 
would  find  a  read\'  response.  The  extent  to 
which  America  profits  from  the  promised 
stagnation  in  German  shipping  depends  upon 
the  extent  to  which  our  capitalists  stand  read\' 
to  purchase  these  vessels.  Congress  will 
doubtless  pass  the  legislation  required  to 
'  permit  their  transference  to  the  .American  fiag. 
There  seems  little  likelihood  that  friendly 
nations,  like  England,  will  refuse  to  recognize 
this  transfer,  so  long  as  it  is  actual  and  repre- 
sents a  permanent  ownership.  If  the  present 
aspirations  materialize  shipping  acquired  in 
this  wa\'  would  not  represent  a  temporary,  but 
a  permanent  holding.  It  would  be.  the  be- 
ginning of  the  long  hoped  for  American  mer- 
cantile lleet  on  the  high  seas.  It  is  true  that  the 
removal  of  this  prohibition  on  the  purchase  of 
American  ships  would  take  awa\'  only  one 
disability  that  prevents  our  competing  with 
Europe.  The  others  are  the  higher  cost  of  iron 
and  steel  and  labor  here  and  the  higher  cost 
of  navigating.  The  first  disqualification  is 
rapidly  disappearing.  If  we  can  make  steel 
rails  and  compete  with  England  in  all  the 
markets  of  the  world,  we  can  do  the  same  thing 
with  plates  for  steel  ships.  We  still  pay  our 
workmen  higher  wages,  but  we  ha\e  the  com- 
pensation of  an  increased  etficiencN'.  Onl\'  one 
dilficult\'  still  remains  in  the  way  of  building 
up  an  American  marine.  Our  sailors  get  about 
twice  the  pay  of  English  sailors  and  demand 
a  belter  maintenance.  How  that  will  affect 
'he  situation  remains  to  be  seen. 


FINANCIAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  WAR 


BY 


ALEXANDER  DANA  NOYES 


TO  EXPLAIN  the  extraordinary  finan- 
cial phenomena  which  have  accompa- 
nied the  outbreak  of  European  war  in 
the  closing  week  of  July  —  phenomena 
which,  in  their  character  and  scope, 
have  never  been  paralleled  in  the  history  of  in- 
ternational finance  —  something  of  retrospect  is 
necessary.  As  every  one  knows,  predictions  and 
apprehensions  over  a  possible  general  European 
war  have  been  recurrent  on  Europe's  financial 
markets  ever  since  the  Franco-Prussian  conflict 
of  1870.  Sometimes,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Bal- 
kan War,  the\'  have  reached  proportions  which 
caused  grave  disturbance  on  Europe's  markets. 
If  the\'  have  never  been  received  with  entire 
credulity,  the  reason  undoubtedly  was  that  the 
consequences,  which  experienced  financiers 
could  foretell  from  such  a  conflict,  were,  in  their 
own  words,  so  unthinkable  that  the  war  itself 
seemed  inconceivable.  European  bankers,  when 
asked,  during  these  many  past  >ears,  what 
would  be  those  financial  consequences,  have 
usuallx'  replied  that  the  sequel  simply  baffled 
financial  imagination.  All  that  they  could  say 
was  that  a  general  European  war  would  neces- 
saril>'  bring  to  a  halt  the  ordinary  operation 
of  civilized  finance  and  trade,  with  what  actual 
outcome  on  the  markets  no  one  cared  to  predict. 
It  cannot  be  said  that  this  conflict  of  all  the 
great  European  nations  was  expected,  even  by 
the  states  which  have  been  involved,  until  a 
very  few  da\'s  before  the  war  broke  out.  Never- 
theless, there  were  many  evidences  in  the  mar- 
kets of  a  peculiar  character,  which  indicated 
at  least,  the  strongest  kind  of  uneasiness  in  that 
direction.  In  one  sense,  it  may  be  said  that 
financial  preparation  for  this  very  war  has  been 
in  progress  ever  since  the  Balkan  conflict  came 
to  its  end,  early  in  1913.  The  situation  in 
which  that  peace  agreement  left  the  great  Eu- 
ropean powers  was  by  no  means  reassuring,  and 
the  first  visible  reflection  of  that  uneasiness  was 
that  the  Imperial  Bank  of  Germany  began  the 
most  urgent  efforts  to  build  up  its  gold  reserve. 
Tradition  on  the  markets  has  it  that  when 
war  between  France  and  Germany  threatened, 
in  the  Morocco  conference  in  iQii,  the  Kaiser 
asked  the  German  bankers  whether  the  finan- 
cial situation  was  in  shape  to  confront  a  war  and 
that  they  answered,  "It  is  not."  He  then, 
according  to  the  story,  warned  them  to  lose  no 
time  in  getting  themselves  into  proper  shape. 
Whether  this  anecdote  be  authentic  or  not,  the 
fact  is  that  through  employment  of  most  un- 
usual expedients,  the  \'>:ink  of  Germany  has 
added  more  than  $100,000,000  to  its  gold  re- 


serve since  that  Morocco  episode.  A  very  sub- 
stantial part  of  this  addition  has  been  locked 
b\'  the  Government  itself  in  the  Castle  of 
Spandau,  along  with  $30,000,000  gold  placed 
there  out  of  the  Franco-Prussian  war  indemnity. 
But  other  European  banks  have  not  been  idle; 
in  the  year  since  the  Balkan  War,  the  Bank  of 
France  has  added  $170,000,000  to  its  gold  re- 
serve, mostly  obtained  through  import  from  the 
United  States,  and  the  Imperial  Bank  of  Russia 
has  increased  its  own  gold  holdings  b>- 
$150,000,000. 

Now  it  is  perfectl\'  true  that,  unless  perhaps 
in  Germany,  this  heaping-up  of  gold  by  the 
great  state  institutions  was  declared  not  to  have 
been  inspired  by  apprehension  of  war.  In 
France  particularly.  Governmental  and  finan- 
cial authorities  were  careful  to  explain  that  the 
Bank  was  strengthening  its  reserve  because  of 
the  difficult  financial  position  at  Paris,  and  be- 
cause of  the  very  general  hoarding  of  cash  by 
the  French  people,  which  began  with  the  out- 
break of  the  Balkan  War,  but  which  did  not  stop 
when  that  war  was  over.  The  explanation  was 
no  doubt  correct;  yet,  in  the  light  of  wlrat  has 
happened  since,  it  is  not  unfair  to  say  that  both 
the  hoarding  by  the  people  and  the  subsequent 
accumulation  of  gold  b\'  the  Bank  of  France 
must  have  been  largely  due  to  growth  of  the 
instinctive  belief  that  war  was  imminent  at 
an\-  time. 

So  much  for  the  longer  period  of  preparation. 
Except  for  the  inconvenience  caused  by  these 
gold  accumulations  in  a  few  great  cities,  the 
international  market  was  not  greatly  disturbed. 
When,  howi'ver,  Austria  declared  war  on  Servia 
on  July  2cS,  themarketsof  Europe  at  once  became 
greatly  excited.  At  Vienna,  panic  of  the  most 
formidable  sort  broke  out  immediatel\-;  at  Ber- 
lin, the  crash  on  the  Stock  Exchange  was  em- 
phasized by  the  actual  public  recommendation 
by  some  large  financial  institutions  to  their 
clients  that  it  was  best  to  sell  their  investment 
securities.  Here,  in  the  United  States,  we  saw 
the  reflection  of  this  European  apprehension 
in  the  engagement  at  New  York,  for  European 
markets,  of  no  less  than  $45,000,000  of  our  gold 
during  the  ten  days  following  Austria's  war 
declaration.  It  was  in  this  period  that  the  Kron- 
prin:cssin  Cecilie  sailed  with  her  $10,000,000 
in  gold  for  London  and  Paris  —  an  extraordin- 
ary incident  when  one  considers  that  the  vessel, 
belonging  itself  to  Germany,  was  carr\'ing  the 
treasure  for  the  two  nations  which  were  des- 
tined to  be  at  war  with  German\'  by  the  time 
the  cargo  could  have  been  delivered.     It  was 


FINANCIAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  WAR 


123 


not  strange  that  the  ship  should  have  been 
ordered  back  to  America  from  mid-ocean,  and 
that  the  gold  should  never  have  reached  its 
destination. 

But  meantime,  and  in  advance  of  declaration 
of  war  between  Germany  and  France  and  F.ng- 
land  and  Germany,  the  demand  for  American 
gold  b\'  Kurope  grew  to  a  climax.  While  the 
enormous  shipments  of  the  closing  week  of  Jul\- 
were  being  made,  the  foreign  exchange  market 
facilities  for  the  resultant  operations  of  finance 
suddenl\'  broke  down.  In  addition  to  actual 
gold  engagements,  it  was  apparent  that  all 
Europe  was  calling  back,  through  instant  trans- 
fer, its  American  credit  balances.  This  made 
necessary  the  bidding  for  drafts  on  liurope,  in 
such  quantity  that  the  New  York  exchange 
market  simply  could  not  provide  them.  It  had 
not  sufficient  foreign  banking  credits.  As  a 
rule,  the  highest  rate  to  which  exchange  on 
London  can  go  is  around  4.89  to  the  pound 
sterling;  for  at  an\-  higher  figure  there  is  a  hand- 
some profit  in  remitting  with  gold  instead  of 
drafts.  But  in  the  last  week  of  July  the  rate 
of  sight  exchange  on  London  rose,  first  to  $'y 
in  the  pound,  then  to  $6,  and  at  length  to  ^7  — 
something  never  previouslx'  witnessed  in  the 
New  York  market.  It  meant  that  the  drawing 
of  exchange  on  London  had  become  virtually 
impossible,  and  that  situation  in  a  day  or  two 
avowedl\'  existed.  It  can  best  be  described  as  a 
panic  in  foreign  exchange  —  which,  as  the  meas- 
ure of  international  finance,  was  appropriately 
the  field  where  all  that  was  to  follow  should  have 
been  first  foreshadowed. 

It  was  in  this  same  concluding  week  of  July 
that  the  other  foreign  financial  markets  began 
their  reflection  of  the  expected  war.  Although 
England  did  not  declare  war  on  Germany  until 
the  evening  of  August  4,  the  London  markets 
were  undoubtedl\-  anticipating  such  declara- 
tion during  the  five  or  six  preceding  days.  From 
a  rate  of  3  per  cent,  in  the  middle  of  the  pre- 
ceding week,  the  Bank  of  England's  official 
discount  rate  advanced  on  Saturda\',  August  i, 
to  10  per  cent.,  a  rate  only  three  times  matched 
in  the  history  of  the  institution,  never  exceeded, 
and  never  reached  at  any  time  since  1866. 

This  remarkable  action  in  reality  reflected  a 
run  on  the  Bank  of  England  through  which, 
between  July  30  and  August  6,  that  institution 
lost  no  less  than  ^52,500,000  gold;  its  banking 
reserve  against  its  deposits  being  meantime  so 
far  drawn  down  that  the  ratio  of  reserve  to 
liabilities  fell  from  the  40  per  cent,  of  the  pre- 
ceding week  —  a  low  rate  for  the  bank  —  to 
'14I.  Meantime  throughout  the  week,  sales  of 
securities  by  Continental  bankers  and  investors, 
on  markets  from  which  the\'  were  soon  to  be  cut 
off  by  war,  became  so  prodigious  that  the  Paris 
Government  closed  the  outside  stock  market 
and  prohibited  all  but  cash  sales  on  the  official 
Bourse.  But  this  converged  the  full  force  of 
Continental  security  liquidation  on  London; 
where,  on  Juh'  31.  the  Stock  Fxchange  closed 
its  doors  for  the  first  lime  in  a  ceiUur\  .      The 


Stock  Exchanges  at  New  York  and  elsewhere  in 
the  world  immediately  followed  suit. 

To  trace  the  further  progress  of  financial 
demoralization  —  which  began,  as  we  have  seen, 
even  before  the  declaration  of  war  by  Lngland — 
it  must  first  be  kept  in  mind  that  in  the  present 
day  all  the  great  markets  of  the  world  are 
bound  together  as  never  before  in  a  networl 
of  interlacing  credit.  Berlin  bankers  carr\ 
deposit  balances  in  London  to  the  extent  of 
hundreds  of  millions  sterling;  so  docs  Paris,  and 
so  also  does  New  York.  This  indebtedness  is 
not  all  one-sided;  an  enormous  mutual  indebted- 
ness exists  on  all  these  markets,  constantl\- 
maturing,  constantly  being  paid  off  in  the 
ordinary  processes  of  exchange,  and  constant l\' 
subject  to  renewal.  When  England  actuall\- 
went  to  war  the  great  Lombard  Street  banking 
institutions  had  their  names  affixed  to  bills  of 
exchange,  payment  on  which  was  due  day  after 
day  but  payment  for  which  depended  on  the 
arrival  of  cash  remittances  or  merchandise 
from  the  Continental  markets.  Both  were  cut 
off  by  the  war,  the  seizure  of  railway  facilities 
on  the  Continent,  and  the  temporary  embargo 
on  ocean  traffic.  Technically,  therefore, 
numerous  London  houses  of  the  first  importance 
were  confronted  with  bankruptcy  and  in  view 
of  the  whole  abnormal  character  of  the  situation 
it  was  quite  evident  that  the  Government  would 
have  to  intervene  in  their  behalf  During  the 
first  week  of  August,  in  which  war  was  declared 
by  England,  Monday  was  a  regular  bank  holi- 
day and  therefore  no  business  was  done  in 
financial  London.  The  British  Government 
first  extended  this  holiday  b\'  decree  until  the 
following  Frida\';  but  the  situation  then  being 
still  impossible,  the  Government  declared  a 
general  moratorium  of  one  month  —  an  expedi- 
ent which  meant  that  all  financial  and  commer- 
cial liabilities  maturing  within  that  time  should 
automaticallx'  be  extended;  but  that  the  same 
postponement  should  not  appl\'  to  salaries, 
rent  or  taxes. 

The  decreeing  of  a  moratorium  was  in  itself 
sensational  enough.  England  had  never  before 
since  the  modern  credit  s\stem  was  created 
resorted  to  that  expedient;  the  ver\'  same  action 
excited  surprise  and  comment  when  adopted 
by  the  Balkan  states  at  the  outbreak  of  their 
war  in  1912.  But  the  moratorium  did  not 
show  all  of  financial  London's  particular  pre- 
dicament. Tlie  run  on  the  Bank  of  Fngland 
so  weakened  the  position  of  that  institution  as 
to  threaten  inability'  to  maintain  an\'  reser\e 
at  all  against  its  deposit  liabilities  in  case  the  re- 
quirements of  the  Bank  Act  of  1844  were  con- 
tinued. whereb\-  all  notes  issued  must  be  fully 
co\  ered  b\  gold  held  in  the  instil ution's  \aults. 
Therefore,  on  August  8.  the  Bank  Act  was  sus- 
pended; a  poIic\-  adopted  onl\  on  three  occa- 
sions since  the  passage  of  the  law  in  1844,  all  of 
them  London  panics,  occurring  in  1847,  1857, 
and  in  i8()(>.  Altlunigli  lii^loiicall\'  an  event 
oi  such  unusual  importance,  the  suspension  of 
the  Bank  Act  created  no  \er\'  anomalous  situ- 


124 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


ation,  since  it  simply  means  that  the  bank  is 
authorized  to  issue  additional  notes  without 
full  gold  "cover"  in  its  vaults.  It  does  not 
mean  that  the  bank  will  have  suspended  specie 
payment  on  its  notes,  or  that  inflation  of  the 
British  currency  is  at  hand.  On  the  contrary, 
even  with  the  large  additions  made  to  its  circu- 
lation in  the  shape  of  notes  not  directly  secured 
in  gold,  the  Bank  of  England  still  held  a  larger 
proportion  of  gold  as  security  for  its  outstanding 
circulation  than  is  held  habitually  by  the  Im- 
perial Bank  of  Germany,  by  the  Bank  of  France, 
or  by  the  United  States  Treasury.  All  of  this, 
like  every  important  movement  on  the  world's 
financial  markets,  must  be  judged  partly  as 
reflecting  the  actual  political  and  commercial 
conditions  of  the  moment,  but  largely  also  as 
foreshadowing  the  longer  results.  Precisely 
as  the  London  stock  and  money  markets  fell 
into  panic  four  da\s  before  Great  Britain  de- 
clared war  on  Germany,  and  thereby  filled  the 
prophetic  role  for  which  stock  markets  are  al- 
ways watched  by  the  com.munity  at  large,  so  the 
initial  movements  of  the  markets  around  the 
outbreak  of  any  great  war  are  a  forecast  of 
much  that  may  be  expected  to  happen  after- 
ward, quite  outside  the  banks  and  the  Stock 
Exchange  and  in  the  domain  of  general  pros- 
perity and  industry.  It  is  not  too  early  to  ask 
what  the  character  of  these  later  results  may  be 
expected  to  be  on  this  occasion. 

From  the  broadest  view  the  economic  cfi'ect 
of  such  a  war  as  this  can  hardly  fail  to  be  un- 
fortunate. Wholly  apart  from  the  suspension 
of  peaceful  commerce,  finance,  and  industry, 
the  waste  of  capital  involved  in  such  a  contest 
is  bound  to  be  enormous.  Five  or  ten  m.illions 
of  men,  withdrawn  from  peaceful  production 
and  supported,  while  they  engage  in  wholesale 
destruction,  by  money  drawn  by  Governments 
from  the  private  stock  of  capital,  must  neces- 
sarily arrest  in  some  degree  the  development  of 
the  civilized  world.  The  Franco-Prussian  War 
certainly  had  this  result  on  the  states  engaged 
in  it,  and,  in  a  measure,  on  the  rest  of  the  world; 
so  did  the  Boer  War,  and  so  the  Russian-Japan- 
ese conflict.  All  were  followed,  especially  in  the 
belligerent  states,  by  a  period  of  financial  lassi- 
tude and  reaction  which  more  or  less  faintly  re- 
produced the  prolonged  and  paralyzing  effects 
following  the  12-year  Napoleonic  conflict  in 
which  all  Europe  was  engaged  between  1803 
and  1815. 

Even  Prussia,  emerging  victorious  as  the  head 
of  the  German  Empire  in  1870,  was  hit  with  the 
full  force  of  the  panic  of  1873.  The  noteworthy 
exceptions  to  this  rule,  in  modern  history,  were 
the  respective  sequels  to  our  own  C^.ivil  War  and 
to  our  Spanish-American  conflict  of  1898.  In 
both  cases  —  though  the  later  after-effects  of 
the  Civil  War  were  uncjuestionably  serious  to 
this  country  —  it  was  the  enormous  expansion 
of  natural  resources  not  yet  developed,  and  a 
combination  of  economic  and  intluslrial  condi- 
tions highlv  favorable  to  the  United  States, 
which  averted  what  miKlil  otherwise  have  been 


expected.  This  should  be  kept  in  mind  on  this 
occasion;  for  although  not  a  participant  in  this 
conflict,  we  still  have  to  measure  what  our 
probable  share  will  be  in  the  resultant  economic 
losses,  just  as  our  financial  markets  are  suffering 
now  from  the  outbreak  of  the  war  in  common 
with  those  of  Europe. 

But  at  this  very  point  there  are  some  exceed- 
ingly interesting  distinctions  to  draw.  Severe 
as  the  shock  of  the  sudden  European  convulsion 
has  been  on  the  markets  of  the  United  States, 
the  resultant  demoralization  of  trade  and  in- 
dustry was  nothing  whatever  akin  to  that  which 
prevailed  in  the  neutral  states  of  Europe.  Not 
only  so,  but  there  was  evident  from  the  start 
an  undertone  of  hope  and  confidence  as  to  the 
eventual  hearing  of  this  foreign  war  on  our  own 
trade  situation.  1  shall  presently  endeavor  to 
show  how  far  this  initial  feeling  was  justified 
by  the  circumstances.  But  as  to  the  economic 
effects  of  this  war  on  Europe  itself,  there  can 
be  no  doubt  whatever.  Campaigns  such  as  are 
now  in  progress  are  bound  to  cost  every  great 
belligerent  state,  according  to  the  estimates  of 
European  experts,  two  to  five  million  dollars 
per  day,  and  seven  powers  are  now  engaged. 
As  far  back  as  1896,  a  much  discussed  Austrian 
estimate  figured  out  at  least  I5, 000, 000  a  day  as 
the  necessary  expenditure  for  France,  or  Ger- 
any,  or  Russia.  The  estimate  of  Dr.  Charles 
Richet,  a  statistician  of  the  University  of  Paris, 
made  the  extraordinary  calculation  t+rSf  if 
Germany,  Ent^and,  France,  Russia,  Italy, 
Austria,  and  Roumania  were  all  engaged  in  a 
first-class  war,  the  aggregate  daily  expenditure 
would  run  to  upward  of  $50,000,000.  On  such 
a  calculation,  it  would  follow  that,  if  the  war 
lasted  only  as  long  as  the  short  Franco-Prussian 
War  of  1870,  the  total  outlay,  exclusive  of  war 
indemnities,  would  exceed  five  thousand  million 
dollars. 

The  effect  of  all  this  on  the  financial  and  in- 
dustrial prosperity  of  Europe  itself  for  a  very 
considerable  time  to  come  is  bound  to  be  far 
reaching.  Indeed,  not  only  is  the  private  capi- 
tal of  Europe  now  being  diverted  from  peaceful 
pursuits  into  the  prosecution  of  war,  but  the 
repairing  of  destruction  to  property  under  the 
activities  of  the  rival  armies  will  necessitate  a 
continuance  of  that  drain  even  when  the  war 
is  over.  Already  the  German  Reichstag  has 
granted  a  war  credit  of  $1,2 1^0,000,000  to  that 
Cjovernment,  while  tlie  British  war  credit  has 
now  reached  the  figure  of  ^1,025,000,000.  This 
leaves  the  other  belligerent  states,  such  as 
I'rance,  Austria  and  Belguim,  still  to  be  reck- 
oned on.  The  longer  efl'ects  of  such  prodigious 
waste  of  capilal  are  diflicult  to  trace  out  with 
any  accuracy. 

The  break-down  of  our  market  for  foreign  ex- 
change, the  closing  of  our  Stock  Exchange,  the 
tcmii(irar\  rmltargo  on  cxiidrl  trade,  have  all 
sufficienll\  iiuiiiated  ih.il  ewn  a  neutral  state 
like  ourselves  cannot  escape  ihe  indirect  con- 
sequences of  such  a  conflict  as  this.  For  one 
thing  it  will  not  do  for  our  finance  and  indus- 


FINANCIAL  ASPECTS  OF  THE  WAR 


125 


tries  to  rely  on  European  capital  for  a  consider- 
able time  to  come.  A  very  large  and  lucrative 
import  trade  from  (Continental  Europe  has  been 
cut  off,  and  a  good  part  of  it  will  not  be  resumed 
during  the  progress  oi  the  war.  At  the  start, 
indeed,  even  our  export  trade,  as  we  have  seen, 
stopped  short  because  of  the  risk  of  capture,  the 
enormous  cost  of  war  insurance,  and  the  im- 
possibility of  negotiating  foreign  payment  for 
consignments  of  merchandise  while  the  free 
operation  of  foreign  exchange  was  blockaded. 

The  first  clear  evidence  that  our  situation  had 
in  it  certain  peculiar  and  unusual  elements  of 
strength  appeared  in  the  wheat  market.  Our 
enormous  winter  wheat  crop  had  already  been 
harvested  when  the  war  broke  out;  with  the  ex- 
pected vield  of  spring  wheat,  it  should  give  by 
far  the  largest  harvest  in  our  history,  exceeding 
the  next  largest  actual  yield,  according  to  the 
Government  figures,  by  150,000,000  bushels,  or 
20  per  cent.  This  would  leave  by  far  the  lar- 
gest available  export  surplus  of  wheat  on  record, 
and  at  the  very  moment  when  Europe's  need  of 
it,  with  her  own  early  wheat  crop  having  al- 
ready run  short  and  her  harvesters  for  the 
autumn  crops  ordered  to  the  army,  is  urgent  and 
paramount. 

The  obvious  difficulty  at  the  start  to  arrange 
for  shipment  of  this  wheat  brought  at  first 
great  diversity  of  opinion  as  to  values  in  the 
grain  trade.  But  Europe,  recognizing  her  own 
need,  proceeded  at  once  to  guarantee  the  war 
risks,  to  make  sure  of  the  ocean  highway  and  in- 
dircctlx'  to  facilitate  exchange.  The  response 
of  the  wheat  market  was  a  rapid  and  continuous 
rise  in  price,  despite  the  enormous  congestion 
of  supplies  at  our  storage  markets  of  wheat 
which  was  temporarily  shut  out  from  the  export 
trade  —  a  condition  which  ordinarily  would 
mean  a  fall  in  prices.  This  action  of  a  highlv 
speculative  market  was  as  significant  an  index 
to  the  general  nature  of  the  situation  as  an  ad- 
vance in  stocks  would  have  been  had  the 
Stock  Exchange  been  open.  It  meant,  indeed, 
more  than  merely  breaking  the  blockade  of 
wheat,  and  more  than  the  mere  possibility  of 
creating  for  us  in  Europe  a  credit  balance  of 
from  8150,000,000  to  $300,000,000.  Its  real 
significance  was  that  means  exist  and  can  be 
found  for  prompt  restoration  of  a  neutral 
market's  trade. 

The  larger  significance  of  this  must  be  judged 
in  the  light  of  the  success  with  which  European 
manufacturers  in  general,  and  German  manu- 
facturers in  particular,  have  captured  Jof  recent 
years  the  neutral  export  markets.  This  has 
been  especiall\'  true  of  China  and  South  Amer- 
ica, and  has  been  ver\-  marked  in  products  like 
steel  and  textiles,  in  which  trades  we  are  a  close 
competitor  of  German\'.  The  United  States  is 
bound  to  supply  a  great  part  of  the  shortage 
thus  created  in  the  neutral  export  markets. 
Perhaps  the  most  serious  problem  in  the  matter 
has  to  do  with  the  actual  a\ailable  suppl\-  of 
ships,  when   German)',    whose   vessels   usuall> 


carry  something  like  4,500,0^30  tons  out  of  the 
37,500,000  total  tonnage  cleared  from  our  ports 
each  year  for  foreign  markets,  is  shut  off  from 
the  ocean  highway.  The  process  of  obtaining 
transportation  facilities  to  offset  the  idlenes.'' 
of  the  Cjerman  merchant  fleet  will  probably  bi 
slow.     It  should  be  effective  in  the  end. 

But  in  the  meantime  there  is  also  the  home 
consumer,  who  is  now  cut  off  from  nearly 
^200,000,000  annual  imports  of  merchandise 
from  Germany  —  not  to  mention  the  effect 
of  war  on  the  total  of  something  like  $900,000,000 
in  merchandise  sent  to  us  annually  from  the 
whole  of  Europe.  These  home  needs  must  be 
provided,  and,  in  the  main,  our  domestic  manu- 
facturers must  undertake  the  task. 

There  is,  however,  another  side.  Even 
granting  the  necessary  supply  of  ships  for  an  in- 
creased ocean  trade  to  be  obtained,  our  finance 
and  industry  must  largely  do  without  European 
capital.  Even  if  we  gain  ground  rapidly  in  the 
neutral  export  markets,  we  have  lost  for  the 
time  certain  European  export  markets  — [Ger- 
many, for  instance,  to  which  in  the  fiscal  year 
191 3  our  merchandise  exports  were  $142,000,000 
greater  than  our  imports.  No  doubt  this  loss 
during  war  time  will  be  largely  compensated  for 
by  greatly  increased  exports,  even  to  Europe 
when  the  war  is  over;  for  a  great  waste  will  have 
to  be  made  good  quickly;  but,  meantime,  the 
problem  of  certain  raw  materials  essential  to 
some  of  our  manufacturers,  and  obtainable 
largel)'  or  wholly  in  Europe,  is  extremely  diffi- 
cult. Chemicals  especially,  in  many  industries, 
and  d\es  in  textiles  will  not  be  easy  to  replace 
during  the  trade  embargo  on  central  Europe. 
Such  circumstances  will  probably  alter  the 
character  and  scope  of  many  of  our  productive 
industries,  and  no  doubt  will  seriously  impair 
the  activities  of  others.  Back  of  all  this 
stands  also  the  awkward  problem  of  the  un- 
doubted failure  of  our  customs  revenue  under 
existing  circumstances  to  meet  the  requirements 
of  our  own  governmental  expenditure.  This' 
may  bring  about  the  singular  result  of  a  Govern- 
ment loan  or  an  increase  in  taxes,  placed  on  a 
neutral  community  because  foreign  nations 
are  at  war. 

There  are  few  American  business  men  who 
do  not  recognize  the  possibility-  that  this  coun- 
try may  be  left  at  the  end  of  the  present  conflict 
with  vastly  heightened  industrial  and  commer- 
cial prestige.  The  result  ma\'  even  be  restor- 
ation of  the  American  merchant  marine,  which 
held  its  place  among  the  great  merchant  fleets 
of  the  world  between  1812  and  1862,  but  which 
now  carries  barely  14  per  cent,  of  the  tonnage 
cleared  from  our  ports  for  outside  nations,  and 
which  transports  scarcel\-  one  fourth  as  much 
of  our  own  exported  commodities  as  do  vessels 
under  the  British  flag.  All  this  max-,  and,  to  a 
great  extent,  certainly  will  happen.  But  the 
intervening  process  will  be  tr\ing  both  to 
producer  and  consumer,  even  in  the  neulrjl 
United  Slates. 


RIGHTS  AND  DUTIES  OF  THE  UNITED 
STATES  AS  A  NEUTRAL 

THE  APPLICATION  OF  THE  HAGUE  CONVENTIONS  OF  I907,  AND  THE  DECLARATION 

OF   LONDON   OF    I9O9  —  RULES    GOVERNING    FOREIGN    SHIPS    IN    AMERICAN 

WATERS  —  AMERICAN    EXPORTS   AND  THE    LAW  OF   CONTRABAND 

BY 

CHARLES  CHENEY  HYDE 

(PROPESSOR   OF   INTERNATIONAL  LAW   IN  NORTHWESTERN   UNIVERSITY) 


U'  PON  the  outbreak  of  the  European 
war  the  United  States  finds  itself 
placed  in  a  new  relation  to  each 
belligerent  Power,  and  suddenly  sub- 
jected to  a  variety  of  duties,  and 
possessed  of  certain  rights  that  accrue  only  in 
such  abnormal  times.  With  a  merchant  marine 
shrunken  to  insignificance,  with  a  vast  export 
trade  threatened  with  paralysis  by  the  lack  of 
neutral  bottoms,  and  with  American  citizens 
stranded  by  tens  of  thousands  on  European 
soil,  we  nevertheless  face  a  situation  that 
Washington  would  have  rejoiced  to  substitute 
for  that  which  confronted  him  in  1793,  for  to-day 
the  United  States  as  a  neutral  enjoys  rights 
that  were  not  dreamed  of  at  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  century;  and  those  rights  are  in 
large  degree  codified. 

To  The  Hague  Conventions  of  1907,  concern- 
ing the  rights  and  duties  of  neutral  powers  in 
naval  war,  and  the  rights  and  duties  of  neutral 
powers  and  persons  in  case  of  war  on  land,  the 
United  States  is,  happily,  a  party,  it  has  also 
accepted  the  Declaration  of  London  of  1909, 
concerning  the  laws  of  naval  war.  The  pur- 
pose of  that  agreement  was  to  make  clear  the 
law  to  be  applied  by  the  proposed  International 
Prize  Court,  the  arrangement  for  the  establish- 
ment of  which  was  formulated  at  The  Hague 
in  1907.  Though  the  powers  have  not  estab- 
lished the  Prize  Court  or  accepted  gener- 
ally the  Declaration  of  London,  the  United 
States  has  formally  ratified  both  agreements. 
By  so  doing  it  has  recorded  its  approval  of  the 
rules  enunciated  in  the  latter  document.  It 
cannot,  therefore,  complain  of  the  conduct  of 
any  belligerent  which  may  seek  to  conform  to 
or  rely  upon  them.  Although  the  Parliament  of 
Great  Britain  has  acted  adversely  upon  the 
Declaration  of  London,  that  country  is,  never- 
theless, free  to  change  its  position  and  to  make 
that  arrangement  the  guide  of  its  own  prize 
courts.  Deriving  their  law  from  that  source, 
their  decisions'  cannot  be  denounced  by  us  as 
unjust.  For  these  several  codifications  the 
United  States  has  had  to  pay  a  price  the  extent 
of  which  is  hardly  yet  appreciated.     However 


useful  may  be  the  knowledge  at  the  very  com- 
mencement of  hostilities  of  what  a  neutral 
may  reasonably  expect,  the  rules  themselves 
are  in  certain  respects  so  adverse  to  interests  of 
such  a  state  that  it  is  only  through  the  grim 
experience  of  a  general  European  war  that  the 
United  States  can  fairly  estimate  how  well  it 
has  conserved  its  vital  interests  in  accepting  as 
law  principles  that  may  now  be  relentlessly 
applied. 

According  to  The  Hague  Conventions^  the 
United  States  as  a  government  is  obliged  to 
refrain  from  taking  any  part  in  the  war.  Im- 
partial participation  does  not  suffice.  We 
could  not  excuse  the  sale  of  arms  to  Germany 
by  pleading  readiness  to  suppy  likewise  France 
or  Russia.  The  scope  of  the  duty  of  abstention 
is  broad.  The  government  must  not  furnish  a 
belligerent  with  anything  that  will  serve  to 
increase  its  fighting  power,  such  as  ammunition 
or  other  war  material,  or  warships.  Incidental 
to  this  general  duty  to  abstain  from  participa- 
tion, the  neutral  finds  itself  burdened  with  a 
still  more  onerous  duty  to  prevent  its  territory 
and  resources  from  being  employed  to  strengthen 
the  military  or  naval  power  of  a  belligerent. 
The  diligence  required  of  a  neutral  is  measured 
by  the  "means  at  its  disposal."  Those  means 
must  be  used  to  prevent  the  commission  of  war- 
like acts  within  its  waters,  or  the  passage  of 
belligerent  troops  over  its  territory.  The  neu- 
tral is  obviously  not  responsible  for  what  it  is 
powerless  to  prevent. 

I'rom  the  rules  of  the  Treaty  of  Washington  of 
1H71,  which  made  possible  the  (leneva  Arbitra- 
tion of  the  so-called  Alabama  Claims,  has  been 
derived  the  well-known  principle  expressed  in 
happier  terms  in  1907,  that  "a  neutral  Govern-- 
ment  is  bound  to  employ  the  means  at  its 
disposal  to  prevent  the  fitting  out  or  arming  of 
any  vessel  within  its  jurisdiction  which  it  lias 
reason  to  believe  is  intended  to  cruise,  or  engage 
in  hostile  operations,  against  a  Power  with 
which  that  Government  is  at  peace."  The 
same  \igilance  is  required  of  a  neutral  to  pre- 
vent the  departure  from  its  territory  of  a  vessel 
there   aelajited   entirely   or   partly    for   warlike 


RIGHTS  AND  DUTIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AS  A  NEUTRAL      127 


use,  and  intended  to  cruise  or  engage  in  hostile 
operations.  Pursuant  to  this  obligation  the 
United  States  has  already  taken  extraordinary 
precautions  to  prevent  the  departure  from  At- 
lantic ports  of  merchant  vessels  sailing  under 
belligerent  flags  if  equipped  in  such  a  way  as  to 
fight  for  their  own  countries,  and  under  con- 
tract for  public  service  in  case  of  war. 

In  sharp  contrast  to  these  obligations  is  the 
express  understanding  that  a  neutral  is  not 
bound  to  prevent  the  export  or  transit  for  the 
,use  of  a  belligerent  of  anything  which  can  be  of 
use  to  an  army  or  a  fleet.  Thus  the  United 
States  is  not  required  to  prevent  its  citizens 
from  selling  or  exporting  arms  or  war  material 
of  any  kind.  Such  transactions  would,  never- 
theless, constitute  direct  participation  in  the 
war,  and  hence  be  regarded  as  internationally 
wrongful,  so  as  to  subject  the  participant  to 
serious  penalties  in  case  of  the  capture  of  his 
property.  Such  conduct  would  also,  moreover, 
disregard  the  spirit  if  not  the  letter  of  President 
Wilson's  Proclamation  of  Neutrality  of  August 
4th,  in  which  it  is  declared  that  "the  statutes 
and  the  treaties  of  the  United  States  alike 
require  that  no  person  within  the  territory  and 
jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  shall  take  nart, 
directly  or  indirectly,  in  said  wars." 

Whether  war  is  waged  on  land  or  sea,  neutral 
territory  is  deemed  inviolable.  As  to  this  re- 
quirement The  Hague  Conventions  are  explicit. 
Acts  of  war  in  neutral  waters  are  forbidden. 
Thus  if  the  Kroupriniessin  Cecilie  had  been 
captured  by  any  enemy  cruiser  just  as  she 
entered  Frenchman's  Bay  on  August  4th,  the 
Un'ted  States  would  have  had  good  cause  to 
demand  reparation  from  the  government  of  the 
captor,  and  would  also  ha\"e  found  itself  com- 
pelled to  demand  the  release  of  the  vessel.  A 
prize  court  can  not  be  set  up  on  neutral  territory 
or  in  neutral  waters.  Nor  can  belligerent 
warships  make  use  of  such  waters  for  the  purpose 
of  increasing  supplies  of  war  material  or  of 
completing  their  crews,  or  as  a  base  of  operations 
against  the  enemy. 

For  numerous  purposes  a  belligerent  warship 
may  endeavor  to  make  use  of  neutral  waters. 
The  Hague  Convention  of  1907  indicates  the 
scope  of  the  privileges  that  such  a  vessel  may 
be  permitted  to  enjoy,  and  thereby  enables  the 
neutral  to  follow  with  certainty  a  course  that 
shall  not  expose  it  to  the  charge  of  unneutral 
conduct.  Let  us  consider  a  situation  that 
might  arise.  A  French  cruiser,  short  of  coal 
and  provisions,  and  in  an  unseaworthy  con- 
dition, is  pursued  by  the  enem\',  and  puts  into 
Portland  harbor  to  escape  capture  and  to 
rehabilitate  herself  generallw  Just  inside  of 
Cushing's  Island  she  finds  herself  in  the  unwel- 
come company  of  a  German  warship  that  made 
the  same  port  a  few  hours  earlier.  The  Hague 
Convention  has  marked  out  the  general  course 
which  the  United  States  should  follow;  and 
by  his  Proclamation  of  Neutralit>',  President 
Wilson  has  indicated  with  precision  what  we 
would  permit.     Accordingly,   the   F"rench  ship 


would  be  allowed  fuel  sufficient  to  enable  her 
to  reach  her  nearest  home  port,  or  half  of  that 
amount  if  she  were  rigged  to  go  under  sail  and 
also  be  propelled  by  steam.  Although  the 
United  States  could,  without  impropriety,  if 
it  had  adopted  that  method  of  determining  the 
amount  of  fuel  to  be  supplied,  allow  the  vessel 
to  fill  its  bunkers  built  to  carry  fuel,  and  thereby 
greatly  increase  her  efficiency,  the  President 
has  announced  a  rule  that  is  consistent  with 
our  previous  policy  and  in  harmony  with  what 
was,  prior  to  1907,  generally  regarded  as  sound 
practice.  The  latitude  accorded  the  neutral  in 
1907  was  not  sought  by  the  United  States,  was 
vigorously  opposed  by  Great  Britain,  and  was 
the  result  of  a  compromise  to  satisfy  the  far- 
reaching  demands  of  Germany.  With  respect 
to  provisions,  the  French  ship  could  suppl\' 
herself  with  garlic  and  Aroostook  County 
potatoes  ad  libitum,  so  long  as  the  revictualing 
did  not  exceed  the  so-called  "peace  standard." 

If  it  were  in  a  seaworthy  condition  the  Ger- 
man cruiser  would  be  obliged  to  depart  within 
twenty-four  hours  after  its  arrival.  The 
French  vessel  might,  however,  be  allowed  addi- 
tional time  if  needed  for  recoaling  or  repairs. 
The  latter  might  necessarily  consume  a  few 
days.  Repairs  would  not  be  permitted  that 
would  serve  to  do  more  than  place  the  ship  in  a 
seaworthy  condition,  and  even  such  repairs 
would  not  be  allowed  if  they  necessitated  along 
sojourn.  If,  as  in  the  case  of  the  Russian  ship 
Lena,  that  entered  San  Francisco  harbor  in 
September,  1904,  during  the  Russian-Japanese 
war,  necessary  repairs  would  require  a  stay  of 
several  weeks  or  months,  the  vessel  would  be 
promptly  interned  by  the  U.'nited  States.  By 
interning  the  ship  the  United  States  would 
be  taking  measures  to  render  her  incapable  of 
putting  to  sea  during  the  war. 

It  was  declared  in  1907  that  the  citizens  of 
a  state  which  is  not  taking  part  in  the  war  are 
considered  as  neutrals.  To  the  Americans 
that  are  now  in  belligerent  European  countries 
that  status  is  precious.  It  enables  the  pos- 
sessor to  escape  numerous  burdens  which  the 
state  that  is  engaged  in  war  justl\'  and  of 
necessity  imposes  upon  its  own  citizens.  One 
cannot,  however,  avail  himself  of  his  neutralit\- 
if  he  commits  acts  against  a  belligerent,  or  if  he 
voluntarily  enlists  in  the  ranks  of  a  part)'  to  the 
conflict.  There  are,  nevertheless,  services 
which  the  neutral  citizen  on  belligerent  soil 
may  render  without  losing  his  distinctive  char- 
acter. Americans  in  Paris  or  Berlin  might, 
for  example,  organize  for  the  purpose  of  assist- 
ing in  matters  of  police  or  civil  administration. 
The>"  might  also  furnish  loans  (if  their  means 
permitted)  to  one  of  the  beHigcrents  in  whosr 
territor>'  they  did  not  reside. 

Neutrals  on  belligerent  territorj'  where  mar 
tial  law  has  been  declared  necessarily  feel  the 
rigor  with  which  the  government  asserts  its 
authorit>'.  It  must  be  obvious  that  measure^ 
which,  in  seasons  of  peace,  indicate  abuse  of 
power,  in  times  of  war  lose  their  arbitrary  aspect 


128 


THE   WORLD'S   WORK 


and,  despite  harsh  aspects,  cease  to  be  regarded 
as  wrongful.  Thus  the  movement  of  neutrals 
on  belligerent  soil  may  be  restrained,  and  they 
mav  be  even  temporarily  prevented  from  leav- 
ing the  countr\'.  Slight  ground  for  suspicion 
that  they  are  acting  as  spies  justifies  arrest  and 
ample  inquiry  to  determine  the  grounds  for 
such  a  charge. 

To  the  people  of  the  United  States  as  a  whole 
the  war  presents  no  graver  aspect  than  in  its 
bearing  upon  our  right  to  export  and  transport 
to  the  belligerent  countries  food,  clothing,  fuel, 
and  other  things  known  as  conditional  contra- 
band. To  make  clear  the  problem  now  con- 
fronting us  a  brief  explanation  of  the  law  is 
necessary.  "Contraband"  is  the  term  em- 
ployed to  describe  an  article  which  is  liable  to 
capture  because  of  its  use  in  the  prosecution  of 
the  war,  and  because  of  its  hostile  destination. 
Contraband  is  subject  to  capture  on  a  neutral 
vessel  and  is  liable  to  condemnation.  Goods 
which  belong  to  the  owner  of  the  contraband 
and  which  are  on  board  the  same  vessel  are 
also  liable  to  condemnation.  Moreover,  ac- 
cording to  the  Declaration  of  London,  the  vessel 
carrying  such  articles  may  be  confiscated  if  the 
contraband  forms  "by  value,  by  weight,  by 
volume,  or  by  freight,  more  than  half  the  cargo." 
Maritime  states  have  long  been  aware  of  the 
imporKince  of  the  distinction  between  articles 
adapted  solely  for  use  in  war,  such  as  guns  and 
projectiles,  and  those  susceptible  of  use  in  the 
pursuit  of  peace  as  well  as  in  that  of  war,  such 
as  food  and  coal.  Articles  of  the  former  class 
have  come  to  be  known  as  absolute  contraband, 
those  of  the  latter  as  conditional  contraband. 
The  purpose  of  the  distinction  is  to  limit  the 
right  to  capture  articles  of  the  latter  kind  to 
occasions  when  they  are  destined  for  an  essen- 
tially hostile  end,  and  to  permit  the  capture 
of  those  of  the  former  kind  whenever  they  are 
bound  for  the  territory  of  a  state  engaged  in 
war.  in  order  to  protect  neutral  commerce 
from  interference,  the  United  States  has  strug- 
gled hard  for  recognition  of  the  principle  that 
what  is  capable  of  feeding  and  clothing,  and 
otherwise  ministering  to  the  sustenance  of  the 
people  of  a  belligerent  state,  should  not  be 
subject  to  capture  and  condemnation,  unless 
shown  to  be  not  only  capable  of  use  in  war,  but 
also  destined  for  that  use.  Though  maritime 
states  are  not  indisposed  to  accept  this  prin- 
ciple, there  has  been  diversity  of  opinion 
respecting,  first,  what  articles  should  be  treated 
as  conditional  contraband,  and  secondly,  under 
what  circumstances  articles  recognized  as  such 
should  be  subject  to  capture.  The  Declaration 
of  London  appears  to  have  solved  the  first 
difficulty  by  specifying  in  appropriate  and 
careful  lists  certain  articles  as  absolute,  and 
others  as  conditional,  contraband  (and  still 
others  as  not  cfjntraband  at  all).  Thus  arms 
of  all  kinds,  gun-mountings,  clothing  and  har- 
ness of  a  distinctively  military  character,  ani- 
mals suitable  for  use  in  war,  and  armor-plate 


are  among  the  articles  placed  in  the  first  cate- 
gory. They  are  subject  to  capture  if  destined 
to  territory  belonging  to  or  occupied  by  the 
enemy.  This  is  true  whether  the  carriage  of  the 
goods  is  direct,  or  entails  transhipment  or 
subsequent  transport  by  land.  What  is  deci- 
sive is  the  destination,  not  of  the  vessel  but 
of  the  goods.  Thus  a  consignment  of  uniforms, 
shipped  from  New  York  on  an  American  vessel 
bound  for  Naples  or  any  other  neutral  European 
port,  would  be  subject  to  capture,  even  within 
sight  of  Nantucket,  if  it  were  shown  that  the 
ultimate  destination  of  the  goods  was  Trieste. 

Articles  in  the  second  category',  and  described 
by  the  Declaration  of  London  as  conditional 
contraband,  include  foodstuffs,  gold  and  silver, 
paper  money,  boots  and  shoes,  veh,:ies,  material 
for  telephones  and  telegraph,  fuel,  lubricants, 
and  harness.  These  articles  furnish  a  substantial 
portion  of  the  export  trade  of  the  United  States. 

The  second  difficulty  already  noted  —  con- 
cerning when  conditional  contraband  is  subject 
to  capture  —  is  the  all-important  question  before 
the  United  States  to-day.  In  more  concrete  and 
simpler  form  the  question  is:  When  is  such 
contraband  to  be  deemed  to  be  intended  for  a 
hostile  use  so  as  to  justify  its  capture?  The  vital 
significance  of  the  answer  that  the  belligerents 
may  give  is  hardly  \'et  appreciated.  Thus  far 
popular  attention  in  this  country  has  been 
focussed  on  the  lack  of  American  and  other 
neutral  ships  available  for  our  foreign  trade. 
Relying  upon  the  assurance  that  "free  ships 
make  free  goods,"  we  have  concerned  ourselves 
about  vehicles  of  transportation  rather  than 
with  the  safety  of  our  produce.  It  is  important 
to  note  what  assurance  the  Declaration  of 
London  affords.  It  is  there  provided  that 
conditional  contraband  is  liable  to  capture  if 
shown  to  be  destined  for  the  use  of  the  armed 
forces  of  a  belligerent,  or  for  a  department  of  its 
Government  unless,  in  the  latter  case,  circum- 
stances show  that  the  goods  cannot  in  fact  be 
used  for  the  purposes  of  the  war.  (This  ex- 
ception is  not,  however,  applicable  to  a  con- 
signment of  gold  or  silver,  or  paper  money.) 
It  is  further  provided  that  a  hostile  destination 
is  presumed  to  exist  in  case  the  goods  are  con- 
signed, not  only  to  enemy  authorities,  but  also 
to  a  contractor  in  the  enemy  country  who  as  a 
matter  of  common  knowledge  supplies  articles 
of  the  same  kind  to  the  enemy.  Again,  a 
similar  presumption  arises  if  the  goods  are  con- 
signed to  a  fortified  place  belonging  to  the  enemy 
or  to  another  place  serving  as  base  for  its 
forces. 

In  the  meantime  American  exporters  must 
face  the  fad  that,  if  propriet)'  of  conduct  is 
to  be  tested  by  the  Declaration  of  London, 
the  belligerent  Powers  are  in  a  position  to 
capture  and  condemn  foodstuffs,  coal,  and 
other  articles  within  the  same  category,  with 
an  ease  tliat  renders  shadowy  and  dangerously 
vague  the  distinction  between  what  is  con- 
ditional and  what  is  absolute  contraband. 


THE  BALKANS 


THE  GREATER  SERVIA  IDEA  WHICH   BROUGHT  ON  THi:  IRREPRESSIBLE  CONFLICT  — 

THE    SANJAK    OF    NOVI  BAZAR,    AN     UNHEARD    OF    WASTE    THAT 

WAS    ONE    OF    THE    PRIME    CAUSES    OF    WAR 


AT  THE  present  time  the  most  inter- 
esting thing  about  the  Balkans  is 
the  idea  of  a  greater  Servia. 
In  Servia  itself  including  terri- 
tory recently  acquired,  there  are 
about  4,500,000  Serbs.  In  Montenegro  there 
are  perhaps  500,000.  In  Austria  there  are 
nearly  3,500,000  Serbs  and  Croats  who  belong 
to  the  Servian  Race. 

The  Servians  dream  and  talk  and  write  of  a 
greater  Servian  kingdom  that  shall  take  in  all 
the  Servian  race.  Ihey  want  it  to  take  in  more 
than  that.  They  want  it  to  take  in  Bulgaria, 
also.  They  look  back  to  the  time  of  King 
Stephen  Dushan  (fourteenth  century)  and  his 
French  wife,  when  Servia  was  supreme  in  the 
Balkans  and  was  nearly  as  advanced  in  civiliza- 
tion as  the  most  advanced  nations  of  Europe. 
They  feel  that  the  recent  battle  of  Kumanova 
against  the  Bulgarians,  atones  for  the  battle 
on  the  plains  of  Kossovo  in  1389,  which  put 
Servia  under  Turkish  rule  —  a  battle  about 
which  the  Servian  peasants  still  sing  folk-lore 
ballads.  The  reestablishment  of  this  ancient 
kingdom  has  become  a  passion  with  the  Serbs, 
not  only  those  in  Servia,  but  many  of  those 
in  Hungary  as  well.  These  Serbs  might 
have  become  satisfied  with  Hungarian  rule  if 
it  had  been  more  enlightened,  but  the  Magyars 
have  followed  a  repressive  policy  in  trying 
to  Mag\arize  the  races  under  their  domination. 
No  matter  whose  fault  it  is,  the  fact  is  that  the 
Serbs  of  Hungary  have  watched  with  eagerness 
and  delight  the  recent  successes  of  Servia. 

As  explained  by  Mr.  Morton  Fullerton,  in  his 
"Problems  of  Power":  "Up  to  1905  this  little 
nation  of  farmers  and  stock-breeders  (in  1912, 
Servian  exports  amounted  to  about  one  hundred 
million  francs,  out  of  which  62  per  cent,  was 
represented  by  the  products  of  the  soil,  and 
20  per  cent,  by  cattle  and  pork),  remained  in 
economic  subjection  to  Austria.  Austria's 
dream  was  to  annex  Servia  to  her  great  com- 
posite Empire.  Whenever  Servia  displa\ed 
signs  of  political  independence,  Austria,  who  all 
but  monopolized  Servian  exports,  began  the 
economic  blackmailing  of  her  emprisoned 
neighbor  by  closing  her  markets  to  Servian 
pork  and  beef.  A  Servian  statesman,  M. 
Pashitch,  resolved  to  put  an  end  to  these 
humiliations.  In  1906  he  proposed  a  customs 
union  between  the  three  Slav  states  of  the 
Balkans;  he  thus  took  the  first  step  for  the 
formation  of  that  Balkan  Confederation  which 
six  years  later  was  to  astonish  the  world. 
Servian  live-stock  was  partially  di\erted  from 


the  old  Austrian  routes  and  transported  by  the 
Danube,  the  Ludwigs-Canal,  and  the  Main  to 
(jerman  markets.  A  second  outlet  for  Servian 
products  was  procured  at  Varna  by  means  of 
concessions  accorded  on  the  Bulgarian  railways. 
A  favorable  treaty  of  commerce  was  arranged 
with  France.  Little  by  little  the  old  trade- 
current  through  Bosnia  and  to  the  Dalmatian 
coast  was  diminished  and  Servia  was  now 
selling  her  pork  and  cereals,  without  the 
.-\ustrian  middleman,  through  the  channel  of 
the  Black  Sea  ports  and  Salonika,  in  all  the 
.Mediterranean  ports,  from  Syria  by  way  of 
Egypt  to  Ital\-.  The  need  of  direct  communi- 
cation between  the  Danube  and  the  .Adriatic 
became  steadil\'  more  obvious,  and  Servian 
claims  to  economic  autonomy',  the  onl\'  form 
of  independence  which  in  the  modern  world  is 
the  sign  of  political  autonomv,  became  more 
and  more  legitimate.  Austrian  imports  fell 
from  60  per  cent,  to  35  per  cent.  Then  came 
the  war  of  1912.  Within  only  a  few  days  after 
the  opening  of  hostilities,  Austria  beheld  the 
Servian  troops  in  possession  of  Uskub,  of  old 
Servia,  of  a  large  portion  of  the  sanjak  of 
Novibazar,  and  rapidl\-  making  for  the  Adriatic 
coast-line.  A  national  policy  of  more  than 
thirt\-  years  was  thereby  suddenl>'  stultified. 
Ser\ia  had  burst  her  bounds,  and  was  no  longer 
the  ward  of  the  Dual  Monarch)-.  In  an  adroit 
appeal  addressed  to  English  s\mpath\',  through 
the  Times  (November  24,  1912),  the  Servian 
Prime  Minister,  M.  Pashitch,  explained  that 
independence  of  trade  and  economic  liberty  were 
not  onl\-  necessar\-  for  Servia's  de\elopment,  and 
even  for  her  existence,  but  also  advantageous 
to  the  world;  an  .Adriatic  outlet,  he  argued, 
would  give  Servia  new  neighbors,  "since  every 
maritime  nation  would  then  be  Servia's  neigh- 
bor as  much  as  Austria  is  to-daw"  Servia  was 
particularl\'  happ\-  at  the  thought  that  she  was 
thus  to  secure  direct  contact  with  England, 
and  to  live  henceforth  in  close  relations  with 
the  nations  of  the  West." 

In  1908,  when  Austria-Hungary  annexed 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  Servia  felt  that  at 
any  time  it  might  be  the  next  victim.  The 
arm\'  which  was  launched  first  against  the 
Turks  and  then  against  the  Bulgars  was  ori- 
ginall\'  prepared  to  meet  an  Austrian-Hungarian 
advance.  It  is  now  fulfilling  that  mission. 
Austria-Hungar>'  has  naturally  chafed  at  the 
growth  of  a  greater  Servian  kingdom  which 
would  mean  not  only  the  loss  of  her  Serb  pro- 
vinces but  also  the  end  of  her  ambition  for 
further  outlets  on  the  .Adriatic  and  the  /Egean. 


130 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


The  dual  monarch\-  has  felt  that  not  only 
Servians  individuall\-  but  the  Servian  Gcern- 
ment  itself  was  preaching  this  hostile  doctrine. 
A  former  prime  minister,  Count  Aehrenthal, 
tried  to  shown  the  complicit\-  of  the  Servian 
Government  in  the  famous  Agram  trials,  but 
it  was  shown  that  his  evidence  was  forged. 
Nevertheless,  the  fundamental  situation  re- 
mained. Servia's  success  in  the  Balkan  War 
was  propaganda  enough.  Sooner  or  later, 
without  the  Servian  Government's  moving  a 
finger,  the  Serbs  of  Hungarx'  were  likel\'  to 
revolt.  .X  successful  Servia  was  therefore  a 
perpetual  menace  to  Austrian  peace  and  integ- 
rity. When  a  Serb  killed  the  Archduke 
Francis  Ferdinand,  Austria  saw  its  opportunitx- 
to  remove  the  constant  menace  from  its  fron- 
tier. It  took  his  death  as  the  excuse,  and  de- 
clared war. 

If  this  were  all  the  story  the  war  would  have 
been  localized  to  these  two  countries.  But 
Russia's  policy  has  been  to  encourage  the  Slav 
kingdom  of  Servia  in  territory  where  the  powers 
will  not  let  her  go  herself.  On  the  other  hand, 
German\-  has  alwa\s  hoped  to  reach  the  east 
through  its  ally,  Austria.  Before  the  last 
Balkan  War  there  was  a  strip  of  territory,  the 
Sanjak  of  Novibazar,  belonging  to  Turkey, 
which  ran  up  between  Servia  and  Montenegro 
and  touched  Austria.  Through  this  route 
Austria,  and  through  Austria,  German\-,  hoped 
to  reach  the  /Fgean  and  the  East.  After  the 
Balkan  War  Servia  and  iMontenegro  took  this 
territor\'  and  put  a  solid  line  of  Slav  domination 
across  the  path  of  German-Austrian  ambitions. 

Unless  the  policy  of  \ears  —  the  Drang  nach 
Osten  —  was  to  be  given  up,  here  was  another 
fundamental  reason  wh\-  Austria  and  the  greater 
Servia  idea  could  not  live  peaceably  together. 

In  no  country  in  the  world  has  the  question 
of  population  caused  so  much  bitter  dispute  as 
in  the  Balkans.  Because  of  racial  and  national 
animosities  and  jealousies,  census  figures  have 
been  deliberately  padded  and  falsified,  especi- 
ally in  that  territory  which  was,  until  recenth', 
European  Turkey.  Only  in  Bulgaria,  Servia, 
and  Greece  proper  have  genuine  census  enu- 
merations been  made. 

Bulgaria  claims  to  have  had  a  population, 
in  1910,  before  the  war,  of  about  4,337,()()o,  this 
being  increased  since  the  war,  through  new 
territory,  by  about  half  a  million.  Servia  re- 
ported 2,900,000  in  1910,  the  new  territory 
increasing  this  by  a  little  more  than  1,500,000. 
In  Greece  the  population  was  2,730,000  before 
the  war  and  now  is  almost  4,400,000.  Little 
Montenegro,  one  hundred  miles  in  length  by  a 
bare  eighty  in  width,  adds  a  trifle  more  than 
500, ofX)  to  the  total.  The  estimate  for  Albania, 
on  a  conservative  basis,  is  about  Hoo.ooo. 

It  is  in  the  proportionate  numbers  of  the 
various  races  and  nationalities,  h(jwever,  that 
the  greatest  confusion  exists.  Nowhere  in  the 
world  is  there  such  a  variet\'  of  different  peoples 
intermingling  with  each  other. 


Broadl\-  classified,  the  Slavs,  Turks,  and  the 
Greeks  are  the  chief  elements.  Of  these  three, 
the  Slavs  predominate  by  a  vast  majorit\-,  but 
the\-  again  are  sharply  sub-divided  into  two 
branches;  the  Bulgars  and  the  Servians. 

The  consensus  of  opinion  would  indicate 
that  the  Greeks  predominate  in  the  large  cities 
and  towns  and  along  the  sea  coasts.  In  the 
interior  the\"  are  not  found  much  north  of 
Salonika.  Greeks  in  the  cities  are  found  as 
far  north  as  Varna  and  Bourgas,  and  even  on  the 
other  side  of  the  Danube,  in  Roumania,  most 
of  them  being  engaged  in  commercial  vocations. 

In  the  interior  the  Bulgarians  claim  that 
the\'  constitute  the  main  bulk  of  the  population 
down  almost  to  the  foot  of  Mt.  01\mpus  and  as 
far  west  as  Albania,  up  to  Old  Servia  although 
the  Servians  claim  that  many  of  these  people 
are  really  Servians  Bulgarized.  Thence,  up 
to  the  old  frontiers  and  over  into  Montenegro 
the  Servians  preponderate. 

The  Turks  are  nowhere  found  in  a  solid  mass, 
but  they  are  scattered  over  almost  the  entire 
Balkans,  even  up  in  the  Austrian  provinces  of 
Bosnia  and  Herzegovina.  Nowhere  are  they 
more  numerous  than  in  northern  Bulgaria, 
along  the  banks  of  the  Danube,  and  in  the  north- 
ern cities  of  Varna  and  Bourgas  they  still  form 
a  considerable  portion  of  the  population.  The 
Bulgarian  census  figures  give  their  number  at 
almost  500,000,  about  a  seventh  of  the  total 
population.  Servia  only  admits  having  14,000 
Turks  within  her  territorx',  but  this  is  undoubt- 
edl\-  an  underestimate.  There  is  no  doubt 
that  the  Servians  have  been  energetic  in  driving 
the  Turks  out  of  Servia  during  their  longer 
period  of  independence. 

Of  the  minor  race  divisions  the  Albanians 
deserve  first  mention.  They  are  supposed  to 
be  the  direct  descendants  of  the  ancient 
Illyrians,  who  have  remained  racially  pure  on 
account  of  the  mountainous  character  of  their 
country.  While  the  majority  are  Moham- 
medans by  faith,  the\'  differ  markedly  from  the 
Turks,  being  rough  in  their  manners,  less 
fanatical  in  matters  of  religion,  and  not  at  all 
inclined  toward  steady  pursuits.  They  are 
still  in  the  patriarchial  stage  of  social  develop- 
ment, living  in  clans  as  did  the  Scottish  high- 
landers  two  centuries  ago. 

Next  to  the  Albanians  in  numbers  come  the 
Jews.  These  are  the  direct  descendants  of  the 
Jews  who  were  driven  out  of  Spain  during  the 
period  of  the  Inquisition  by  Torquemada  and 
were  so  hospitably  received  by  the  Sultan  of 
Turkey.  To  this  da\'  their  speech  docs  not 
differ  very  much  from  modern  Spanish.  Up 
in  Bulgaria  they  number  nearly  40,000,  and 
farther  south  they  become  more  numerous. 
In  Salonika,  now  a  Greek  city,  the  Jews  form 
a  big  majority  of  the  population,  numbering 
about  100,000  out  of  a  mixed  total  of  174,000. 
Almost  to  a  unit  they  are  engaged  in  trade. 
They  have  always  had  friendly  relations  with 
the  Turks  and  have  enjoxed  many  special 
favors  under  the  Turkish  Government. 


THE  BALKANS 


131 


The  Wallachs  are  another  considerable  por- 
tion of  the  population  throughout  the  Balkans, 
especially  in  the  mountainous  regions.  They 
have  usually  been  classified  as  Roumanians, 
but  they  difter  somewhat  from  the  Roumanians 
in  Roumania  proper. 

Another  scattered  element  is  the  (lipsv, 
especially  in  Bulgaria  and  Servia.  Fhese 
people  are  the  lowest  in  standards  of  living  and 
culture  of  all  the  Balkan  races.  While  all  of 
them  speak  Turkish,  their  natural  tongue  dilfers 
from  any  other  Balkan  dialect.  They  call 
themselves  "Copts,"  which  alone  would  indi- 
cate their  Egyptian  origin. 

Although  the  Servians  and  the  Bulgarians, 
forming  the  biggest  element  in  the  Balkans, 
are  classified  as  Slavs,  there  is  still  a  striking 
difference  in  racial  characteristics  between  them. 
The  Bulgar,  slow,  heavy,  inclined  to  be  morose 
and  tongue-tied,  suspicious  of  strangers,  un- 
couth, is  not  really  a  pure  Slav.  Originally  the 
country  which  he  now  occupies  was  populated 
by  an  Asiatic  race,  called  Volgars,  because  of 
their  having  come  from  the  River  Volga.  It 
is  supposed  that  they  and  the  Hungarians  and 
the  Finns  are  of  the  same  origin. 

Later  the  Slavic  hordes  overran  the  country, 
sweeping  down  to  the  borders  of  Greece.  The 
Bulgars  were  completely  overcome  and  assim- 
ilated with  the  Slavs.  To-day  not  a  trace  of 
their  original  tongue  remains,  the  language  of 
the  Bulgarians  being  the  purest  of  all  the 
Slavic  dialects,  not  excepting  even  the  Russian. 
But  they  still  retain  certain  ph\sical  and  tem- 
peramental characteristics  that  are  distinctly 
not  Slavic,  such  as  their  rather  dark  features 
and  stoliditw 

The  Servians  are  everything  that  the  Bul- 
garians are  not.  Physically  they  are  fairer 
and  more  refined  in  appearance.  By  tempera- 
ment they  are  light  hearted,  joyous,  frivolous, 
and  charming  to  deal  with.  Their  country 
being  more  suited  for  defence,  the\'  were  never 
completely  overrun  by  the  Turks,  and  as  a 
consequence  they  still  retain,  like  the  Greeks, 
a  native  aristocracy  of  culture. 

The  Turks,  too,  present  some  wide  differences 
of  race.  In  the  North  of  Bulgaria,  along  the 
banks  of  the  Danube,  there  is  a  strong  Tartar 
strain  among  them,  whereas  farther  south 
many  of  them  are  simply  converted  Bulgars, 
called  Pomaks,  speaking  the  same  tongue  as 
their  Christian  neighbors,  but  hating  them 
cordiall\'. 

Nor  is  there  to  be  found  a  permanent  friend- 
ship between  any  of  these  elements.  That 
they  could  unite,  even  temporarily,  during  the 
attack  upon  Turkex*  was  the  wonder  of  wonders 
to  all  who  ha\e  an  acquaintance  with  the  peo- 
ples of  the  Balkans.  This  mutual  animosity 
has  its  foundation  in  historx'  as  well  as  in  dif- 
ference of  race.  In  recent  times  Servia  and 
Bulgaria  have  fought  each  other  twice.  The 
Greeks  have  a  universal  prejudice  against  all 
Slavs,  wherever  they  live. 

In  1884,  when  Bulgaria  took  over  the  rebell- 


ing province  of  Eastern  Rumelia  from  Turkey, 
Russia,  fearing  the  menace  of  a  territorially 
aggrandized  Bulgaria,  yet  not  daring  to  inter- 
fere openly  on  account  of  the  attitude  6f  Great 
Britain,  persuaded  the  Servians  to  attack 
Bulgaria.  The  Servians  were  completely  routed 
in  one  three-day  battle,  for  which  defeat  Russia 
was  never  able  to  forgive  Bulgaria.  On  their 
side  the  Bulgarians,  though  feeling  a  warm 
affinity  for  the  Russian  people,  have  always 
violently  hated  the  Russian  autocracy.  No- 
where in  Europe  have  the  Russian  political 
exiles  found  a  surer  refuge  than  in  Bulgaria. 
Of  all  countries  this  is  the  only  one  which  has 
steadily  refused  to  molest  these  refugees  at  the 
behest  of  the  Russian  police. 

Servia,  on  the  contrary,  has  always  looked  to 
Russia  as  its  protector  against  the  aggressions 
of  the  Austrians.  As  a  natural  political  result 
Bulgaria  has  found  it  necessary  to  maintain 
an  understanding  with  Austria,  to  counteract 
the  continual  Russian  intrigues  against  Bul- 
garian independence.  Aside  from  that  policy, 
of  which  the  mass  of  the  people  know  little,  the 
Bulgarian  has  little  sentiment  to  waste  for  the 
"Schwab,"  as  he  calls  all  Germans.  In  any 
general  upheaval  it  is  more  than  likel\-  that 
politics  would  be  forgotten  if  the  will  of  the 
people  were  consulted,  and  Bulgaria  would 
stand  side  by  side  with  the  Russians. 

With  the  exception  of  the  northern  Albanians, 
who  are  chiefly  adherents  of  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic Church,  all  the  Christians  of  the  Balkan 
countries  belong  to  what  is  generally  known 
as  the  Eastern,  or  Greek,  Catholic  Church. 
At  one  time  it  was  reall\'  the  Greek  Church, 
with  the  Patriarch  at  the  head,  which  included 
them  all  within  its  flocks.  But  after  the  libera- 
tion of  Servia  and  Bulgaria  these  countries 
formed  separate  churches,  between  which  and 
the  original  Greek  Church  there  existed  an  an- 
imosity which  was  not  felt  toward  the  Roman 
Church.  As  the  various  governments  have 
warred  for  territor\',  so  these  churches  have 
fought  for  adherents.  The  original  Greek 
Church  carried  its  propaganda  so  far  that.it 
organized  bands  of  armed  men  who  overran 
parts  of  Macedonia,  forcing  the  adherents  of 
the  other  churches  to  declare  themselves 
Greeks,  the  alternative  being  the  destruction 
of  their  villages,  catties,  and  even  themselves 
and  families.  Nor  were  these  empty  threats; 
actuall\-  thousands  of  people,  both  men  and 
women,  were  killed  b\'  these  terrorists  of  the 
Church  and  dozens  of  villages  were  burned. 
The  peasants,  on  their  part,  organized  armed 
bands  to  protect  themselves  against  the  Greek 
Church,  and  man\'  were  the  bloody  fights 
engaged  in  by  these  armed  bands,  the  Turkish 
soldiers  supporting  the  forces  of  the  Church 
while  the  peasantry  gave  aid  and  comfort  to 
the  informal  militia  bands.  Hardl\'  a  peasant 
in  the  mountain  regions  but  has  been  out  at 
least  once  in  a  general  or  local  insurrection 
against  the  Turks  or  against  the  terrorist  bands 
of  the  Greek  Church. 


ITALY'S  HATRED  OF  AUSTRIA 


WHY  IT  HELD  BACK  FROM  ITS  ALLIES  OF  THE  TRIPLE  ALLIANCE 


THE  reason  that  Italy  held  oflF  from 
its  allies  in  the  Triple  Alliance  is 
written  large  in  her  history.  The 
grandfather  of  the  present  king  ®f 
Italy,  Victor  Emmanuel,  of  Sardinia, 
with  Cavour's  guidance,  made  an  alliance  with 
Napoleon  III  and  picked  a  quarrel  with  Austria 
in  1839  much  as  Bismarck  in  1866  made  a  treaty 
with  Italv  and  picked  a  quarrel  with  Austria. 
In  each  case  these  nation-builders  deliberately 
provoked  war  as  a  means  to  the  unification  of 
their  country.  In  the  campaigns  of  1859 
Lombardv  was  taken  from  Austria.  In  1866, 
in  alliance  with  Prussia,  Italy  went  to  war  with 
Austria  again,  this  time,  chiefly  as  a  result  of 
the  Prussian  victory  at  Sadowa,  receiving 
Venetia  from  Austria.  Austria  was  held  to  be 
the  chief  enemy  of  Italy's  independence  and 
unity.  Despite  this,  however,  in  1882  Italy 
joined  Germany  and  Austria  in  the  Triple 
Alliance.  This  unnatural  alignment  was  en- 
tered into  chiefly  because  France,  Italy's 
normal  allv,  had  blocked  her  colonial  ambitions 
in  Tunis.  Yet  the  alliance  never  made  Austria 
popular  with  Italians,  nor  did  it  cover  the 
Mediterranean  or  the  Adriatic.  The  head  of 
the  Adriatic  is  a  constant  source  of  enmity  be- 
tween Italy  and  Austria.  In  Trieste  and 
Fiume,  seaports  of  Austria,  the  population  is 
chiefly  Italian.  Italy  has  always  coveted  not 
onlv  these  ports  but  the  Albanian  shore  of  the 
Adriatic  as  well.  She  looks  with  suspicion 
upon  the  German-Austrian  attempts  to  domin- 
ate the  Balkans.  Early  in  the  Italian-Turkish 
War    Italy   began   to   bombard    the   Albanian 


coast,  then  held  by  Turkey.  She  was  imme- 
diately warned  off  from  Avlona  by  Austria. 
This  added  fresh  vigor  to  the  old  antipath-y. 
Again,  the  tension  over  the  control  of  the 
Adriatic  was  so  acute  during  the  Balkan  War 
that  there  was  even  a  possibility  of  hostilities 
between  Italy  and  .Austria.  When,  therefore, 
the  question  of  renewing  the  Triple  Alliance 
came  up  in  191 3,  it  was  only  with  great  dif- 
ficulty that  Germany  succeeded  in  getting 
Italy  to  join  it  again,  even  though  it  was  only  a 
defensive  alliance  and  did  not  include  Ihe 
Mediterranean.  The  Italians  look  upon  secur- 
ing Trieste  and  the  control  of  the  Adriatic  as 
the  French  look  upon  reconquering  Alsace  and 
Lorraine. 

Austria  stands  fair  in  the  path  of  this  ambi- 
tion. The  memory  of  former  wars  and  the 
recognition  of  present  conflicting  policies  make 
the  Italian  people  unwilling  to  support  Austria. 
The  Italian  Government's  decision  that  it  was  / 
not  bound  to  help  Austria  and  Germany  be- 
cause they  were  not  engaged  in  a  defensive 
war  relieved  it  from  entering  upon  a  warlike 
policy  which  would  probably  have  failed  of 
public  support. 

Moreover,  Italy  has  nothing  to  gain  by  a 
war  against  the  Triple  Entente,  unless  it  might 
be  part  of  France's  North  African  possessions. 
The  chance  of  acquiring  these  would  hardly  be 
worth  exposing  a  long  coast  line  to  the  French 
and  English  Mediterranean  fleets.  On  the 
contrary,  a  German-Austrian  victory  would 
almost  certainly  work  harm  to  Italy's  hope  to 
control  in  the  Adriatic. 


"MADE  IN  GERMANY" 


JEALOUSi'   OF    "MADE    IN    GERMANY"  —  THE    FLAG   THAT    FOLLOWS    TRADE 


THERE,"  said  a  famous  German  diplo- 
mat, pointing  to  a  box  marked  Made 
in  Germany,  "is  the  Briton's  grievance 
against  us.  Too  many  things  are  made 
in  Germany." 
Germans  generally  believe  that  it  is  jealousy 
of  Germany's  phenomenal  industrial  progress 
and  her  fast  growing  merchant  marine  that 
has  caused  the  talk  of  war  between  England 
and  (iermany  for  the  last  decade.  In  a  meas- 
ure this  is  true.  The  old  agricultural  Ciermany 
has  become  a  vast  workshop.  It  imports  food 
for  one  seventh  of  its  population  of  64,000,000 
people.     It  has  become  to  a  measure  a  nation 


like  England  that  must  ha\e  outside  markets 
to  prosper,  for  its  home  consumption  will -not 
take  up  the  goods  it  makes.  To  get  oversea 
markets  it  has  built  up  its  great  merchant 
marine  and  to  protect  its  merchant  marine  it 
has  built  its  great  navy.  The  German  Gjovcrn- 
ment  is  intimately  linked  with  German  trade. 
German  diplomacy,  like  most  others,  is  "dollar 
diplomacy."  Germany's  foreign  policies  are 
designed  to  find  larger  markets  for  the  ever 
increasing  German  manufactures.  With  Ger- 
many, as  with  other  countries,  the  flag  is  likely 
to  follow  trade.  German  manufacturers  want 
a  trade  outlet  to  the  East.     For  example,  the 


HOLLAND  DEFENDED  BY  WATER 


'33 


German  Government,  through  its  Austrian 
ally,  is  tr\ing  to  reach  the  /Egean  Sea.  In  its 
rapid  commercial  and  maritime  rise  the  Euro- 
pean countries  that  it  has  most  often  met  in 
competition  are  England  and  France.  Nat- 
urall\  their  policies  and  their  colonial  empires 
were  used  to  encourage  their  own  trade  rather 
than  Germany's.  To  ensure  the  future  of  its 
foreign  trade  Germany  has  in  the  last  decade 
risen  to  contest  Great  Britain's  supremacy  on 
the   sea. 

"Germany's  expansion,"  says  a  writer  in  the 
New  York  Evening  Post,  "is  a  natural  phe- 
nomenon. The  country  is  overpopulated.  it 
must  expand.  The  Atlantic  Ocean  is  a  barrier 
to  its  westerly  expansion.  The  north  is  unin- 
viting. The  south  is  being  drained  of  its  re- 
sources by  active  and  intelligent  inhabitants. 
The  Drang  nach  Osten  of  German  Imperialism 
is  therefore  inevitable.  The  line  of  least  resist- 
ance points  to  the  east,  where  fertile  territory 
awaits  development. 

"Little  wonder,  then,  that  the  attention  of 
Germany's  far-seeing  statesmen  has  been  di- 
rected toward  Oriental  countries,  whose  wealth 
of  natural  resources  and  genial  climate  combine 
to  render  them  ideall\'  attractive.  The  ver- 
dant vales  and  forest-clad  mountains  of  Ser- 
via,  Greece,  and  Bulgaria  abound  with  raw 
material  necessitated  by  Germany's  increasing 
industries.  Beyond  the  narrow  watercourse 
intervening  between  Europe  and  Asia  at  the 
Dardanelles  and  Bosphorous  lies  Asia  Minor,  a 
land  marvelIousl\'  rich  in  minerals  and  suscep- 
tible of  great  agricultural  development.  Farther 
toward  the  dawning  sun  the  exceedingly  fertile 
Mesopotamian  valley,  once  the  granary  of  the 
civilized  world,  stretches  between  the  western 
Euphrates  and  Tigris,  and  bids  fair  to  provide 


humanity  anew  with  vast  supplies  of  grain  and 
cereals. 

"This  is  the  vision  which  has  dangled  allur- 
ingly before  the  minds  of  German  and  Austrian 
statesmen,  working  hand  in  hand,  Austria 
paving  the  way  in  the  Balkans,  German\'  forcing 
herself  successfully  in  the  control  of  Asia  Minor, 
which  to-day  is  a  German  colony  all  but  in 
name.  By  their  joint  efforts,  the  Teuton 
brothers  have  laid  the  foundation  of  an  empire 
whose  northern  sh(jres  will  be  washed  by  the 
Baltic  and  whose  southern  boundary  will  be 
formed  by  the  Persian  Cjulf." 

To  the  east,  in  South  America,  in  China,  the 
great  German  fleets  are  carrying  the  products  of 
German  mills  and  German  factories.  That  phen- 
omenal growth,  however,  like  most  such  things, 
has  developed  certain  weaknesses.  The  iron 
ore  of  Germany  is  not  inexhaustible  and  already 
the  Krupps,  the  German  steel  king  Thyssen, 
and  others  have  gone  into  Scandinavia,  into 
Belgium,  and  into  Morocco.  As  Germany  is 
likely  to  need  raw  materials  from  abroad  in 
the  future,  it  already  is  a  great  borrower  of 
capital.  There  is  not  money  enough  in  the 
country  to  finance  its  industry.  But  over  the 
border  in  France  there  are  available  funds. 
So  in  times  of  peace  the  French  bankers 
finance  German  industry.  But  in  times  of  war 
or  threatened  war  there  is  no  French  money  to 
be  had.  In  the  fall  of  191 1  for  instance,  when 
the  Agadir  incident  seemed  capable  of  pro- 
ducing war  between  the  two  countries,  Ger- 
many had  to  borrow  60  million  dollars  from 
the  United  States  at  twice  the  usual  interest 
rate.  It  is  generally  believed  that  Germany's 
financial  dependence  prevented  a  war  in  191 1. 
Since  then  both  Germany  and  France  have  been 
hoarding  gold  for  the  struggle  which  is  now  on. 


HOLLAND  DEFENDED  BY  WATER 

BY  LETTING  IN  WATER  THAT  KEEPS  OUT  THE  ENEMY 


WATER  istheonly  means  of  defense 
of  the  low  countries.  Belgium  in 
her  splendid  fight  against  Ger- 
many's breach  of  her  neutrality 
has  had  the  advantage  of  the 
high  hills  which  make  the  eastern  frontier  of  her 
country  easily  defendable.  The  Kingdom  of 
the  Netherlands  has  no  hills  and  to  keep  the 
heart  of  the  country  intact  it  is  obliged  to  sac- 
rifice many  miles  of  territory  which  during  the 
course  of  ages  she  has  gained  upon  the  ocean. 
Instead  of  a  defensive  line  of  hills  Holland  has 
a  defensive  line  of  water.  The  Dutch  govern- 
ment never  has  been  very  liberal  with  the  details 
of  its  waterline  defense  and  the  fortifications 
which  in  time  of  peace  look  like  artificial  hills 
covered  with  a  luxurious  coat  of  grass,  can  never 


be  approached  by  the  curious  tourist  without  an 
immediate  warning  not  to  come  too  near  and  to 
refrain  from  getting  a  very  thorough  look  at 
these  strangely  shaped  mounds. 

In  case  of  danger  the  government  would  be 
removed  from  The  Hague  to  Amsterdam.  The 
troops  in  the  outl>ing  provinces  would  slowly 
retreat,  destroying  the  bridges  across  the  large 
southern  rivers  and  thus  stopping  the  progress 
of  the  enemy  for  several  days.  They  would 
then  occupy  the  fortifications  around  Amster- 
dam and  make  ready  for  a  siege.  The  German 
invader  might  come  as  far  as  the  dikes  of  the 
old  bed  of  the  ri\er  Rhine  but  from  there  on  he 
would  meet  with  grave  diftkulties.  The  large 
artificial  lake  which  would  be  formed  by  open- 
ing the  locks  of  the  canals  near  Ymuiden  and 


134 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Katwyk  and  the  dikes  near  Amsterdam  would, 
within  twent\-four  hours  cover  the  entire 
countryside  with  a  coat  of  water  which  is  too 
deep  to  be  crossed  by  a  wading  force,  and  which 
at  the  same  time  is  too  shallow  to  allow  the  use 
of  armed  vessels.  It  is  true  that  modern  siege 
guns  might  fire  across  this  expanse  of  water. 
But  the  nature  of  the  ground  of  the  outl\ing 
territory  is  such  that  it  will  be  so  thoroughl\' 
drenched  after  a  few  hours  contact  with  water 


that  no  heavy  siege  gun  can  be  posted  upon  the 
muddy   substance. 

The  system  of  defense  is  a  desperate  one.  It 
will  mean  the  loss  of  untold  millions.  It  will 
mean  the  undoing  of  the  work  of  five  or  six 
centuries.  But  in  case  the  independence  of 
Holland  is  attacked  it  is  the  only  means  by 
which  the  people  can  show  their  aversion  to 
foreign  domination;  and  in  the  past  they  have 
several  times  made  the  sacrifice. 


WHAT  AMERICA  THINKS  OF  WAR 

A    UNIVERSAL    FEELING    THAT    THE    KAISER    HAS    FORCED'  ON    THE    CONFLICT 

BY 
C.    D.    M. 


AT  THE  outbreak  of  the  great  war  in 
August,  1914,  I  made  it  my  business 
to  ramble  about  the  streets  of  New 
York  among  the  crowds  watching  the 
newspaper  bulletins,  at  cafes,  on  street- 
cars, talking  with  everyone  I  came  across.  The 
current  of  popular  feeling  was  not  difficult 
to  trace.  Denunciation  of  the  Kaiser  was 
in  most  cases  a  sure  passport  to  the  ap- 
proval of  the  little  knot  of  listeners  who  gather 
to  every  argument.  From  the  Battery  to  the 
Bronx,  everywhere  I  found  a  definite  anti- 
German  sentiment.  Not  against  the  German 
people,  of  course,  who  are  bound  to  us  by  close 
ties  of  blood  and  commerce;  but  against  the 
Kaiser  and  the  whole  armor-plated  superstruc- 
ture of  German  militarism  which  seems  to  have 
cudgeled  into  war  a  people  flourishing  in  the 
arts  of  peace,  a  people  whose  genius  is  for  lit- 
erature and  art  and  commerce,  the  kindest- 
hearted  people  in  the  world.  Sympathy  with 
the  Germans  there  exists  in  abundance,  and 
horror  at  the  task  which  their  troops  are  called 
upon  to  perform.  But  approval  of  the  German 
war  office?  No!  Unless  it  comes  from  Ger- 
mans or  Austrians  themselves.  Near  the 
Siaais-Zeitnng  office,  or  at  the  Kaiscrhof, 
Lijchow's,  the  Hofbrau,  Little  Hungary  or  any 
other  of  the  well-known  pan-German  restaurants 
one  may  hear  "  Hoch  der  Kaiser"  uttered  in  all 
sincerity;  but  even  there  one  finds  thoughtful 
souls  who  think  that  the  War  Lord  is  costing 
the  Fatherland  dear. 

Any  serious  attempt  to  find  the  prevailing 
national  sentiment  behind  the  street  clamor 
must  reckon  with  the  tremendous  growth  of 
socialistic  and  anti-autocratic  feeling  which 
the  war  is  causing.  A  Europe  generally  un- 
desirous  of  war  has  been  hurried  into  conflict  by 
a  few  men    —  such  is  the  prevailing  idea. 

The  death  of  M.  Jaur^s,  foully  murdered  for 
having  been  brave  enough  to  prf)tesl  against 
warlike  preparations,  has  not  gone  unnoticed. 


A  handbill  on  the  street  announces  a  big 
anti-war  meeting  of  socialists.  The  legend 
began:  / 

"WAR  IS  HELL  / 

And    the   workers    of   the   world 
Are    roasted    in    its    fires." 

The  sentiment  is  crudely  expressed  but  can 
any  one  doubt  its  essential  truth?  So  in  a  way 
the  war  is  acting  as  a  terrible  public  educator. 

"I  hope  the  war  will  be  sharp  enough  to  cure 
the  Germans  of  their  Kaiser  folly"  said  one 
man  to  me.  The  New  York  Evening  Post  voices 
a  large  public  when  it  prophesies  the  defeat  of 
the  Kaiser's  armies  and  says: 

"Out  of  the  ashes  must  come  a  new  Germany, 
in  which  pure  democracy  shall  rule,  in  which 
no  one  man  and  no  group  of  professional  man- 
killers  shall  have  the  power  to  plunge  the  whole 
world  into  mourning.  If  this  be  treason  to 
Germany,  our  readers  must  make  the  most  of 
it.  To  our  minds,  it  is  of  profound  significance 
that  so  many  Americans  are  saying  to-day: 
'We  wish  that  the  Kaiser  might  be  beaten  and 
the  German  people  win.'  " 

Undoubtedly  Americans  are  realizing  (what 
has  never  been  so  plainly  brought  home  before) 
the  cruel  folly  of  a  nation  hurried  into  war  by 
an,  unrepresentative  military  clique,  it  is  sig- 
nificant that  so  many  editorial-writers  have 
now  for  the  first  time  appreciated  the  value  to 
this  country  of  President  Wilson's  policy  in 
Mexico. 

in  the  crowd  circulating  in  front  of  the  Hor- 
ace Greeley  statue  by  the  Tribune  Building  I 
asked  fifty  men  of  all  classes,  all  Americans  as 
far  as  I  could  judge,  whether  they  were  for  the 
Germans  or  against.  Fhe  count  was  8  for  and 
42  against.  If  hard  words  could  have  killec* 
the  Kaiser,  he  would  have  perished  speedily  or 
(j'ty  Hall  Square.  The  verdict  of  the  American 
people  undoubtedly  is  that  the  war  was  "Made 
in  (jermanv." 


CHRONOLOGY  OF  THE  DIPLOMACY 
THAT  LED  TO  WAR 


ON  JUNE  28th  a  Shv  who  thought 
he  was  a  patriot  killed  the  German 
Archduke  Francis  Ferdinand,  heir 
to  the  throne  of  Austria.  An 
inquiry  was  begun  in  which  evi- 
dence was  introduced  to  show  that  the  assas- 
sin's work  was  part  of  a  plot  for  the  revolt  of 
the  Southern  Slav  provinces  of  Austria,  in- 
stigated by  Servians  if  not  by  the  Servian 
Government.  On  July  23d,  however,  before 
the  investigation  was  completed,  Austria  sent 
an  ultimatum  to  Servia  demanding  that  it  use 
every  means  in  its  power  to  punish  the  assassins 
and  also  to  stop  all  further  anti-Austrian  propa- 
ganda. Austria  demanded  that  she  be  permit- 
ted to  have  representatives  in  the  work  of  in- 
vestigation. 

JULY  24TH 
On  July  24th,  Russia  joined  the  little  Slav 
country  in  asking  for  a  delay.     Austria  refused 
to  grant  this. 

25TH 
On  July  25th,  ten  minutes  before  6  p.  m.,  the 
hour  when  the  ultimatum  expired,  the  Servian 
Premier  gave  his  reply  to  the  Austrian  Am- 
bassador at  Belgrade:  Servia  agreed  to  all  the 
conditions  and  apologies  demanded  by  Austria, 
except  that  allowing  Austrian  officials  to  par- 
ticipate   in    the    inquiry    to    be   conducted    in 
Servia  into  the  assassination  of  the  Archduke. 
Even  this  was  not  definitely  refused. 
27TH 
On  July  27th,  the  Austrian  foreign  ofTice  issued 
a  statement  in  which  appeared  these  words: 

"The  object  of  the  Servian  note  is  to  create  the 
false  impression  that  the  Servian  Government  is  pre- 
pared in  great  measure  to  comply  with  our  demands. 

"As  a  matter  of  fact,  however,  Servia's  note  is 
filled  with  the  spirit  of  dishonesty,  which  clearly  lets 
it  be  seen  that  the  Servian  Government  is  not  seriously 
determined  to  put  an  end  to  the  culpable  tolerance  it 
hitherto  has  extended  to  intrigues  against  the 
Austro-Hungarian  monarchy." 

Russia  notified  Austria  that  it  could  not  allow 
Servian  territory  to  be  invaded.  The  great 
Slav  nation  had  come  to  the  rescue  of  its  little 
kinsman.  Semi-officially,  Germany  let  it  be 
known  that  no  one  must  interfere  with  the 
Austrian-Servian  entanglement  —  an  intima- 
tion that  Germany  would  back  Austria. 

To  stem  the  trend  toward  war  Sir  Edward 
Grey,  the  British  Foreign  Secretary,  made  the 
definite  proposal  that  mediation  between 
Servia  and  Austria  be  undertaken  by  a  con- 
ference of  the  .'Embassadors  in  London.  France 
and  Italy  accepted  the  proposal.  Germany 
and  Austria  declined. 


28TH 

On  July  2Sth,  came  the  official  announcement 
that  turned  Europe  into  an  armed  camp: 

Vienna,  July  28. —  Austria-Hungary's  declaration 
of  war  against  Servia  was  gazetted  here  late  this 
afternoon.     The  text  is  as  follows: 

"  Ihe  Royal  Government  of  Servia  not  having 
replied  in  a  satisfactory  manner  to  the  note  remitted 
to  it  by  the  Austro-Hungarian  Minister  in  Belgrade  on 
July  2},  IQ14,  the  Imperial  and  Royal  Government 
finds  itself  compelled  to  proceed  itself  to  safeguard  its 
rights  and  interests  and  to  have  recourse  for  this 
purpose  to  force  of  arms. 

"Austria-Hungary  considers  itself,  therefore,  from 
this  moment  in  a  state  of  war  with  Servia. 

(Signed)       "Count  Berchtold, 

"Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  of  Austria-Hungary." 

29TH 

On  Julv  29th,  the  Czar  issued  an  imperial 
ukase  calling  all  reservists  to  the  colors. 

On  Jul\-  30th,  the  German  Chancellor,  Von 
Bethmann-Hollweg,  showed  where  he  stood  in 
the  following  telegram  to  the  German  Am- 
bassador at  Vienna: 

"We  cannot  expect  Austria-Hungary  to  negotiate 
with  Servia,  with  whom  she  is  in  a  state  of  war.  The 
refusal,  however,  to  exchange  views  with  St.  Peters- 
burg would  be  a  grave  mistake. 

"We  are  indeed  ready  to  fulfil  our  duty  as  ally. 
We  must,  however,  refuse  to  be  drawn  into  a  world 
conflagration  owing  to  Austria-Hungary  not  respect- 
ing our  advice.  Your  Excellency  will  express  this  to 
Count  von  Berchtold,  Austro-Hungarian  Foreign 
Minister,  with  all  emphasis  and  great  seriousness." 

In  reply  to  this  communication  Count  Berch- 
told told  the  German  Ambassador  that  the 
Austro-Hungarian  Ambassador  at  St.  Peters- 
burg had  already  been  instructed  to  begin 
negotiations  with  Sergius  SazonofF,  the  Russian 
Foreign  Minister.  But  nothing  came  of  these 
efforts. 

30TH 

On  July  30th,  German\'  asked  Russia  to  stop 
its  mobilization  and  asked  for  a  reply  within 
twent\-four  hours.  England  notified  Germany 
that  if  a  general  conflict  should  occur  it  could 
not  stand  aloof  and  see  the  balance  of  power  in 
Europe   destroyed. 

3 1  ST 

On  Jul\'  31st,  Premier  Asquith  announced  in 
the  British  House  of  Commons: 

"We  have  just  heard,  not  from  St.  Petersburg,  but 
from  Germany,  that  Russia  has  proclaimed  the  gen- 
eral mobilization  of  her  army  and  her  fleet,  and  that, 
in  consequence  of  this,  martial  law  is  to  be  proclaimed 
in  Germany. 


136 

"W'e  understand  this  to  mean  that  mobilization 
will  follow  in  Germany,  if  the  Russian  mobilization  is 
general  and  is  proceeded  with." 

Russia  paid  no  attention  to  the  German 
ultimatum,  but  M.  Gorymy.kin,  president  of  the 
Council  of  the  Empire,  issued  a  manifesto 
which  read: 

"Russia  is  determined  not  to  allow  Servia  to  be 
crushed  and  will  fulfil  its  duty  in  regard  to  that  small 
kingdom,  which  has  already  suffered  so  much  at 
Austria's  hands." 

The  German  Ambassador,  Baron  von  Schoen, 
went  to  the  French  foreign  office  and  expressed 
the  fear  that  dangerous  friction  might  arise 
between  the  Triple  Alliance  and  the  Triple 
Entente  in  the  event  of  the  Powers  of  the  Triple 
Entente  not  taking  steps  lo  localize  the  conflict 
between  Austria  and  Servia. 

AUGUST   1ST 

On  August  1st,  the  German  Ambassador 
handed  the  declaration  of  war  to  the  Russian 
Foreign  Minister  at  7.30  p.m. 

The    French    Government 
mobilization  order. 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


issued    a   general 


On  August  2d,  Germany  began  the  invasion 
of  France  through  the  Duchy  of  Luxemburg. 
As  this  territory  was  neutralized  by  the  Powers, 
including  Germany,  in  1867,  this  act  was  gen- 
erall\'  criticized  as  involving  a  breach  of  treaty. 
England  asked  Germany  if  she  would  respect 
the  neutrality  of  Belgium.  Germany  replied 
that  she  could  not  answer  the  question  at  that 
time.  The  British  Cabinet  spent  the  day  in 
secret  session  discussing  what  attitude  England 
should  assume. 

3D 

On  August  3d  Germany  sent  an  ultimatum  to 
Belgium  demanding  free  passage  for  her  troops. 
Germany  said  that  it  already  had  information 
that  France  was  to  use  Belgium  as  a  military 
base.  Belgium  refused  entrance  to  German 
troops  and  demanded  that  Germany  respect 
her  neutrality.  She  followed  up  her  reply  by 
proclaiming  martial  law.  The  French  Govern- 
ment declared  martial  law  in  France  and 
Algiers. 

Sir  Edward  Grey,  the  British  Foreign  Minis- 
ter, in  the  House  of  Commons,  read  a  telegram 
addressed  to  King  George  by  King  Albert  of 
Fielgium,  asking  "the  diplomatic  intervention 
of  Your  Majesty's  Government  to  safeguard 
the  integrity  of  Belgium."  So  far  as  England's 
treaty  obligations  with  France  were  concerned, 
said  Sir  Edward,  "we  have  perfect  freedom 
to  decide."  For  years  England  had  "had  a 
friendship  with  France.  Whether  that  friend- 
ship' involves  obligations,  let  every  man  look 
into  his  own  heart  and  feelings  and  construe 
the  obligations  for  himself.  If  the  German 
fleet  bombarded  the  unprotected  French  coast," 
he  added,  "I-'ngland  could  not  stand  aside  with 


its  arms  folded."  The  German  Ambassador 
had  made  a  strong  bid  for  British  neutrality. 
The  Emperor  had  promised  not  to  attack  the 
northern  and  western  coast  of  France  if 
England  would  remain  neutral.  John  Red- 
mond, the  Nationalist  leader,  aroused  great 
enthusiasm  by  pledging  the  support  of  all 
Irishmen,  Protestant  and  Catholic,  to  whatever 
course  England  decided  on. 

Italy  proclaimed  her  neutrality.  Although 
a  member  of  the  Triple  Alliance,  this  alliance, 
her  statesmen  explained,  was  intended  to  pro- 
tect the  parties  to  it  against  an  attack.  Italy 
interpreted  Germany's  and  Austria's  acts  as 
amounting  to  an  aggressive  war. 

The  German  Emperor  gave  the  Russian  Am- 
bassador his  passports. 

4TH 

On  August  4th,  England  sent  an  ultimatum 
to  German\',  demanding  a  satisfactorv  reply 
by  midnight  on  the  question  of  the  neutrality 
of  Belgium.  King  George's  proclamation  com- 
manding the  mobilization  of  the  British  Army 
was  read  from  the  steps  of  the  Royal  Exchange. 
Parliament  voted  a  war  credit  of  $525,000,000. 
No  reply  having  been  received  from  Germany 
the  British  foreign  office  announced  that  a  state 
of  war  existed  with  Germany,  dating  from  1 1 
p.  M.  August  4th.  Meanwhile  Germany  had 
given  his  passports  to  the  British  Ambassador 
in  Berlin. 

5TH 

On  August  5th,  President  Wilson  offered 
the  good  offices  of  the  United  States  in  an  at- 
tempt to  bring  about  a  settlement  of  the  Euro- 
pean difficulties.  The  Germans  began  an 
attack  upon  Liege,  Belgium,  and  were  repulsed. 

6th 
On   August   6th,    Austria-Hungary   declared 
war    on    Russia.     The    Austrian    Ambassador 
left  St.  Petersburg. 

7TH 

On  August  7th,  the  German  Government  used 
strong  representations  to  Italy,  in  its  efforts  to 
enlist  its  participation  in  the  war.  Italy,  how- 
ever, maintained  her  neutrality.  The  Kaiser 
issued  a  proclamation  asserting  that  jealousy  of 
German  progress  was  the  real  cause  of  the  war. 

8th 
On    August    8th,    Portugal    announced    its 
decision  10  support  Great  Britain. 

QTH 

On  August  Qth,  Servia  declared  war  against 
Germany  in  order  to  get  rid  of  the  German  Am- 
bassador. 

lOTH 

On  August  luth,  France  declared  war  on  Aus- 
tria as  a  resultof  Austrian  troopsaidingGermanv. 

I  3TH 

On  August  13th,  Austria  and  Great  Britain 
each  declared  war  on  the  other. 


THE    ROYAL    RELATIVES   OF   EUROPE 


EUROPE  at  war  can  almost  be  likened 
to  a  huge  fainil\'  quarrel.  The  ro\al 
houses,  especiall\'  of  the  countries  which 
are  most  vitall\'  concerned  h\'  the  war, 
are  practical!)'  all  of  the  same  Germanic 
stock,  and  almost  of  one  blood.  There  have 
been  so  many  intermarriages  between  these 
houses  that  German  blood  dominates  every 
European  throne  with  the  exception  of  the 
two  small  kingdoms  of  Servia  and  Montenegro. 
In  several  great  family  groups  the  custom  of 
intermarriage  is  continuous!)'  carried  on  from 
generation  to  generation,  but  very  seldom  ex- 
tends to  the  families  of  other  groups.  Some- 
times, as  between  the  House  of  Hapsburg  and 
the  royal  House  of  Hohenzollern  of  Prussia,  a 
direct  matrimonial  alliance  almost  never  oc- 
curs; there  has  not  been  a  marriage  between 
these  two  houses  within  the  last  two  hundred 
years.  In  the  south  of  Europe  the  houses  of 
Hapsburg,  Savoy,  Bavaria,  Saxony,  and  Bour- 
bon seem  to  form  one  combination  of  these 
famil\'  groups,  while  in  the  north  the  principal 
combination  is  made  up  of  the  houses  of  Hohen- 
zollern-Prussia,  Great  Britain,  Denmark,  Rus- 
sia, and  the  Saxon  Duchies. 

All  the  reigning  princes  of  Northern  Europe 
are  closely  related  in  this  way.  Thus,  Emperor 
William  of  Germany  is  a  first  cousin  of  King 
George  V  of  Great  Britain  and  Czar  Nicholas 
11  of  Russia.  George  and  Nicholas  are  first 
cousins  through  their  mothers,  who  were 
daughters  of  the  King,  Christian  IX  of  Den- 
mark. William  11  of  German\'  is  the  first  cou- 
sin of  George  V,  as  his  mother,  N'ictoria,  was 
the  sister  of  George's  father,  Edward  VI 1  of 
Great  Britain.  Moreover,  Nicholas  married 
another  first  cousin  of  both  George  and  William, 
the  Czarina's  mother  being  another  sister  of 
King  Edjvard  VI 1.  Finally  George,  William, 
and  Nicholas  are,  through  their  fathers,  great- 
grandsons  of  Charles,  Duke  of  Mecklenburg- 
Strelitz,  who  died  in  1752;  and  William  and 
Nicholas  are  descended  from  King  Frederick- 
William  111,  of  Prussia.  Other  cousins  of 
King  George  and  Czar  Nicholas  are  Christian 
X  of  Denmark  and  Constantine  1  of  Greece. 

There  are  in  all  more  than  forty  sovereign 
houses  of  Europe,  but  all  do  not  reign  over  in- 
dependent lands  or  principalities.  Although 
many  of  these  houses  possess  only  the  title 
of  sovereignty  and  the  right  of  royal  privileges, 
they  are  equal  in  rank  to  all  reigning  houses,  and 
their  members  intermarrx'  freel\'  without  loss  of 
title  or  rank.  This  is  a  limited  class,  however, 
for  below  these  in  rank  are  other  houses  desig- 
nated as  "mediatised"  houses,  and  ranked  be- 
low these  in  turn  are  the  non-ro\'al  houses. 

Of  these  sovereign  houses  of  the  first  rank, 
man\'   ha\'e  arisen   from   cadet   lines  of  older 


houses.  The  most  striking  development  of  such 
a  cadet  line  to  ro\'al  power  is  that  of  the  House  of 
Saxe-C^oburg-Gotha.  To-day  princes  of  this 
house  are  reigning  in  Great  Britain,  Belgium, 
and  Bulgaria,  and  one  of  them  also  held  the 
throne  of  Portugal  until  that  country  became  a 
republic.  Princes  of  the  cadet  House  of  Olden- 
burg to-day  reign  in  Denmark,  Greece,  Nor- 
way, and  Russia.  The  House  of  Bourbon,  at 
one  time  might\'  in  the  extent  of  its  cadet  lines, 
ruled  in  I'rance,  Spain,  Naples,  and  Parma. 
The  princes  of  Hohenzollern  to-day  reign  in 
Prussia  and  Roumania. 

Thb  House  of  Hohen.  ollern-Prussia:  In 
Prussia,  the  eldest  son  is  known  as  the  Crown 
Prince;  all  other  males  of  the  family  become 
Princes  of  Prussia.  Emperor  IVilliam  II  of 
Germany  has  six  sons,  four  of  whom  are  mar- 
ried. The  tendency  of  this  generation  is  to  go 
northward  for  their  matrimonial  alliances. 
There  seems  to  be  a  tendencx'  to  solidif>'  all  parts 
of  the  German  Empire  b\'  bringing  all  parts  of 
other  princely  possessions  into  closer  contact 
with  the  ro\al  famil\'.  The  marriage  between 
the  Emperor's  daughter,  Victoria  Louise,  and 
the  young  prince  of  Cumberland,  now  the  Duke 
of  Brunswick,  was  also  probably  made  with  this 
end  in  view. 

The  House  of  Hapsburg-Lorraine:  This 
famil\',  belonging  to  the  great  famil>'  group  of 
Southern  Europe,  is  mainl\'  allied  with  the 
houses  of  Bourbon-Sicilies,  Bavaria,  Bourbon- 
Parma,  Spain,  Sa\'o\-ltal\',  Belgium,  and  Sax- 
ony. The  famil\'  takes  its  names  from  its 
earlier  possessions,  the  Duchy  of  Lorraine, 
which  it  ga\'e  up  when  the  first  of  its  princes, 
Francis-Stephen  of  Lorraine,  married  the  Aus- 
trian heiress  of  Hapsburg,  .Maria  Theresa,  and 
succeeded  to  the  empire. 

The  Emperor  Erancis  Joseph  of  Austria- 
Hungary  is  eight\'-four  \'ears  old  and  has  reigned 
since  he  was  eighteen.  His  favorite  brother 
was  known  as  Maximilian,  the  short-lived  Em- 
peror of  Mexico.  His  grand-nephew,  the  .Arch- 
duke Charles  Francis  Joseph,  is  next  in  line  of 
succession.  He  is  twent\'-seven  \ears  of  age, 
the  son  of  the  .Archduke  Otto,  and  Marie  Jose- 
phine, sister  of  the  King  of  Saxony.  He  is  mar- 
ried to  Zita,  Princess  of  Parma. 

Alfonso  XIII,  King  of  Spain,  is  the  onl\'  rul- 
ing connection  of  Emperor  Francis  Joseph,  with 
the  exception  of  King  Frederick  .August  1 1 1  of 
Saxon\'  who  married  an  .Austrian  .Archduchess. 
The  King  of  Spain  inherits  the  famous  "Haps- 
burg lip"  which  is  seen  in  so  man\'  of  the  male 
members  and  descendants  of  this  famil\'  —  a 
heav\',  overhung,  pendant  lip. 

The  Saxon  Houses:  The  Saxon  Ro\'al 
House  has  given  more  kings  and  important 
princes  to  Europe  throughout  its  histor\',  and 


138 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


to-dav  is  better  represented  b\-  descendant 
sovereign  families  than  any  other  royal  line. 
After  many  early  vicissitudes  it  di\ided  deti- 
nitel\'  in  1640  into  two  branches,  Saxe-Weimar 
and  Saxe-Gotha.  Saxe-Gotha  again  di\ided 
in  1672  into  four  main  sub-branches,  Saxe- 
Gotha  Altenburg,  Saxe-Meiningen,  Saxe- 
Hildburghausen,  and  Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. 

The  Family  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha: 
From  the  least  important  this  family  has  come 
to  be  the  greatest  and  largest  of  the  Houses  of 
Saxony  and  has  alread}-  given  birth  to  four  lines 
of  kings: 

1.  Prince  Leopold  in  1816  was  married  to 
Charlotte,  only  child  of  King  George  IV  of  Great 
Britain  and  heir  to  the  British  throne.  But 
Princess  Charlotte  and  her  baby  both  died  in 
1 8 1 7.  Later,  probabl\-  because  of  his  importance 
through  this  marriage  and  because  of  his  well- 
known  popularit\',  the  Belgian  people,  when 
they  became  an  independent  nation  in  183 1, 
offered  him  that  throne;  he  accepted  and  be- 
came the  first  King  of  Belgium  as  Leopold  I, 
and  the  founder  of  the  present  line  of  kings  of 
Belgium.  The  present  King  Albert  of  Belgium 
is  his  grandson. 

2.  In  1 8 18  Leopold's  sister,  Victoria,  was 
married  to  Prince  Edward  of  Great  Britain. 
The  only  child  of  this  marriage  was  Queen  Vic- 
toria, who  succeeded  to  the  English  throne  in 
1837.  Prince  Albert  of  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 
became  the  husband  of  the  Queen  in  1840,  the 
Prince  Consort  of  Great  Britain,  and  the  founder 
of  the  new  German  dynasty  in  England. 

3.  Of  the  children  of  Prince  Ferdinand  of 
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha,  the  eldest  of  his  three  sons 
became  by  his  marriage  to  Maria  11,  Queen  of 
Portugal,  titular  King  of  that  country  as  Ferdi- 
nand II,  and  so  founded  the  Saxe-Coburg  dy- 
nast\-  of  Portugal. 

Manuel  II,  ex-King  of  Portugal,  through  his 
grandmother.  Princess  iVlaria-Pia  of  Savoy,  is 
related  to  the  ro\al  family  in  Italy,  as  she  was  a 
sister  of  King  Humbert  I  of  Italy  and  also  of 
Amadeus  of  Aosta,  who  was  King  of  Spain  from 
1870  to  1873.  Through  his  wife,  he  is  the  son- 
in-law  of  William,  the  present  royal  prince  of 
Hohenzollern,  and  a  nephew  of  Ferdinand, 
Crown  Prince  of  Roumania. 

4.  The  youngest  son  died  childless  and  the 
second  son,  August,  became  the  founder  of  the 
German  branch  of  this  family.  August  married 
a  Princess  of  Orleans  and  of  this  marriage  in 
1843  there  were  four  children,  three  of  whom 
are  now  living.  The  youngest  son  was  elected 
Heri'ditary  Prince  of  Bulgaria  in  1887  and  be- 
came its  O.ar  {C{ar  h'erdinand  I  oj  Bulgaria)  in 
it)()8;  he  founds  a  new  reigning  dynasty,  the 
fourth,  of  the  Saxc-Coburg-Cjothian  family. 

All  the  heads  of  these  Saxon  families  —  the 
reigning  princes  —  are  Dukes.  This  title  in 
Germany  and  Austria  is  higher  than  that  of 
Prince  and  indicates,  along  with  the  increased 
dignity  of  the  title,  the  holding  and  government 
of  landed  possessions.  Dukes  rank  between 
Kings  and  Princes;  (Jrand  Dukes  are  a  higher 


class  of  Dukes  and  are  Kings  in  ever\-  way  ex- 
cept in  actual  title. 

The  famil\-  name  of  this  illustrious  House  of 
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  is  Wcttin.  So  it  is,  there- 
fore, correct  to  speak  of  the  King  of  Great  Bri- 
tain as  George  Wettin,  the  King  of  Belgium  as 
Albert  Wettin,  and  the  ex-King  of  Portugal  as 
Manuel  Wettin,  etc. 

The  Royal  Family  of  Great  Britain: 
Although  the  Saxe-Coburg-Gotha  d\nast\'  was 
founded  in  Great  Britain  by  the  marriage  of 
Prince  Albert  to  Queen  Victoria  of  the  House 
of  Brunswick-Liineburg,  the  ro\-al  d\nasty  really 
began  with  the  accession  of  Queen  Victoria's 
oldest  son  to  the  throne  as  King  Edward  VII. 
His  son.  King  George  V  oj  Great  Britain,  has 
three  sisters,  of  whom  one  is  Maude,  the  Queen 
of  Norwa\'.  King  George  V  is  brother-in-law 
to  King  Haakon  VII  of  Norway.  He  is  first 
cousin  on  his  father's  side  to  Emperor  William 
II  of  Germany  and  his  sister,  the  Queen  of 
Greece;  to  the  Czarina  Alice  of  Russia;  to  the 
Crown  Princess  Marie  of  Roumania;  and  to 
Queen  Victoria-Ena  of  Spain.  On  his  motlver's 
side  King  George  is  first  cousin  to  King  Chris- 
tian X  of  Denmark,  King  Haakon  VII  of  Nor- 
way', to  King  Constantine  I  of  Greece,  and  to 
Czar  Nicholas  II  of  Russia. 

The  Royal  Families  of  the  House  of  Holstein- 
Oldenhurg:  The  kings  of  Denmark,  Greece, 
and  Norway,  and  the  Emperor  of  Russia  are  all 
descended  in  direct  line  from  the  early  German 
kings  of  Denmark  and  Norway. 

The  Royal  Family  of  Denmark:  King 
Christian  IX  (18 18-1906)  and  Queen  Louise  had 
three  sons  and  three  daughters  who  all  became 
famous.  The  eldest  son  succeeded  his  father 
as  King  Frederick  VI II,  and  his  eldest  son  in 
turn  succeeded  him  as  King  Christian  X  of  Den- 
mark. The  eldest  daughter  became  the  wife  of 
Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  and  is  now  the  Queen- 
Mother  of  Great  Britain.  The  second  son, 
Prince  William,  was  elected  as  King  of  Greece, 
and  began  his  reign  there  in  1863,  as  King 
George  I.  His  eldest  son,  Constantine,  now 
reigns  as  King  Constantine  I  of  Greece.  Con- 
stantine is  married  to  Sophia,  a  sister  of  the 
Emperor  of  Germany.  The  second  daughter  of 
King  C^hristian  was  the  wife  of  the  Czar  Alex- 
ander 1 1 1  of  Russia,  and  is,  therefore,  the  Queen- 
Mother  of  that  nation.  The  second  son  of 
Frederick  VIII  is  Prince  Charles,  who  was 
elected  King  of  Norway,  as  Haakon  VII. 

The  Russian  Royal  Family:  There  has 
not  been  a  Slavic  Emperor  in  Russia  since  the 
bloody  da\s  of  strife  and  intrigue  following  the 
death  of  Peter  the  Great.  The  male  line  of  the 
House  of  Romanoff  died  out.  The  present  C{ar 
Nicholas  1 1  of  Russia  belongs  to  a  wholly  Ger- 
manic family. 

King  Peter  I  of  Scrvia  is  married  to  Princess 
Zorka,  the  sister  of  the  King  of  Montenegro. 

King  Nicholas  I  of  Montenegro  married  Milena 
Vucotilch.  Of  this  marriage  there  are  six 
daughters  and  three  sons:  the  third  daughter  is 
Queen  Helen  or  Elena  of  Italy. 


COMPLETE 
DESCRIPTIVE  INDEX 

OF  THE 

WAR  MANUAL 


Aasen loi 

Ahoukir S4 

Achilles 55 

Admiral  ^fakharojff 65 

Admiral  Spaun 67 

Adriatic 9 

Adriatic  Sea 129,132 

Aegean  Sea 9.73. 129,  133 

Aehrenthal,  Count 72,  130 

Aeroplane.     See  Aviation. 

Africa 52 

fighting  in.  ..... 52 

French  expansion  in 17 

possible  consequences  to 5°,  52 

Agadir 9.70.133 

Agamemnon Si 

Agram  trials 130 

Agrarianism  a  political  issue 109 

ijax 54 

/l;(i.r.dance  on 71 

Alabama  Claims,  arbitration  of 126 

Albania,  when  held  by  Turkey 132 

shores.  Italy's  ambitions  to  own. .  .  132 

population  of 130 

ports  of 9 

Albanians. Mohammedan 130 

Xorthern  Roman  Catholics 131 

Albemarle 53 

Albert,  Kingof  Belgium 74,96,136 

Albion S3 

Aldershot 46 

Allcnstein 48 

Alessandria 48 

Alliances,  general  theorj' of 16 

Alliances  That  Made  the  War,  The 

fRoUo  Ogden) 15 

Almaz 65 

Alsace-Lorraine 1. 14.22,  69,  132 

Alpine  Infantry.     See  Italian  Army. 

Alt-Orsova 48 

America  and  war 134 

Amphritrile 55 

A  mphion loi 

Amsterdam 133,134 

A  ndrcas  Pervovanni 65 

A  ndromeda 55 

'". Anglo-French  Reminiscences,"  by 

Sir  Thomas  Barclay 18 

Anglo-Japanese  alliance 70 

Antrim 55 

Antwerp. threatened  by  Xapoleon.  ..  1 

Arbitration, .Anglo-French,  1904  ....  18 

Arad 48 

Argonaut SS 

Argylc 55 

Ariadne 55 

Armament,  French  Army 44 

Army  organization 41 

Armies  of   F.urope,   The   (Frederic 

Louis  Huidekopcr) 22 

Armstrong,  gun.    See  England,  Army. 

Artillery,  organization  of 23 

Asia,  .Africa,  and  The  Islands  of  The 

Seas 50 

Asia  Minor.  German  influence  in .  .    15,  133 

Asia.possible  consequences  to 50 

Askold 65 

Assassination  of  the  .Archduke  Fran- 
cis Ferdinand 106, 135 

Asquith,  Premier 73.79.9°.  I3S 

A  ube 56 

A  udacious 54 

A  ugsburg 67 

A  urora 65 

A  usiralia 54 


Austria 129.136 

aggressions  on  Servia 131 

aims  and  methods  of 103 

army 19,  21,38,  45,48,74.  117 

civilizing  mission  of 103 

connecting  link   between  civiliza- 
tion and  barbarism 103 

defeated  by  Prussia 68 

demands  on  Servia 15 

foreign  policy  of 72,  73 

imports 129 

navy.  , 67,100 

possibility  of  disintegration 22 

relation  to  Bosnia  and  Herze- 
govina      103, 104 

ultimatum  of 13s 

Red  Cross  in 1 10,  1 1 1 

war  against  Denmark,  1863    68 

war  with  Italy  in  1859 132 

war  with  Servia i 

and  the  Adriatic 132 

Austria-Hungary 11 

declares  war 135.  136 

jealousy  of  Greater  Servia 129 

race  friction  in 14 

territorial  ambitions  of 14 

trade  with  India 14 

Austrian-Servian  entanglement.  Ger- 
many and  the 135 

Austria's  Civilizing  Mission.  (An  .Aus- 
trian   Diplomat)     103 

Australia 14 

possible  consequences  to 50 

Autocracy  and  republicanism 9 

Automobiles,  commandeered  in  war  .  21 
.Automobiles  in  French  commissary  117 
Automobilesfor  French  artillery  ....      100 

in  transportation 100 

requisitioned 100 

subsidized   100 

.Aviation 19-21,  44.  64,97-99 

Avlona,  Italy  warned  from 132 


BalacLiva,  Light  Brigade  at 23 

Balance  of  Power 9. 16,  50,  135 

Balkan  .Alliance 77 

confederation 129 

Peninsula 105 

states,  possible  advance  from 49 

Balkans 19 

conflict  of  Russia  and  Austria  in .  .  .  22 

Red  Cross  in  the .  1 1 1 

Russian  and  German  ambitions  in  9 

Serv'ia's  success  in 130 

Baltic  Sea I3.i33 

Bank  Acts,  suspended 123 

Bankers,    German,    unprepared    for 

war  in  1911,  report  to  William  H  122 
Bank  of  England,  advance  in  dis- 
count   rate;    run    on;     gold     re- 
serves      123,124 

Bank   of    Germany,  gold  supply  of  122 
Bankruptcy  threatened  by  war    ....  123 
Ban.     See  .Austria.  .Army. 
Bannerman.  Sir  Henry  Campbell...  73 
Barclay.   Sir  Thomas,  e.xplams   En- 
tente Cordiale x8 

Barham 54 

Barton.  Clara 11.  112 

Battalion 23 

Battery 23 

Bavarians  Before  Paris.   187 1,  The  5 

5<jy(in 6s 

Bear  That  Walks  Like  a  Man.  The  35 


Beau  lieu.  Baron  de 7+ 

Begs.  .Austrian  war  against 21 

uprising  of 104 

Belgium 1 1 

army 47 

fight  for  neutrality 133 

German  trade  in 133 

neutrality  of 136 

neutrality. violated 49 

Belgrade 19 

Bellerophon 54 

Benbow 54 

Bengal  fire 99 

Berchtold, Count 72,86,135 

Bersaglieri.     See  Italy.  Army. 

Berwick 55 

Birth  rate,  reduced  by  war 114 

Bismarck 9,16.  17.  68.69,  83  .101 

Bitsch 48 

Bliitk  Prime 55 

Black  Sea 9.  13 

Blockading  of  German  Xorth  Sea  .  .  .  109 
"  Blood  and  iron  "policy  of  Germany  68,  69 

Blucher 67 

Boer   War 98 

Boer  War.  deaths  from  sickness  in. . .  115 

Boers,  method  of  fighting 19 

Bohemia 104 

Bohemians 10 

Bosnia  and  Herzegovina  21,  22.  70.  72.  75 
104,  103.  129.  130 

Bosphorus 13.  22,  133 

Boulanger,  General 44 

Boinel 56 

Braunschweig 66 

Breslau 67 

Breslau 48.67 

Brest-Litovsk 48 

Brianqon 48 

Brigade 23 

Britannica 53 

British.     See  England. 

Brooklyn $$ 

Budapest 40 

Bulgaria 19 

area  increased  by  Balkan  War ....  130 

army 47 

population  before  and  since  Balkan 

War 130 

products  of.  Germany's  interest  in  133 

railroads 129 

Bulgarian  alphabet 105 

Bulgarians,  race  of 10 

Bulgars 130 

assimilated  with  Slavs 131 

characteristics  of 131 

Bulgarian  purest  Slavic  dialect 131 

Bullets,  wounds  by  modern 118 

Bulwark 53 

Burial  by  medical  stafiF 119 

Burian  and  Bilinski 105 


Casar 53 

Callaghan,  Sir  George,  Commander 

Xorth  Sea  fleet 92 

Canada 14.  5° 

Canopus 53 

Capital,  foreign  supply  shut  off;  to  be 

destroyed 114 

Captain 23 

CatholicChurch.  Greek  or  Eastern.  .  131 
Carabinieri.     See  Italian  Army. 

Caring  for  the  Soldier's  Health US 

Carnaion S5 


11 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 


Carnol 56 

Carol,  King  of  Roumania 19 

Carolines S  2 

Carter,    Charles    Frederick.     "New 

ThingsinVVar" 97 

Casale 48 

Cattaro 48 

Cavalry,  organization  of 23 

Cavour 132 

Cecilia    'oi    Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 

Duchess 79 

Centurion 54 

Cereals,  increase  in 114 

Champigny,  The  Defence  of 6 

Chance   for  American   Shipping,   A 

(Sylvester  Thomoson). 119 

Changes  that  the  war  may  bring ....  50 

Charlemagne 56 

Charles,  DuUe  of  Bavaria 74 

Charles.  Emperor,  of  Luxemburg.  .  .  104 
Charles  Francis,  Archduke,  heir  to 

Austrian  throne 86 

Charles  Ludwig,  Archduke 75 

Chasseurs   Forestiers.     See   France, 

Army. 

Chemicals,  loss  of  imports 125 

Chotek,  Sophie  ^Duchess  of  Hohen- 

berg) 75 

China 52,133 

Chronology  of  the  Diplomacy  That 

Led  to  War 13S 

Churchill,   ^\"inston,    First  Lord  of 

English  Admiralty 79.  92 

Coaling,  rights  of  warships  in  neutral 

ports 127 

Coblentz 48 

C  ochrane 55 

CoUingwood 54 

Colonel 23 

Colonies 14. 15.  22,  so,  52,57,  133 

Colossus ,■•.•••  5-1 

Commerce,  opportunity  for  United 

States US 

Commercial  expansion ^10 

Commissariat,  problems  of  the 19 

Commonueallh 53 

Company .  .  .• 23 

Compromise  of  1867 103 

Conii 56 

Condorcet 56 

Conqueror 54 

Conseil  des  Generaux 44 

Conseil  Superieur  de  la  Guerre 44 

Constantinople 9,  13,  22,  106 

Contraband 108,  128 

Copts,  the 131 

Com  crop 113 

Cornwall 55 

Cornwallis S3 

Corporal 23 

Corps,  army 23 

Cossacks.     See  Russian  Army. 

Courbel 56 

Cncow 48 

Cressy 54 

Crescent 55 

Crimea 48 

Crimean  War 106,  115 

Croats 105,  1 29 

Croatins,  a  separate  entity 103 

Cruisers.        See    Navy    of   England 

France,  etc 

Cumberland 55 

Cup<jlas 102 

Customs  Corps.      See  France.  Army  41 

Customs  Revenue.      See  alsoTarifl.  .  12s 

Czar  of  Russia 16,  17,  19,  92,  9s,  135 

Czarex-ilch 63 

Czech  university 104 


Dalmatia 14,129 

Danlon 56 

I>anube  River 129 

Danzig 48 

Dardanelles 133 

Dead,  jKrrcentage  in  battle n8 

"  Death  of  Nelson  atTrafalgar" .  ...  2 

Death  rate  in  French  army  reduced 

by  co<jkinK  lessons 117 

Death  rate  in  Franco-Prussian  War.  .     114 

Declaration  of  London 108,  126 

Defence 55 

Defence  of  Champigny,  The 6 

D'Entrescasteauz 65 

Delcasse 70,  73,88 

Democratie 56 

Denmark 1 2,  63 


Derflinger 66 

Desaix 56 

Deutschland 66 

Devonshire 55 

Dewey 7° 

Diadem 55 

Diana 63 

Diderot 56 

Diedenhofen 48 

Diederich,  Admiral 7° 

Dirigible 21,97,  99 

Dirschau 48 

Disraeli 13 

Disease, deaths  from  in  war 115 

Division 23 

Dominion 53 

Donegal 55 

Drake 55 

Dreadnought 53 

Dreadnaughtof  the  Air 97 

Drang  nach  Osten 22  104,  130,  133 

Dreikaiserbund 16 

Dual  Monarchy.     See  Austria. 

Dual  Alliance 15, 16, 17,99 

Duke  0/  Edinburgh 55 

Dumba,  Constantine,  Ambassador  to 

the  United  States 2 1 

Dunant,  Jean  Henri 112 

Duncan Ss 

Dupetit  Thouars 56 

Dupleix 56 

Dushan, Emperor  Stefan 105,  129 

Dyes,  loss  of  imports 125 

Dysentery  in  Crimea 115 


Economo,  Baron,  air  fleet  of 21 

Edgar.  . 55 

Ei^ar  Ouinet 56 

Edward  VIPs  tact i3 

Effect   of  the   War  on   the   United 

States  (Charles  Frederick  Carter)  113 

Egyptians ." 102 

Electro-mechanical  mines loi 

Elizabeth.  Duchess  of  liavarii 74 

Elizabeth,  Empress  of  .Austria 78 

Elsass 66 

Elstafi 65 

Emperor  of  India 54 

Endymion 55 

England,  army    i,  3,  21,  28,  29,  46,  48,  64, 

75.  78,  91.  "5.  118 

army   airships 64 

colonial  possessions 51 

control  of  sea 108 

declares  war 136 

dependent  on  outside  sources 107 

in  the  Napoleonic  wars 106 

in  China 52 

in  Egypt 18 

King  George  V 92 

meaning  of  defeat  of 50 

navy:    i,  2,  22,  52-55,  57-61.  64,  76,  79, 

92,  100,  loi,  108 

neutrality,  price  offered  for 50 

present  tasks 22 

possible  consequences  to 50 

policy  of  foreign  office 72 

Red  Cross  in 111 

relations  with  Germany 71 

supremacy  at  sea 106,  loS,  133 

territories  adjacent  to  German  .  ..  50 

ultimatum  to  (iermany 136 

Entente  Cordiale 18,  108 

Ernest  Renan 56 

Ersatz.     See   Austrian   Army. 

Erzherzog  Ferdinand  Max 67 

Erzherzog  Franz  Ferdinand 67 

Erzherzog  Friedrich 67 

Erzherzog  Karl 67 

Equipment, military 117 

E.xchange.    facilities    broken    down; 

rate  of,  increased 123 

Exmouth S3 

Export  to  warring  countries 113 

Escadrille 98 

Essex 55 

Europa •.•  •    -, .•  ■  •  55 

Europe's  Food  Supply  in  W'ar  Time  106 

European  nations  in  other  continents  50 

Eurvalus S4 

Euphrates  River 133 


Far  East,  England  and  Japan  in 9 

Far  East,  complications  m 52 

Fishoda 8 


Fashoda,  meeting  of  Marchand  and 

Kitchener 18 

Ferdinand  of.\ustria.  Emperor 78 

Ferdinand  11  of  Naples 75 

Fertilizers  supplied  by  Germany .  ...  iij 

Field  telegraph  and  telephone 101 

Financial  .Aspects  of  the  War  (Alex- 
ander Dana  Noyes) 12a 

Finance,     opportunity    for    United 

States lis 

Financing,  necessity  for    doing  our 

own IIS 

Finns 12,31 

Fireless  cookers  in  Russian  army ....  loi 

First  aid 118 

Fiume 9,  14,  132 

Flag  follows  trade 132 

Flanders.  Count  of 74 

Flooding  Holland  fc#  defence 133 

Food  of  soldiers.     See  Rations 116 

Food  supply,  in  war.  14.  21,  105,  106,  108 

Foreign  commerce,  .American 113 

Forgach,  Count 19 

Formidable 53 

Fortifications 41,  47.  49, 102 

Fortresses  of  Europe,  map  of 49 

France 56 

accepts  with  Italy  England's  pro- 
posal   13S 

area  of 14 

army:  3,  5-8,  14,  19,  20,  21,  25-27,  41, 
44,  48,  88,  lis,  117.  118. 

as  wheat  growing  country 107 

blocks  Italy  and  Tunis 132 

colonial  possessions 51 

colonies  of 14 

declares  war 136 

expansion  in  North  Africa 17 

fortifications,  strength  of 49 

friendship  with  England 136 

in  Egypt 18 

mobilizes 136 

navy:   1,2,  56,  57,  64,65,  100,  109 

plan  of  campaign  with  Belgium ...  48 

Red  Cross  in no 

religion  of ■  •  •  •  '4 

resurrection  of  military  spirit  in. .  .  41 

thrift  of 14 

to  dominate  in  Morocco 18 

with  Russia  and  .Austria-Hungary 

essentially  self-supporting 106 

Franco-German  War 69 

Franco-Prussian  War 14.  loi,  122 

Franco-Prussian  War,  pictures  of    s,  6,  7 
Franco-Prussian   War,   deaths  from 

sickness 115 

French  bankers  finance  German  in- 
dustry   133 

Francis  Charles.  .Archduke 78 

Francis  Ferdinand,  Archduke.  ...    75,  130 

advice  of  neutrality 19 

arrest  of  assassin  of 87 

assassination  of 106,  135 

Francis  Joseph,  Emperor  of  -Austria- 
Hungary 13.  72,  78,85,87,  103 

Frankfort,  annexed  by  Prussia 68 

Frankfort,  Diet  of 68 

Frankfurter  Zeilung IS 

Frederick  the  Great 10 

Frederick,  Emperor  of  Germany  ....  79 
Frederick    William    Victor,    Crown 

Prince 79. 83 

French,  Sir  John  Denton  Pinkstone.  78,  91 

Friedrich  der  Grosse 66 

Friedrich  Karl 66 

Frontier,  German-French 43 

Frontiers  in  Europe,  how  fortified ...  47 

Fullerton,  W.  Morton 129 

Filrst  Bismarck 66 

F'urstenberg 77 


Galicia 48 

Gamhetta 56 

Gaide    Republicaine.     See  France, 
Army 

Gaulois so 

Gipsy,  the 13X 

George  V 92,  136 

Geographical  changes  to  follow  war  s° 

General  stafT.     See  Army 23 

Geneva  Convention.JRed  Cross in 

German  Confederation 68 

German  language  in  Austria, I03 

Germanizing  Slavic  nationalities.  .  .  X03 

Germany,  area  of 14 

aims  in  war 15 

ambitious 47 


COMPLETE   DESCRIPTIVE   INDEX 


Germany,  army:  4.  5.  8.  14,  19-21,  23, 
24.  iO-3i  48,  77.  80.  11S-117.  136 

attitude  towardAustria 133 

boast  of 49 

borrows  in  United  States 133 

cattle  in 109 

colonies  of 14,  S°.Si 

declaration  of  war  by 136 

expansion  of i33 

food  imports  to 106 

foreign  trade  in 15 

frontier  of 40 

imperialism  in 50.  68,69,  133 

in  Africa 21,  50,  s' 

in  China 5^ 

isolation  of 9.  7' 

Italian  relations  of 132,136 

manufactures  of 123, 132 

militarism  of 68,  69,  134 

mobilization  in 136 

navy:    15,  48,  5°.  S^,  62,  63.  66-69,  74 
77,  84,  100,  109,  121 

plan  of  campaign 48 

progress  of 132 

population  of 12,13 

public  opinion  in 15 

races  of . . 14 

raw  materials  for 133 

Red  Cross  in no 

religions  in 14 

responsibility  for  war 134 

trade  in.    ■  ■  •  • 132 

transportation  in 14 

ultimatum  of,  to  Belgium 136 

unification  of i,  68,  6g 

violates  Belgian  neutrality 136 

war.with  Austria i.   68 

war  with  England 136 

war  with  France.    See  also  Franco- 
Prussian  War 136 

war  with  Russia 136 

"Germany,  Made  in" 132 

Germersheim 48 

Cihrallar 55 

Gibraltar,  Rock  of 57 

Glatz 48 

Gtoire s6 

Glory S3 

Glougau 48 

Glycerine,  kettle  jacketed  with 101 

Cneisenau 67 

Gochen 66 

Gold,  demand  for  export 113 

hoarded    by    French   people;    ex- 
ported to  Europe 122 

hoarding 122,  133 

reserves  in  Bank  of  England 124 

Goliath 53 

Good  Hope 55 

Goremykin.  M., 80,  136 

GortchakoS 16 

Grafton 55 

Graudenz 48 

Great  Britain.     See  England. 

Greece 130 

army 47 

population  before  and  since  Balkan 

War 130 

products  of;  Germany's  interest  in     133 

Greek  Catholic  Church 12, 131 

Greek  Church,  division  of 131 

Greeks,  prejudice  against  Slavs.  .  .  .     131 

Grenades,  at  Port  .Arthur 101 

Grenfell,  Sir  Francis 75 

(irenoble 48 

Grey,  Sir  Edward..    17,  72,  90,  133,  136 

Gromohoi 63 

Grosser  KUrfurst 66 

Guichen 63 

Gun  silencer 102 

Gun-turrets  on  land 97 

Gyroscope  compass 100 

Gyulai-Fehenar 48 

Hague  Conferences 10 

Hague  Convention  of  1907, 126 

Hague,  The 133 

Hampshire S5 

Hannibal S3 

Hannover 66 

Hanover 68 

Hapsburg,  house  of 17 

Hardcastie,     Lieutenant,    perfected 

torpedo 100 

Hawke SS 

Heligoland 66 

Heerptlicht 23 


Heliograph loi 

Helsingfors 48 

Hercules S4 

Herzegovina:  70,  72,  73,  104,  103,  129,  130 

Hessen 66 

Hihernia 33 

Hindustan 53 

Hogue   34 

Hohenberg,  Duchess  of 73 

Hohenlohe,  Prince  CJottfried    72 

Hollweg,  Dr.  von  Bethmann,  German 

Imperial  Chancellor 84 

Hohenzollern.    house  of 17 

Holland  Defended    By    Water 133 

Holland's  dikes 133 

Holstcin,  Province  of 68 

Ifome  .Xrmy.     See  England,  Army . 

Hong  Kong 32.  57 

Honvcd.     See   Austria,   Army 
Howitzer.     See  .^rmy. 

Hungarians 10.131 

Hungar>'.     See  Austria. 

Hungary,  Serbs  of 130 

Illustrious S3 

Imperalor  Pavel  1 63 

Implacable $j 

Imports,  loss  of  from  Germany 123 

Iniefaligable 34 

India I4,  SO 

Indomitable 34 

Industry,  opportunity  for  the  United 

States 113 

Infantry,  organization  of 23 

Inflexible 34 

Ingolstadt 48 

Insignia  of  Red  Cross 112 

Interior  lines,  importance  of 48 

International  Prize  Court 126 

Invincible 34 

Irish 10 

Iron  Duke 34 

Irresistible 53 

Italian-Turkish  War 132 

Italy II,  13 

army 38,  43.  49 

accepts   England's   proposal          .  135 

alliance  with  Prussia  in  1S66 132 

ambition  to  own  Albania 132 

ambition  to  own  Fiume 132 

ambition  to  own  Trieste 132 

and  Triple  .Mliance 

alliance  with  Prussia  in  1866 132 

Bismarck's  treaty  with 68 

Colonial  possessions 31 

enters  Triple  .■Mliance,  1882 132 

neutrality  of 32,  136 

possible  influence  of 49 

R?d  Cross  in no 

wars  with  .Austria  in  1839;  in  1866  i  32 

Italy's  Hatred  of  .Austria 132 

Italian  view  of  .\driatic  control.  .  .  .  132 

Ivan.  The  Great 22 

Ivangorod 48 

Ivan  Zlatoust 65 

Japan,  alliance  with  England 70 

army 113,  116 

navy loi 

Red  Cross  in no 

Jaures,  M 134 

Jean  Bart 56 

Jeanne  d'Arc 36 

Jellicoe,  Sir  John  Rushworth 76,  92 

Jerome,  Jennie 79 

Jews 130 

Joff re.  General 44,  79,  88 

Jules  Ferry 36 

Jules  Michelet $6 

Jupiter S3 

Justice 56 

Kagul 63 

Kaiser.     See  William  I. 

Kaiser  and  the  "Mailed  Fist,"  The  68 

Kaiser  Barbarossa 66 

Kaiser  Friederich  III 66 

Kaiser  Kaiserin 66 

Kaiser  Karl  VI 67 

Kaiser  Karl  der  Grosser 66 

Kaiser  Wilhetm  II 66 

Kaiser  Wilhelm  der  Grossc 66 

Kaiserin  Maria  Teresa 67 

Kallay,  Baron 104 


111 

Karlsruhe 67 

Katwyk 134 

Kent 55 

Kertch 48 

Khartoum,  machine  guns  at 102 

Kiao-chau 52,  70 

Kiel 74.  77 

Kiel  Canal 68,  69,  70,  71 

King  Alfred 35 

King  Edward  VII 53 

King  George  V 54 

Kipling 9 

Kitchener,  Earl' 7i.  7Si  91 

Kleber 56 

Kotberg 67 

Koln 48 

Kaln 67 

Komorn 48 

Konig  Albert 66 

Konig 66 

Koniggratz;  Overthrow  of  Austria,  i,  4,  16. 

Konigsberg 48 

Korea 52 

Kossova,  Battle  of 129 

Kovna 48 

Krag-Jorgensen  rifle 45 

Kronprinzessin  Cecelie 122, 127 

Kronstadt 48 

Kruger,  telegram  from  William  II .  .  70 

Krupp,  guns  and  works  43,  47,  64,  99,  133 

Kumanovo,  Battle  of 129 

Kustrin 48 

Label  magazine  rifle  and  carbine. . .  41 

Ladysmith 98 

Lancaster j  j 

Land  Bank  of  Bosnia 105 

Landsturrn.     See  Austrian  Army  Or- 
ganization. 

Landwehr 14 

Landwehr.  See  Austrian  Army 

Lanenburg,  Duchy  of 68 

Language,  question  of,  in  Austria.  .  103 

Latin  Powers,  Population  of 12 

Lee-Enfield  Rifle.    See  English  Army 

Arms 46 

Lemberg 48 

Lena,  Russian  warship  dismantled,  127 

Leon  Gambetta 36 

Leviathan 55 

Liege  attacked 102,  136 

Lion 54 

Lieutenant 23 

Lieutenant  colonel 23 

Lieutenant  general 23 

Living,  cost  of,  going  up 114 

Lombard  Street,  banking  houses  of.  123 

Lombardy,  added  to  Italy  in  1859.  .  132 

London 53 

London  districts,  defences  of 46 

Lord  \elson 33 

Lorraine 132 

Lothringen 66 

Luneville 47 

Luxemburg 48 

Luxemburg,  Emperor  Charles  of.  .  104 
Luxemburg,        German       advance 

through 136 

Lyddite  shells 98 

Lyons 48 

MacMahon,  Marshal, 23 

Macedonia,  terrorists  in 131 

Macedonian  lands 105 

Madagascar,  annexation  by  France  18 

''Made  in  Germany" 132 

Madrassahs 105 

Magdeburg 48 

Magdeburg 67 

Magnificent $i 

Magyars 12,  103 

Mainz 67 

Mainz 48 

Majestic 53 

Major 23 

Maior  general 23 

Malaya 54 

Manila  Bay,"  mailed  fist  at".  .....  .  70 

Mannlicher  rifles  and  carbines.  . . .   45.  47 

Mannlicher-Carcano  rifle 45 

Manoeuvres  (1913)  in  France 88 

Mantua 48 

Manufacturers,  success  of    German  125 

Maps,   present   day.   altering   50 

March  to  the  East.     See  Drang  nach 

Osten 3  J 


IV 

Marchand.  Major,  at  Fashoda i8 

Maria  Annunziata 75 

Marie   Feodorovna m 

Markgraf 66 

Marlborough 54 

Maros  River 4S 

Mars 53 

Mars-la-Tour,  The  Battle  of 5 

Marseillaise 5^ 

Massena 50 

Martial  law  declared  in  France  ....  136 

Mauser  rifle 47 

Ma.xim  gun  and  silencer 102 

Maxim.  Hiram  Percy 102 

Ma.xim,  Hudson 98 

Ma.ximilian,  Emperor  of  Mexico.  .  .  78 

Meat.  Germany's  large  supply  of  . .  109 

Measles,  effect  on  soldiers 116 

Mecklenburg  66 

Medical  staff,  burial  of  dead.  .....  119 

reorganization  of,  its  functions  in 

peace  and  war 116 

prescribing  shoes,  prescribing  diet  116 

inspection    of    water;    interest    in 

soldier's  equipment 117 

Mediterranean,  supremacy  of 9 

Mediterranean  route 108 

Memmel 48 

Merchant  vessels  in  sea  traffic.  .  113,  119 
Merchant     marine,     necessity     for 

America iiS 

Germany's 109 

Merkurya 65 

Mesopotamian  Valley,  future  of .  .  .  133 
liletropolitan    Army.     See    French 

army,  organization  of 41 

Metternich 16 

Metz 14,  23,  48 

Middleton,    James,    Europe's   Food 

Supply  in  War  Time. . .  ._. 106 

Militarism ' 10,  134 

Mine 97.  loi 

Minotaur 55 

Miraheau 56 

Mobilization  facilities  compared...  48 

Mohammedans 105 

Moltke,  Field  Marshall..    16,  24,  66,  69 

Monarch 54 

Mongolia 72 

Monmouth 55 

Montcalm 56 

Montenegro '. .  .  .  4°.    104.  130 

Moratorium  declared  in  England.  .  .  123 
Morocco,  Emperor  William  in.  . . .  70,  133 

Moslems n.  104 

Motor  trucks.     See  Automobiles.  .  .  100 

Motor  cyclists  to  carry  despatches.  loo 

Mukden 21,  no 

Mumps,  effect  on  soldiers 116 

Nancy 47 

Napier,  description  of  death 117 

Napoleon 1.9.  13 

prophecy,  Cossacks  vs.  Republic- 
anism    17 

"strength  of  an  army" 48 

Napoleon  III 14,  68 

Napoleonic    wars,  effect  upon  Eu- 
ropean shipping   120 

Napoleonic  wars,  England  in.  ....  .  106 

Napoleonic  wars  small  in  comparison  22 

Nassau 66 

Natal SS 

National  Army.     See  French  Army. 
Navy.    See  under  England,  France,  etc. 

Near  East,   question  of 13 

Neisse 48 

Nepfolkeles.      Sec    Austria,  Army, 

Neptune 54 

Netherlands,  Army,  strength 47 

topography  of   133 

Ncu-lireisach 48 

Neutral  Government, its  duty  in  time 

of  war 126 

Neutral  nations. 13 

Neutral    nations,     rights    of    their 

citizens 127 

Neutrality,  American  precaution.  .  .  127 

New  Things  in  War 97 

New  York  crowds,  opinions  of 134 

New  York  Evening  Post's  opinions.  134 

New  Zealand 54 

Nice 48 

Nicholas.  Emperor 72 

Niciola  Pashitch 77 

Nightingale,  Florence iii,  112 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK 

Nikolas  Nikolaivitch,  Grand  Duke. 

Commander  Russian  Army 94.  95 

Nikolsburg,  Treaty  of 16 

\iobe 55 

North  African  force 20 

Novibazar,    Sanjak   of 129 

Novo-Georgievsk 48 

Oat  crop 113 

Ocean 53 

Odessa 48 

Oldenburg 66 

Oleg 6s 

Open  order,  difficulty  in  German  Ar- 
my    24 

Opolchenie.     See  Russia,  Army. 

Oriental  trend  of  Germany 133 

Orion 54 

Ossovets 48 

Oslfriesland 66 

Otchokov 48 

Ottoman  Government 104 

Pacific,   Islands  of,   possible  conse- 
quences to 5° 

Pallada 65 

Pamyat 65 

Pan-Germanism 9.   22 

Panic  of  1873,  effect  on  Germany.  .  124 

Pantelcimon 65 

Parachute  lights 102 

Paris 48,  107 

Paris 56 

Pashitch,  M 81,  129 

Patrie 56 

Pau,  General 79 

Peninsular  Campaign ns 

Persian  Gulf i33 

Peter  III,  Czar 10 

Peter,   King  of   Servia  and   Crown 

Prince 81 

Peter,  The  Great 13 

Petervarad 48 

Petropaxiovsk loi 

Piacenza 48 

Piece  in  Danger,  The 8 

Piedmontese  help  defeat  Russia  ....  13 

Pigeon  lofts  in  Berlin loi 

Pigeons,  homing loi 

Platoon 23 

Poincare,  President...   16,  71,  73.  85,  95 

Pola 9.   48 

Poland 13 

Poles  in  Germany 14 

Polish  litigation 103 

Polish  Quadrilateral 48 

Pomaks 131 

Pommern 66 

Poscn 66 

Posen 48 

Port  .Arthur,  demand  for  evacuation  70 

Red  Cross  at no 

siege  of loi 

Pothuau 56 

Portugal II 

Portugal  supports  Great  Britain. . .  136 

Powder,  French  Navy,  French  Army  44 

Powder,  German,  of  good  quality  . .  41 

Prague 104 

Premysl 48 

Press  in  United  States iS 

Pretoria 98 

Preusscn 66 

Prices,  Rise  in  America 114 

Prinz  Adalbert 66 

Prince  Eugen 67 

Prince  George 53 

Prince  lleinrich 66 

Prince  of  Wales 53 

Prince  Regent  Luitpold 66 

Princess  Royal 54 

Princess  Sophia  of  .Austria 78 

"Problems  of  Power" 129 

Progress    in    submarine    craft    and 

projectiles 99 

Protestant  religion 1 1 

Prussia,  rise  of 68-6g 

victory  over  Austria 68 

war  against  Denmark,  1863 68 

Putnik,  General  Radumil 80,81 

Queen 53 

Ouren  Elizabeth 54 

(Juecn  Afary 54 

Quick  action,  importance  of 48 

Race  antipathy  cause  of  war 10 


Race  conflicts 10,    13 

Races  in  the  Balkans 130 

Radetzki 67 

Railroads  in  Germany 24 

Railroads,  Bulgaria 129 

Ramillies 54 

Rastatt 48 

Rations.  Russian  soldiers 116 

British  soldiers 116 

German  soldiers 117 

Raw  materials  for  Germany 133 

Redmond,  John 136 

Red  Cross no,  in 

Red  Cross  of  Warring  Nations  ....     no 
organization,      founder,     develop- 

I    ment 112 

position  in  present  war in,  112 

insignia 112 

Regiment 23 

Reichstag  in  Vienna ._ 103 

Reichstag,  grant  of  war  credit  by  .  .      124 
Reichshoffen.  The  Fatal  Charge  of 

the  French  at 7 

Religions n 

Remirement 47 

Renown 54 

Republicanism  and  autocracy 9 

Republique 56 

Resolution 54 

'■Retreat  from  Waterloo" 3 

Rhine  River 133 

Rhcintand 66 

Richet,  Dr.  Charles,  Calculation  on 

cost  of  war 124 

Rights   and   Duties   of   the   United 
States    as    a    Neutral     (Charles 

Cheney  Hyde) 126 

Roberts,  Lord 75 

Roman  Catholic  religion n 

Romanoffs,    Bismarck's   designs   on       17 

Roon 67 

Roon 69 

Rossia 65 

Rostock 67 

Roumanian  army 19,  47 

Roumanians,  the 13 

Roumania,  Greeks  in 130 

Roumania,  position  in  the  present 

struggle,  French  influence  in 19 

Roxburgh 55 

Royal  A rthur 55 

Royal  Commission 108 

Royal  Oak 54 

Roval  Sovereign 54 

Rurik 6s 

Russell 53 

Russia ; II 

aeroplane  and  submarine    97 

advance  in  Central  Asia 2i 

ambassador  leaves  Germany, ...  .     136 

army:    19,  21,  34-37.  44.  45.  48.  95.  "S 

116,  118,  13s 

colonial  possessions 51 

desire  for  Constantinople 22 

Germany's    declaration    of    war 

against 71 

mobilization  cause  of  war 136 

instigates  Servian  attack  on   Bul- 
garia  _...., 131 

intrigues  against  Bulgarian  inde- 
pendence        131 

navy 64,  65,   100,   lor 

police 131 

Red  Cross no 

support  of  Servia 20 

territorial  ambitions,  map 46 

w'ar  against  Napoleon 13 

wars  to  gain  access  to  sea 13,  22 

weak  flanks 49 

Russian-Japanese  Wa 9.    loi.    I'S 

Rudolph,  Crown  Prince  of  Austria.  75,  78 
Rumelia,    Eastern,    taken    by    Bul- 
garia      131 


Saarlouis 48 

Sadowa,  battle  of 132 

Saida 67 

St.  Denis 48 

St.  Georg 67 

St.  Louis 56 

St.  Petersburg 48 

St.  Vincent 54 

Sanitation,  Army.  See  Medical  Staff. 

Salonika 106,  I2g 

San  Giuliano,  Marquis  Antonio  de  76,  96 

Sanjak  of  Novibazar 72,    104,  129 

Saraje,vo 19,  20,  48,  106 


COMPLETE  DESCRIPTIVE  INDEX 


Saratoga 

Sassulich.Lieutenant-General 

Sazonoff,  Sergius,  negotiatioDS  with  q4, 
Scandinavia  •  ■  • 

German  trade  in 

Russian  intentions  toward 

Scharnhorst 

Schlesien 

Shleswig,  Province  of 

Sclileswig-Holslcin 

Schwahen 

Schnclifarrer  (motor  cyclists) 

Shrapnel  in  Manchuria   

"Schwab,"  Hulgarian  for  Germans. 

Seaplanes  in  navy . . 

Seaplanes,    appropriation    for    ship 

carrying 

Sea  power  England's  one  salvation 

Searchlitht,  portable 

Sea  traffic  

Securities,  no  market  for  American 

Seeley.  Colonel 

Serb  race  in  .Austria-Hungary  14,  129, 

in  Montenegro 

in  Servia  

Servia 10,   104, 

area  increased  by  Balkan  War. . 

Army:    19-21,  39,  40,  47,  48,  80,  81 

Austria's  demands  on 

characteristics  of  people 

declaration  of  war 

dream  of  a  greater 

German  interest  in  its  products.  .  . 

necessity   for   economic   indepen- 
dence   

opposition  to  Austria 

Old 

population  before  Balkan  War. . . 

population  since  Balkan  War.  .  .. 

premier's  reply  to  Austria 

trade  routes 

war  against  Bulgars  in  1908 

war  against  Turkey 

war  against  Turks  in  1908 

war-tired 

Sevastopol 

Seydlitz 

Shannon 

Shipping,    affected    by    Napoleonic 

wars 

affected  by  the  Civil  War. ....... 

analysis  by   nationalities,   British 

preponderance 

chance  for  American 

danger  to  Germany's 

decline  of  .American 

England  first,  America  second, 
Germany  third 

Germany's  rise 

Ships,  15,000  for  world's  commerce 

Sick,  Lack  of  attention  in  war 

Siege  of  Port  Arthur 

Siege  of  Paris 

Signal  corps 

Signal  flag 

Slav   domination,   obstructing   Ger- 
many   

Slav    kingdom,    Russia's  encourage- 
ment to 

Slav  majority  in  imperial  legislative 

chamber 

Slav  Powers,  population  of 

Slavs,  predominance  in  Balkans.  . .  . 

Slav  States  

Slava  

Smallpox  vaccination 

Socialists  and  war 

Sonderberg  in  Schleswig 

Sophia  of  -Austria,  Princess 

S»uth  Africa 

South  .America,  Germany  in 

South  German  States 

South  German    States,    annexed    to 

Prussia 

Spandau 

Spandau,  treasx.re  castle 41, 

Spartiale 

Squad 

Squadron 

Staats-Zciiung 

Stock  Exchange  closes 

Stolypin 

Stralsund 

Strassburg 

Strasshurg 

Strategy  defined 


133 
9 
67 
66 
68 
66 
66 
100 
119 
131 


Q9 

108 
102 
113 
113 

98 
130 
129 
129 
136 
130 
.84 

IS 
131 
136 
129 
133 

129 

103 

130 

130 

130 

13s 

129 

129 

104 

129 

19 

48 

66 

5S 

120 


120 
119 
121 


119 
120 
120 
IIS 

lOI 
lOI 


130 

129 

6S 

116 

134 

77 

78 

14 

133 

68 

69 

48 

122 

SS 

23 

23 

134 

123 

80 

67 

48 

67 

48 


Submarine  equipment  of  nations.  .  .  100 

Submarines  in   war 97 

Submarines,  radius  of  action,  arms,  99 

size  of,  speed  of gg 

Subsidies  for  foreign  ships 113 

Sufolk 55 

Sujren 56 

Sugar,  prospect  of  shortage  of 114 

SukhomlinofI,  General,  Russian  Min- 
ister of  War 95 

Sultan 104 

Superb 54 

Sutley 54 

Sweaborg 48 

Swijt 5S 

Su'ijisure 53 

Switzerland ii  48 

St.  Petersburg,  possibility  of  entering        4 

St.  Privat 24 


Tariff  duties  upon  agricultural  and 

meat  products 109 

TaritT.  loss  in 125 

Tariff,  removed  on  sugar 114 

Tartars  fighting  Russia 13 

Tcggcthof 67 

Tcmcraire 54 

Temesvar 48 

Terrible 55 

Territorials.     See  English  Army. 

Territorial  ambitions 13 

Territorial  expansion 10 

Terrorist  bands  of  Greek  Church  . .  131 

Teuton  Empire 133 

Theseus 55 

Thorn 48 

Three-line  rifle,  arm  of  Russian  Army  44 

Thunderer 54 

Thuringen 66 

Thysbcn 133 

Tiger 54 

Tigris  River 133 

Torgau 48 

Tourists,  stranded  in  Europe 126 

Trade,  American  declining 113 

Trade,  American  foreign  at  a  stand- 
still   113 

Trafalgar 2 

Transportation,     problems    of,     in 

Manchuria 19 

Transvaal,  foreign  relations  of 70 

Treaty,  .AnKlo-f''rench,  1904 18 

Treaty  of  Berlin 18 

Treaty  of  Washington,  1871 126 

Trentino 13 

Trieste 9,  13,  14,  48 

Trieste.  Italian  population  of 132 

Triple  Alliance:  13,  15,  16,  17,  18,  76,  132 

136 
Triple    Alliance,    Formed    by    Bis- 
marck    17 

Triple  .Alliance, Italy's  relation  to.  .  .  132 
Triple  Entente:   13,  15,  17,  73,  99,  132,  136 

Tripoli,  Italian  invasion  of 17 

Tri  Svialctilia 65 

Triumph 53 

Troops  That  Have  Seen  Service,  The  21 

Troop 23 

Tunis,  Italy's  colonial  ambitions  in  ..  132 

Turk  maintained  in  Europe g 

Turkey,  army 20 

European 130 

Servian  war  against 104 

Turkish  Empire,  on  Black  Sea 13 

Turks 130 

racial  differences  among 131 

Tartar  strain  in 131 

Turkoman,  irregular  horse.      See  Or- 
ganization of  Russian  .Army. 

Typhoid  in  Crimea 115 


United  States  after  the  war 50 

United  States  as  a  source  of  food  in 

war  time 108 

colonial   possessions 51 

effect  of  war  on 113 

financing  Germany 133 

precautions  to  obser\-e  neutrality.  127 

Red  Cross  in in 

and  Te.xas 104 

Uskub 129 

Ust-Dvinsk 48 

Vaccination  against  smallpox 116 


Valiant 54 

Vanguard 54 

Varna.  Greeks  in 130 

Venerable 53 

\'enetia  added  to  Italy 132 

Vengeance 53 

\'enice 48 

Vergnaud 56 

\'erna 129 

Verile 56 

\'erona 48 

N'ersailles 48 

Vetsera,  Baroness  Maria 78 

\'etterli  rifle 45 

Viborg 48 

Victor  Emmanuel,  King  of  Italy. .  .96,  132 

Victor  Hugo 56 

Victoria,  Queen 79 

Victorious 53 

\'ienna 48 

Vilna 48 

Vi/ibus  Unilis 67 

Vistula  Passages 48 

\'iviani,  Rene 80,  88 

Volgars,  the 131 

Voltaire 56 

Von  dcr  Goltz,  Baron 77.  80 

\'(>n  iler  Tann 66 

\'on  Bcthmann-Hollweg,  Theobald  73,  77 

note  of 13s 

Von  BUlow 70,  73, 

\'on  Falkenhayn,  General,  German 

Minister  of  War 84. 

\'on  Hbtzendorf.  Baron  Conrad ...  74,  86- 
Von  Moltke,  General,  Chief  of  Ger- 
man staff 74,   77,   84 

Von  Moltke,  Field  Marshal.  .   16,  24,  69 

Von  Pohl,  .Admiral  Hugo 77 

Von  Schoen,  Baron 136 

Von  Tirpitz,  Admiral 74.  77,  84 


Waldeck  Rousseau 56 

Wallachs,  The 131 

Walloons  in  Belgium 10 

War  by  Russia  for  ports 22 

caused  by  religion 12 

War  Correspondent's  Impressions  of 
the  Fighting  .Armies  (James  F.  J. 

.Archibald) 19 

War,  chronology  of 135 

cost  of 114,  124 

economic  effect  of 124 

effect  on  United  States 113 

financial  preparations  for 122 

responsibility  for 11 

new  things  in 97 

Warrior 55 

Warsaw 48 

Wars  pile 54 

Water  for  troops 117 

\\'ehrpflicht 23 

Wells.  H.  G.,  opinion  of  militarism  68 

Wesel 48 

Westfalen 66 

Wettin 66 

What  .America  Thinks  of  War 134 

Wheat  market  and  supply:   107-109,  113 

125 

\\  hitehead  torpedo 100 

Whv    the    Nations    Fight    (.Albert 

BushneU  Hart) 9 

Wilhelmshafen 48 

William  1 68,   69 

William  II:    i,  3,  9,  13,  18,  23,  50,  68-71 

73.  74.  77.  82,  83,  186 

\\  ilson,  President 127,   134,  136 

Wireless,  and  German  fortifications  41 

Wireless  telegraph,  portable loi 

Wittelsbach 66 

Wolseley,  Lord 75 

Wounded,  percentage  of  in  battle. .  118 


Yorck 67 

Vumiden 133 


Zdhringen 66 

Zapas.     See  Russia,  Army. 

Zealandia 53 

Zemtchug 65 

Zeppelin  Destroyer 97 

''Zeppelin  Hunter" 07 

Zrinyi 67 


WAR    AND    WASTE 


DR.  DAVID  STARR  JORDAN  in  his 
book,  "War  and  Waste,"  gave  the 
following  graphic  prophecy  of  the 
European  war.  His  calculation  is  of 
a  war  involving  England,  German}-,  France, 
Austria,  Ital\-,  Roumania,  and  Russia.  All 
these  countries,  save  Italy  and  Roumania,  are 
engaged  as  this  is  written,  and  they  may  be 
drawn  in: 

"What  shall  we  say  of  the  Great  War  of 
Europe,  ever  threatening,  ever  impending, 
and  which  never  comes  ?  We  shall  say  that 
it  will  never  come.  Humanly  speaking,  it  is 
impossible. 

"Not  in  the  physical  sense,  of  course,  for  with 
weak,  reckless,  and  godless  men  nothing  evil  is 
impossible.     It   may   he,  of  course,  that   some 


half -craved  archduke  or  some  harassed  minister 
of  state  shall  half-knowing  give  the  signal  for 
Europe's  conflagration.  In  fact,  the  agreed 
signal  has  been  given  more  than  once  within 
the  last  few  months.  The  tinder  is  well  dried 
and  laid  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  the  worst 
of  this  catastrophe.  All  that  Europe  cherishes 
is  ready  for  the  burning     .     .     . 

"The  gains  of  war  and  war  talk  go  to  the 
vultures.  The  cost  falls  on  the  people.  What- 
ever else  happens,  the  common  man  stands  to 
lose  in  war." 

Dr.  Jordan  believes  that  the  expenses  of  the 
proposed  general  war  have  accurately  been 
calculated  by  Prof.  Charles  Richet  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Paris  in  the  following  tabulation 
which  is  referred  to  by  Alexander  Dana  Noyes 
on  page  124  of  "The  War  Manual." 


Daily  Cost  of  a  Great  European  War 

Feed  of  men .  ?^i2,6oo,ooo 

Feed  of  horses 1,000,000 

Pay  (European  rates) 4,250,000 

Pay  of  workmen  in  arsenals  and  ports 1,000,000 

Transportation 2,100,000 

Transportation  of  provisions         4,200,000 

Munitions:  Infantry  10  cartridges  a  day 4,200,000 

Artillery:   10  shots  per  day 1,200,000 

Marine:  2  shots  per  day 400,000 

Equipment 4,200,000 

Ambulances:  500,000  wounded  or  ill  ($1  per  day) 500,000 

Warships 500,000 

Reduction  of  imports 5,000,000 

Help  to  the  poor  (20  cents  per  day  to  i  in  10) 6,800,000 

Destruction  q^  towns,  etc 2,000,000 

Total  per  day o  5^49,950,000 


NEW  WINGS  FOR  BUSINESS 

HOW    LAMSON    CUT    A    CROQUET    BALL   AND    BROUGHT    FORTH    NINETY-EIGHT   VARI- 
ETIES OF  service!     SOME  AMAZING  ACTIVITIES:    CARRIER  EXTRAORDINARY 
OF     MONEY,    MAIL,    MERCHANDISE,    BOOKS,     DOCUMENTS,    POWDER, 
PROJECTILES,      HATS,     SHOES  ^ — WHATEVER     YOU     WILL. 
BETTER    BUSINESS  —  BIGGER    PROFITS 

BY 

F.  BURNHAM    McLEARY 


BACK  in  the  Golden  Age,  when  Vul- 
can was  Captain  of  Industry,  it 
is  reputed  that  a  host  of  winged 
'  messengers  were  always  at  his 
:  beck  and  call.  In  those  days  the 
lightning  was  still  in  the  sky.  Benjamin 
Franklin  had  not  yet  been  heard  from. 

Now,  somehow  or  other,  with  the  dawn 
of  the  Electric  Age  romance  languished, 
and  all  these  lightsome  messengers  took 
flight.  Meanwhile,  in  their  splendid  offices, 
our  modern  captains  of  industry  longed  for 
a  service  that  would  lift  the  burden  of  detail 
and  intelligently  scatter  it  in  a  thousand 
different  directions.  What  they  fmall\' 
found  —  and  how  they  found  it  —  is  the 
theme  of  this  story. 

PRESENTING    LAMSON,    WONDER-WORKER 

Up  on  the  Mohawk  River  —  Schenectady, 
to  be  exact  —  a  group  of  more  than  one 
hundred  and  fifty  buildings  are  forever 
humming  in  an  effort  to  supply  the  world 
with  things  electrical.  Consider  for  a 
moment  the  volume  of  mail,  of  orders,  of 
blue-prints  and  memoranda,  that  every  day 
must  be  sent  out  among  the  1 5,000  workers. 
They  themselves  are  scattered  over  a  ffoor 
space  of  two  hundred  acres.  Consider 
the  need  for  a  service  that  is  instant,  pre- 
cise, and  unfailing! 

Forgetting  now  the  swift  little  agents  of 
the  gods,  let  me  introduce  "Lamson,"  the 
impersonal  hero  of  this  romance.  It  is  to 
him  —  or  perhaps  1  should  say,  to  the 
system  that  bears  his  name  —  that  this 
greatest  of  electrical  plants  is  indebted  for 
its  speedy  and  reliable  messenger  service. 
Thanks  to  the  Lamson  S\stem,  over  15,000 
pieces  of  mail  —  to  say  nothing  of  messages 


and  blueprints  innumerable  —  are  daily 
despatched  at  express-train  speed  to  all 
parts  of  the  offices  and  factories  of  the 
General  Electric  Company.  Moreover, 
they  are  frequently  hastened  on  their  way 
by  sundry  other  devices  —  all  of  which, 
after  the  methods  of  Darwin,  may  be  di- 
rectly traced  to  one  primordial  croquet 
ball!  Here  follows  the  authentic  story  of 
their  origin,  now  published  for  the  first 
time: 

HOW   A  CROQUET  BALL  WENT  INTO  BUSINESS 

In  the  days  of  cash-boys  and  one-horse 
buggies,  when  the  business  world  was  still 
asleep,  there  lived  a  man  named  Lamson. 
He  was  only  a  shop-keeper,  the  proprietor 
of  a  little  notion  store  in  Lowell,  Massa- 
chusetts, yet  so  attractively  did  he  present 
his  wares  that  often  it  seemed  that  the  whole 
world  was  beating  a  path  to  his  door. 
Strange  as  it  may  appear,  on  such  pros- 
perous occasions  Lamson  was  well  nigh 
driven  to  distraction.  Money  drawers 
would  be  rattling  back  and  forth,  cash  boys 
would  be  rushing  this  way  and  that,  and 
still  poor  Lamson  and  his  clerks  could  not 
make  change  fast  enough  to  satisfy  his 
customers.  In  this  dire  emergency  a  bril- 
liant notion  came  to  him. 

"  Bring  me  a  croquet  ball,"  said  he  to 
one  of  his  minions. 

It  was  instantly  forthcoming. 

After  a  considerable  struggle,  Lamson 
sawed  it  in  two.  Then  he  clumsily  hollowed 
it  out,  and  devised  a  way  to  reunite  the  two 
hemispheres.  When  next  the  Lamson  store 
was  struck  by  a  wave  of  prosperity,  the 
proprietor  met  it  fair  and  serene.  "Change, 
Madam?"     Jog-a-log-a-log  —  rolled     the 


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NEW  WINGS  FOR  BUSINESS 


croquet  ball  down  a  V-shaped  trough  that 
sloped  to  the  cashier's  desk.  Crish  —  out 
came  the  crinkly  greenback  to  make  room 
for  the  silver.  Then  kerthump!  —  and 
along  the  return  trough  rolled  the  thirty- 
seven  cents,  bumpety-jingle!  - —  Lamson  had 
set  in  motion  a  System  of  Service  that  was 
to  quicken  the  conduct  of  business  all  over 
the  civilized  world. 


WHEREIN 


THE      CROQUET      BALL 
TRANSMOGRIFIED 


BECOMES 


Rarely  does  the  Creative  Mind  allow  a 
potentially  big  idea  to  stay  little.  First 
in  the  evolution  of  the 
croquet  ball  came  a  tin\- 
cash  carrier  that  started 
from  a  spring- gun  and 
sped  over  taut  wires 
suspended  from  the  ceil- 
ing. Next  came  a  parcel- 
basket  that  hung  from 
these  same  wires  and 
made  lively  journeys  to 
and  fro.  Third  came 
a  long  procession  of  faith- 
ful messengers  that  jaunt- 
ily traveled  along  a 
continuous  cable.  Lastly 
came  pneumatic  carriers 
—  of  which  more  later. 
Meanwhile,  let  me  take 
passage  on  the  moving 
highway  and  tell  you 
just  how  it  takes  care  of  the  pilgrims: 

An  important  paper,  let  us  say,  must 
be  in  the  treasurer's  hands  at  10:30. 
Three  minutes  before  that  time,  the 
auditor  sets  the  index  finger  at  X, 
drops  the  paper  in  a  little  tray,  and 
straightway  forgets  all  about  it.  Zip- 
p-p!  Along  comes  a  pair  of  nippers 
that  pinches  the  paper,  flits  to  the 
ceiling,  disappears  through  a  partition, 
climbs  seven  flights  of  stairs,  crosses 
thestreet,and  emerges  in  the  treasurer's 
office,  on  time  to  the  minute.  Without 
a  word  it  drops  the  message  and  flits 
away. 

Perhaps  it  was  the  fascination  that  always 
attends  the  working  out  of  a  big  idea,  per- 


.  .  .  FLITS  TO  THE  CEILING, 
CLIMBS  SEVEN  FLIGHTS  OF  STAIRS, 
CROSSES  THE  STREET,  AND  EMERGES 
IN  THE  treasurer's  OFFICE,  ON  TIME 
TO   THE    MINUTE." 


haps  it  was  the  desire  to  be  more  useful, 
perhaps  it  was  just  the  ambition  to  make 
more  money.  At  any  rate,  about  the  year 
1890  the  Lamson  Company  went  into 
pneumatic  tubes,  and  came  out  with  the 
swiftest  messenger  service  in  the  country. 
The  big  stores  of  the  future,  they  figured, 
would  need  such  service;  so,  too,  would 
the  office  buildings,  banks,  hotels,  and  the 
great  factories.  The  Lamson  Company, 
as  pioneers  in  the  expeditious  conduct  of 
business,  must  keep  up  with  this  new  era 
of  speed  or  collapse  by  the  wayside. 

For  all  these  reasons,  the  old  croquet 
ball  now  took  on  a  fourth 
shape:  it  became,  if  you 
please,  the  Lamson  pneu- 
matic carrier,  a  little  mis- 
sile that  has  since  popped 
up  by  the  thousands  in 
practically  every  depart- 
ment store  from  here  to 
Jericho.  With  it,  as  a 
logical  outgrowth,  came 
the  eight-inch  projectile 
for  the  quick  despatching 
of  first-class  mail.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  it 
was  John  Wanamaker, 
Postmaster  General,  who 
first  recommended  pneu- 
matic tubes  for  the  hand- 
ling of  United  States  mail. 
That  was  in  1890.  In 
191 3 — just  to  show  how  the  world  wags  — 
approximately  18,154,000  letters  journeyed 
through  Lamson  tubes  every  day  —  a  total 
for  the  year  of  5,682,202,000  letters! 

HOW    LAMSON    TRIMS   THE    PAY-ROLL 

Not  long  ago,  1  was  inspecting  the  manu- 
facture of  automobile  tops  in  a  large  factory 
in  Hetroit.  It  was  the  method  of  this 
manufacturer  to  cut  the  cloth  to  size  and 
then  to  send  it  by  messenger  to  the  work- 
men, who  tailored  each  piece  to  fit  the  in- 
dividual car.  They  found  that  every  now 
and  then,  in  spite  of  the  most  scrupulous 
care,  the  finished  cars  would  leave  the 
department  with  strange  little  scratches 
on  the  bodies.  Whence  these  came  was  a 
profound  mystery.  Then  one  day  the 
superintendent  watched  the  messenger  boys 


The  World's  Work  Advertiser 


NEW  WINGS  FOR  BUSINESS 


—  and  discovered  the  source  of  the 
scratches.  Passing  close  to  the  cars,  the 
boys  Httle  thought  or  cared  about  the 
superbly  finished  bodies.  Why  should  they 
worry?  This  discovery  meant  the  installa- 
tion of  a  wire  carrier  system,  whereby  the 
merest  pull  (jn  the  spring-gun  sent  the 
basket  speeding  along  an  aerial  trolley  to 
the  cutting  department.  Without  a 
moment's  delay  back  came  the  cloth  in  just 
the  quantity  wanted.  The  whole  outfit 
was  not  es- 
pecially ela- 
borate, y  e  t 
greatly  io  the 
surprise  of  the 
supcrinten  - 
dent  two  help- 
ers whom  he 
had  regarded 
as  indispens- 
able were  now 
no  longer 
needed. 


6,000  LETTERS 

DISTRIBUTED 

IN      ALMOST 

NO  TIME 

Still  con- 
ducting my 
investiga- 
tions, this 
time  in  New 
York,  I  was 
directed  to 
the  Metropolitan 
under  ground,  I 
of   tubes,    the    terminal 


senger  boy  would  have  needed  at  least 
six  or  seven  minutes  to  deliver  those  docu- 
ments, and  even  then  his  schedule  would  have 
been  contingent  upon  quick  connections  at  the 
elevators. 

Once,  so  they  told  me,  while  the  system 
was  being  extended,  it  was  necessary  for  a 
time  to  employ  boys  to  carry  messages  and 
deliver  the  mail.  Thirty  boys  were  re- 
quired, yet  it  was  not  humanly  possible  to 
take  care  of  the  6,000  communications  that 

were  daily  re- 
c e i  V ed  and 
transmitted, 
with  a  n  y- 
where  near 
the  prompt- 
ness and  cer- 
tainty that 
Lamson  had 
been  accus- 
t  o  m  e  d  to 
achieve,  day 
in  and  day 
out.  In  fact 
the  whole 
working  effi- 
ciency of  a 
great  institu- 
tion was  ma- 
terially i  m  - 
paired  by  this 
forced  return 
to  primitive 
methods. 


A  CENIKAL  STAllON  IN  ONL  OF  THE  NEW  YORK  DEPARTMENT 
STORES.  NOTE  THE  BULGING  POCKETS  IN  THE  TUBES  AT  THE  RIGHT. 
A  DEVICE  INSIDE  AUTOMATICALLY  SEPARATES  THE  "CHARGE"  CAR- 
RIERS   FROM    THE    "cash." 

Building, 
came    upon 
a 


of 


Two  stories 
a  battery 
pneumatic 


system  that  radiates  to  ninety-six  different 
stations.  From  the  muzzles  of  these 
tubes  kept  popping  long  leather-jacketed 
projectiles,  sometimes  four  or  five  a  second. 
A  squad  of  four  men  were  returning  the 
fusilade.  1  timed  some  of  these  projec- 
tiles. It  was  easy  to  tell  when  they  ar- 
rived because  the  air  supply  was  automatic- 
ally "timed  off"  in  order  that  the  whole 
system  could  be  operated  at  a  minimum  of 
expense.  One  carrier  sped  under  the  street 
and  up  to  an  office  on  the  eleventh  floor  in 
thirteen  seconds.  The  distance  was  surely 
not  less  than  four  hundred  feet.     A  mes- 


ANOTHER  OCCUPATION  —  NIMBLE 
CHANGE-MAKER 

In  spite  of  these  valiant  services,  1  am 
sure  that  we  often  fail  to  appreciate  "  Lam- 
son," he  operates  so  noiselessly  and  in  such 
covert  places.  Who  would  guess,  for  ex- 
ample, while  walking  down  the  aisles 
of  Altman's  or  Macy's  in  New  York, 
Gimbel's  in  Philadelphia,  Marshall  Field's 
in  Chicago,  or  Famous  and  Barr's  in  St. 
Louis,  that  under  his  very  feet  hundreds  of 
dollars  are  likely  enough  speeding  this 
way  and  that?  Almost  never  do  the  carriers 
travel  at  less  than  twenty  miles  an  hour;  and 
they  double  that  speed  on  the  grades.  From 
sales-girl  to  cashier  races  the  money,  and 
back  flies  the  change,  the  whole  transaction 


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NEW  WINGS  FOR  BUSINESS 


completed  in  less  than  30  seconds.  For  once 
in  its  checkered  career  money  has  no 
chance  to  talk. 

All  this  great  network  that  binds  to- 
gether the  several  departments,  that  pro- 
vides for  making  change  on  any  floor,  in 
any  corner,  and  arranges  for  the  expeditious 
delivery  of  the  thousands  of  parcels  that  are 
daily  sent  out  from  these  giant  stores,  is 
one  of  the  most  surprising  examples  of 
business  efficiency  that  the  twentieth  cen- 
tury affords.  In  Stern's,  New  York,  for 
instance,  one  may  see  in  the  basement  a 
long  row  of  vertical  pipes  terminating 
within  a  wire  cage,  where  some  fifteen  or 
twenty  cash  girls  are  busily  making  change. 
Now,  here's  a  perplexity.  Some  of  those 
sales  slips  are  "charge"  and  some  are 
"cash."  How  are  they  to  be  separated? 
The  solution  is  decidedly  picturesque  — 
and  typical  of  Lamson  Service.  When  the 
regular  carriers  come  whizzing  through  the 
tubes  top  speed,  they  strike  a  little  trip- 
finger  which  saves  them  just  in  time  from 
being  ambushed.  The  charge  carriers,  on 
the  contrary,  are  so  constructed  that  they 
fail  to  engage  it.  Whereupon  a  spike 
jumps  out  from  above  and  knocks  them 
head  over  heels.  They  fall  in  a  heap  on  the 
other  side  of  the  table. 

Probably  no  system  in  the  world  so  com- 
pletely protects  the  merchant  from  petty 
thefts  as  this  scheme  for  centralizing  the 
change-makers.  The  sales-slips,  numbered 
and  made  in  triplicate,  must  represent  the 
amount  of  the  transaction,  else  the  cus- 
tomer himself  will  protest.  The  cash  record 
for  the  day  must  tally  with  the  money 
received  at  the  central  station,  else  the 
auditing  department,  by  the  help  of  adding 
machines,  will  detect  it  inside  of  twenty- 
four  hours.  When  some  fifty  or  sixty 
people  —  or  even  five  or  six  —  must  con- 
spire before  they  can  work  chicanery,  the 
chance  for  collusion  is  practically  nil. 

GATHERING    AND    SORTING    6o,O00 
PARCELS 

Did  you  ever  wonder  how  that  box  of 
handkerchiefs  or  that  fine  Etruscan  vase 
you  ordered  "sent  out"  ever  got  to  your 
home  so  quickly?  Let  us  suppose,  for 
example,  you  have  come  in  from  the  suburbs 


of  Philadelphia  to  shop  at  Wanamaker's. 
You  make,  say,  half  a  dozen  purchases: 
a  set  of  flannels,  a  bath  robe,  twq  or  three 
turkish  towels,  a  pair  of  slippers,  a  smoking 
jacket  and  the  latest  novel.  A  few  hours 
later  you  get  back  home  and  find  your 
trophies,  all  in  one  bundle,  waiting  in  the 
hall  for  you.  This  is  what  has  happened 
in  the  meantime: 

One  by  one  the  separate  packages,  each 
marked  with  the  same  number,  slide  down  a 
spiral  chute,  or  —  if  the  purchase  is  made 
on  the  first  or  basement  floors  —  through 
a  trap  door  under  the  counter,  and  at  on(ie 
start  traveling  along  endless  belts  at  the 
rate  of  120  feet  a  minute.  From  perhaps 
six  different  directions  the  bundles  make 
their  way  to  the  "trunk  line  conveyor," 
whence  with  hundreds  of  others  they  are 
presently  swept  off  upon  the  assorter's 
table.  A  transfer  system  whereby  all  your 
parcels  are  labelled  with  the  same  number 
(756)  now  arrests  progress  via  the  City 
Delivery  belt,  or  the  Express,  or  Parcels 
Post,  or  C.  O.  D.  Instead  of  following 
these  channels,  they  travel  along  a  special 
belt  and  are  shortly  assembled  in  the  bin 
of  the  corresponding  number.  Once  bun- 
dled, they  join  an  endless  procession  of 
packages,  from  which  they  are  shortly 
diverted  to  their  particular  "route"  com- 
partments, and  are  hustled  away  to  the 
delivery  wagons. 

Taking  this  as  an  example,  and  bearing 
in  mind  the  fact  that  during  the  Christmas 
rush  Lamson  takes  care  of  60,000  parcels 
a  day  at  John  Wanamaker's,  one  has  only 
to  contemplate  the  numberless  transactions 
that  take  place  in  our  giant  retail  stores, 
and  to  visualize  the  countless  parcels  that 
go  out  to  all  points  of  the  compass,  to  per- 
ceive the  debt  that  the  American  Depart- 
ment Store  owes  to  Lamson.  It  is  no 
exaggeration  to  state  that  but  for  Lamson 
and  the  Service  Idea,  the  success  of  retail 
stores  on  such  a  prodigious  scale  would 
never  have  been  possible. 

LAMSON  BECOMES  LORD  TREASURER 

And  now  for  some  of  the  amplifications. 
Often  in  the  course  of  a  day's  work  it  is 
necessary  to  send  jewels  or  fine  gold  with 
safety  and  despatch.     Here  again  is  a  task 


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NEW  WINGS  FOR  BUSINESS 


which  Lamson  has  taken  upon  himself, 
and  it  is  interesting  to  see  how  well  he  per- 
forms it.  Just  as  1  was  leaving  Wana- 
maker'smy  attention  was  attracted  by  two 
brass  tubes  which  terminated  in  a  cage  at 
one  end  of  the  watch  counter.  A  Lamson 
carrier  came  shooting  out,  coursed  around  a 
retarding  curve,  and  came  to  rest  on  a 
special  shelf.  The  watch-maker  produced 
a  key,  unlocked  the  carrier,  and  drew  forth 
a  watch.  It  had  come  down  from  the  repair 
department  on  the  tenth  floor,  it  had 
dropped  sixteen  feet  the  first  second, 
thirty-two  the 
next,  and  six- 
ty-four the 
next  —  yet  so 
nicely  had  its 
reception 
been  planned 
that  the 
watch  was  as 
safe  as  if  it 
had  been  all 
that  time  in 
the  vest  pock- 
et of  a  mag- 
nate. In  the 
other  tube  the 
watchmaker 
now  inserted 
the  empty 
carrier.  1  t 
disappeared, 

sucked   upward  at  the  rate  of  thirty    feet 
a  second. 

STILL    A    NEW    ROLE — CUSTODIAN    OF 
BOOKS    AND    DOCUMENTS 

At  the  offices  of  the  Curtis  Publishing 
Company,  which  1  next  visited,  1  found 
these  enterprising  people  employing  Lam- 
son for  all  he  was  worth.  A  pick-up  system 
was  conveying  sundry  memoranda  to  vari- 
ous desks  in  the  subscription  department. 
Priceless  documents  —  magazines  and  con- 
tracts, 1  dare  say  —  were  being  despatched 
by  pneumatic  tubes  all  over  a  city  block. 
The  boy  who  managed  the  thirtx-two  sta- 
tions was  under  constant  bombardment. 

There,  too,  1  also  saw  the  automatic  tray 
conveyor  —  another  Lamson  feature.  From 
the  outside  of  the  shaft  it  looks  something 


"ONt    BY     ONE     THE     SEPARATE     PACKAGES     START     1  RAVELING     ALONG 
ENDLESS    BELTS    AT    THE    RATE    OF     I20    FEET    A    MINUTE." 


like  a  dumb  waiter,  but  it  carries  itself  in  a 
much  more  intelligent  fashion.  For  one 
thing,  it  keeps  moving.  For  another,  it 
discriminates.  C)pen  the  slide,  place  a  tray 
on  the  shelf,  and  set  the  index  fmger  for  a 
particular  station.  Half  a  dozen  little 
catch-shelves  may  climb  the  elevator  shaft 
and  skip  the  tray  before  the  right  one  comes 
along.  Then  the  tray  is  lifted,  borne  to 
its  destination,  perhaps  straight  up  to  the 
ninth  floor,  and  dropp^ed  automatically. 

It  is  this  type  of  conveyor  in  the  big 
libraries  that   gets  >our  books  to  you  so 

quickly.  In 
Boston,  where 
books  are  so 
highly  es- 
teemed, Lam- 
son may  be 
seen  at  the 
Public  Libra- 
ry trundling 
volumes  out 
from  the 
stacks  and 
safely  back 
again.  1 
watched  one 
of  the  basket- 
carriers  load- 
ed with  books 
roll  out  along 
its  steel  rails 
to  a  position 
elevator  well. 
had  returned 


at  the  very  brink  of  the 
There  it  waited  until  the  lift 
from  a  trip  and  had  snapped  securel\'  into 
place.  Then  it  slid  onto  the  elevator,  as- 
cended, and  rolled  out  on  a  desk  in  the 
distributing  department. 

When  the  Duke  of  .Marlborough  visited 
the  Boston  Public  Librar>'  on  a  recent  trip 
to  America,  it  was  not  the  pictures  of 
the  Holy  Grail  b\'  Abbey,  or  Sargent's 
"Prophets"  that  he  found  most  interesting. 
Strangel\-  enough,  it  was  Lamson's  pick-up 
svstem,  his  pneumatic  tubes  and  automatic 
elevators. 

"  More  polite  than  most  people,"  remarked 
the  Duke  to  the  superintendent,  as  the 
carrier  drew  back  to  wait  for  the  elevator 
to  come  to  rest.  He  might  also  have  added : 
"  Far  more  capable,  and  far  less  expensive;" 


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for  this  has  been  proven  time  and  again. 
Once  in  St.  Louis  it  was  necessary  to  re- 
move 25,000  volumes  from  the  Court  House 
to  the  new  law  Hbrary  on  the  seventeenth 
floor  of  the  Pierce  Building  across  the  street. 
Every  one  of  those  25,000  volumes  traveled 
the  whole  distance  on  a  Lamson  conveyor; 
and  thereafter  the  system  was  used  to 
quicken  the  journey  of  books  from  library 
to  litigant.  Though  so  extensive  a  trip 
is  not  the  rule,  this  St.  Louis  installation 
shows  in  a  measure  the  high  regard  in 
which  Lamson  is  held  by  the  book  people. 
A  further  indication  is  the  use  that  is 
made  of  Lamson  Service  by  still  other 
libraries.  Notable  among  them  are  the 
New  Widener  Library  at  Harvard,  the 
Carnegie  Institute  at  Pittsburgh,  the  New 
York  Public  Library,  the  Chicago  Public 
Library,  the  Congressional  Library  at  Wash- 
ington, and  the  National  Library  at  Rio 
de  Janeiro. 

LAMSON  —  POST-MASTER  GENERALISSIMO 

So  much  for  the  gentler  pursuits.  To  me 
it  is  even  more  illuminating  to  reflect  upon 
the  varieties  of  service  that  Lamson  daily 
performs  for  the  business  man.  After  the 
style  of  the  modern  romance,  let  us  con- 
sider the  Broker  "on  the  Street."  Among 
the  many  letters  that  come  to  his  desk  — 
all  forwarded  by  Lamson  tubes  from  the 
Grand  Central  and  Pennsylvania  Stations, 
or  from  branch  post-offices  —  is  an  im- 
portant communication  post-marked  South 
Chicago.  Its  history  shows  how  Uncle 
Sam  keeps  Lamson  forever  on  the  qui 
vive: 

ACTS   I    TO   5 

Time:    only  yesterday  12.10  p.m. 

Place:   South  Chicago,  III. 

12.10:  Letter  drops  through  the  "special" 
window  at  the  Stock  Yards  Post- 
office. 

12. ly.  Letter  is  shot  by  compressed  air 
through  an  eight-inch  pneumatic 
tube  at  the  rate  of  30  miles  an 
hour. 

12.26:  Letter  arrives  at  the  Chicago  Gen- 
eral Post-office,  five  and  a  half 
miles  away. 

12.28:  Letter  is  relayed  through  a  Lamson 
tube  to  the  La  Salle  Street  Station, 
half  a  mile  distant. 


12.30:  Letter  boards  the  Twentieth  Cen- 
tury, and  at  12.40  starts  for  New 
York. 

ACTS    6   TO    10 

Time:    9.40  this  very  morning. 
Place:   New   York  City. 
9.40:   The  Twentieth  Century  pulls  in  at 

the  Grand  Central  Station. 
9.41:    Mail  pouches  are  removed  from  the 

mail  car. 
9.43:    Letter    shoots    under     42d    Street, 
down    Fourth   Avenue  and   Mul- 
berry Street  to  the  General  Po^t- 
office. 
9.54:  Letter  is  relayed  to  the  Wall  Street 

Station  by  Lamson  tube. 
10.10:    Messenger  boy  delivers  the  letter  at 
the  Broker's  office. 

And  now  the  battle  is  on;  the  Broker  is 
in  the  thick  of  it.  Quick!  A  dozen  tele- 
grams! Who's  the  messenger?  Lamson, 
again  —  shooting  the  telegrams  so  adroitly 
that  although  the  offices,  of  the  Western 
Union  and  the  Postal  are  at  different  dis- 
tances, the  messages  arrive  all  at  the  same 
moment.  Even  yet  it's  Lamson  who  keeps 
things  moving.  A  clerk  O.  K's  the  messages 
and  places  them  in  little  trays.  Click- 
click-click.  .  .  .  One  after  another  the 
mechanical  pick-ups  snatch  the  telegrams 
and  flit  to  the  ceiling.  Number  i  opens  its 
fingers  at  Station  A.  The  telegram  flutters 
down  through  a  hollow  cylinder  of  dangling 
cords  and  lands  right  side  up  in  front  of  the 
operator.  Telegram  Number  2  goes  to 
Station  E.  Telegram  No.  3,  to  Station  X. 
Meanwhile,  the  Broker,  still  in  the  fight,  has 
turned  his  mind  to  other  devices.     .     .     . 

TAKING   A    FLYER    IN    STOCKS  —  AND 
STEAKS 

An  interesting  figure  was  John  W.  Gates, 
in  the  days  of  his  financial  activity.  Not  a 
waking  hour  but  he  was  close  in  touch  with 
the  money  news  of  the  world.  In  his  room 
at  the  Plaza  Hotel  were  private  ticker, 
telephone,  and  Lamson  tubes.  The  latter 
were  piped  direct  to  the  central  main  ofifice 
and  through  them  came  hundreds  of  mes- 
sages—  which,  1  dare  say,  his  rivals  would 
have  given  their  eye  teeth  to  read. 

You,  yourself,  in  ways  that  are  less 
spectacular,  make  use  of  Lamson  when  you 


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NEW  WINGS  FOR  BUSINESS 


least  suspect  it.  In  New  York  you  call  on 
a  guest  at  the  Astor,  the  Belmont,  the  Bilt- 
more,  the  Ritz-Carlton,  the  St.  Regis,  the 
Waldorf,  or  at  any  one  of  a  score  of  hotels; 
in  Boston,  perhaps  it's  the  Copley  Plaza; 
in  Philadelphia,  the  Bellevue-Stratford;  in 
Chicago,  the  Blackstone;  in  San  Francisco, 
the  St.  Francis.  .  .  .  Your  card  fleets 
through  Lamson  tubes  to  the  fifth,  tenth, 
twentieth  floor.  In  a  jiffy  back  comes  the 
response  —  Hall-maid  to  Lamson  to  Clerk, 
with  an  assist  for  the  Force  of  Gravity. 
Over  the  same  winged  route  fly  letters, 
telegrams,  checks, 
cash,  keys  —  and, 
alas,  the  inevitable 
bills. 

Perhaps  your  room 
is  on  the  fourteenth 
floor;  you  wish  for 
cigars  and  a  dinner 
for  two.  Zip!  The 
maid  in  the  hall  has 
shot  the  order  to 
the  butler's  pantry, 
and  the  steak  is  al- 
ready on  the  griddle. 
The  same  quick  ser- 
vice at  Sherry's  and 
Delmonico's.  S  o  , 
too,  at  the  finest 
clubs  in  America. 
Observe  for  yourself 
how  Lamson  serves 
you  next  time  you 
call  for  your  pipe, 
your  bowl,  and  your 
fiddlers  three. 

HITTING  IT  OFF  WITH 
THE    BANKERS 


it  may  be  utterly 
fanciful,  but  I  won- 
der if  this  pneumatic 
carrier  of  Lamson's 
did  not  acquire  in  previous  incarnations  a 
predilection  for  handling  money.  Certainly 
the  extent  to  which  it  hob-nobs  with 
bankers  bears  out  the  suspicion. 

In  Boston,  for  instance,  I  dropped  in  at 
the  "Old  Colony,"  the  State  Street  Trust 
Company,  the  Merchants'  National  Bank. 
and  the  National  Shawmut  Bank.     Lamson 


A  TRAY  CONVEYOR  IN  THE  WALKOVER  FACTORIES. 
EIGHT  CARRIERS  MAKE  A  COMPLETE  CIRCUIT  OF 
THE  THIRTEEN  DEPARTMENTS  EVERY  SEVEN  MIN- 
UTES. QUIETLY  AND  AUTOMATICALLY  THEY  CALL 
AT   OFFICES    ON    FOUR    DIFFERENT    FLOORS. 


carriers  were  on  the  jump  in  all  these  places. 
In  Chicago,  last  spring,  I  watched  a  score 
of  little  missiles  popping  out  from  their 
terminals  at  the  Corn  Exchange  National 
Bank.  In  New  York  I  lately  pried  into 
the  affairs  of  the  Guaranty  Trust  Company, 
the  First  National  Bank,  and  J.  P.  Morgan 
&  Co.  Lamson  was  the  trusted  servant  of 
all  these  great  institutions.  Sometime, 
when  I  am  on  the  Pacific  coast,  1  am  going 
to  renew  associations  in  other  places.  1 
shall  visit  the  First  National  Bank  at  Los 
Angeles  and  the  Wells-Fargo  Nevada 
National  Bank  in 
San  Francisco. 

Strange,  perhaps, 
such  a  fascination; 
and  if  money  were 
all  they  carried,  I'll 
grant  you  they 
couldn't  interest  me. 
More  often,  how- 
ever, it's  papers, 
documents,  and  con- 
fidential informa- 
tion under  lock  and 
key.  At  the  Hano- 
ver National  Bank 
in  New  York,  for 
example,  checks, 
notes,  etc.,  go  up  by 
tube  to  the  eigh- 
teenth and  nine- 
teenth floors.  At 
the  Merchants'  Na- 
tional Bank  in  Bos- 
ton—  one  of  the 
newest  installations 
—  letters  are  sent  by 
tube  to  be  signed  just 
the  minute  the  girls 
get  them  type- 
written. 


And  now  for  a  com- 
parison. Transfer  your  thought  from  this 
splendid  bank  building  to  the  largest  mail 
order  house  in  the  world.  Line  the  ceilings 
with  Lamson  tubes  —  pretty  near  six  miles 
of  them.  Increase  the  bank's  conservative 
mail  pouch  till  it  holds  no  less  than  a  ton  of 
correspondence.  Stand  at  a  central  station 
while  thousands  of  carriers  shoot  out  at  you. 


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Listen  to  a  roar  like  the  sound  of  a  young 
cannonade.  There!  You  now  perceive 
why  Sears,  Roebuck  &  Co.  are  known  all 
over  the  world  for  their  promptness. 
Letters  shoot  through  those  tubes  every 
day  by  the  tens  of  thousands;  every  night 
sees  those  letters  answered,  and  the  goods 
ordered,  shipped  and  billed  —  all  because 
Lamson  makes  possible  a  practically  in- 
stantaneous service  between  departments. 

THOUSANDS    OF    DOLLARS    SAVED 

Practically  instantaneous  service!  It  is 
certainly  startling  what  economies  a  system 
of  Lamson  tubes  will  bring  about.  Out  at 
"The  Hump,"  for  example,  1  know  of  a 
Lamson  installation  that  saved  a  railroad 
350,000  inside  the  first  four  months.  This 
.particular  equipment  was  at  the  freight 
terminals  of  the  Chicago,  Indiana  and 
Southern  Railroad,  at  Gibson,  Indiana. 
The  proposition  that  Lamson  had  to  solve 
was  the  quick  transference  of  bills  of  lading 
from  arriving  trains  to  "The  Hump"  (the 
central  freight  office,  situated  on  a  little 
eminence),  and  then  from  "The  Hump"  to 
the  departing  trains.  The  old  way  was  by 
messenger  bo}'s.  The  distance  was  always 
half  a  mile  or  more;  and  sometimes  a  train 
and  her  entire  crew  would  be  held  up  for 
several  hours,  waiting  for  bills-of-lading. 
In  bad  weather  a  special  locomotive  was 
detailed  to  make  the  trips. 

Now  a  curious  thing  about  the  part  the 
Lamson  Company  played  in  the  solution 
of  the  problem  was  that  no  one  at  the  home 
office  knew  what  the  tubes  were  to  be  used 
for  until  a  month  after  they  had  been 
installed.  The  business  came  unsolicited, 
it  was  a  new  departure  in  Lamson  Service, 
and  its  application  to  railroad  needs  was 
due  wholly  to  thoughtful  analysis  on  the 
part  of  the  railroad's  executives. — All  of 
which  provokes  me  to  observe  that  there 
are  probably  hundreds  of  instances  right 
now  —  unknown  to  the  business  heads  and 
unknown  to  the  Lamson  Company  —  where 
some  feature  of  Lamson  Service  could  be 
utilized  to  keep  things  moving,  to  eliminate 
the  fallible  human  element,  and  to  save  both 
time  and  money.  The  greatest  efficiency 
comes  only  to  those  who  study  their 
problems  closest. 


QUICKENING  THE  SPEED  OF  THE  CANNON 
BALL 

Nowhere  is  this  truth  better  illustrated 
than  in  the  gunpowder  mills  and  the  fighting 
towers.  The  first  of  the  two  systems  is  at 
the  Winchester  Repeating  Arms  Company 
(New  Haven,  Conn.).  At  these  mills  it  is 
necessary  to  transport  powder  from  the 
bunker  house  (four  hundred  feet  removed 
from  everything)  to  the  various  loading 
magazines.  Boys  used  to  do  it.  They  do  it 
still  in  some  factories;  and  every  so  often 
you  read  of  dangerous  explosions.  Lamson 
does  it  for  the  Winchester  people;  and  at 
these  factories  explosions  and  injuries  have 
been  eliminated. 

The  second  system  —  the  bravest  of 
them  all  —  was  wasting  for  a  fight  down  at 
Vera  Cruz  while  this  article  was  being 
written.  The  ground  end  of  the  installa- 
tions terminated  in  the  magazines  of  the 
Massachusetts  and  New  Jersey;  the  sky 
end  was  up  among  the  eight-inch  and  twelve- 
inch  guns.  At  the  first  provocation,  so  I 
am  assured,  both  powder  bags  and  shells 
would  have  shot  up  through  these  strong 
pneumatic  tubes  direct  to  the  gunners. 
Eight-inch  and  twelve-inch  shells  would 
have  made  the  journey  this  way,  and  at 
intervals  of  five  and  eight  seconds  respec- 
tively. Incidentally  the  larger  shells  weigh 
close  to  900  pounds! 

UNCLE    SAM's    RIGHT    HAND    MAN 

From  all  these  things  it  is  apparent  that 
"Lamson"  is  in  high  favor  with  the  Federal 
Government.  Its  functions  in  time  of  war 
1  have  mentioned.  Some  of  its  civil  duties 
as  post-master  generalissimo,  1  have  like- 
wise sketched.  One  last  patriotic  service 
1  must  mention  —  a  service  which  makes 
possible  the  expeditious  handling  of  mail 
in  our  great  post-offices. 

Look  behind  the  scenes  sometime  at 
Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Washington — or  at 
the  splendid  new  post-office  near  the 
Pennsylvania  Terminal  in  New  York.  The 
interior  of  these  post-offices  is  just  a  vast 
network  of  Lamson  devices  —  structural 
dumpcars  on  overhead  tracks  running 
automatically  to  any  of  a  dozen  stations 
and  dropping  thousands  of  letters  into  a 


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receiving  hopper,  endless  belts  conveying 
these  letters  to  the  cancelling  machines, 
baskets  singing  along  the  wires  and  sweep- 
ing off  special  delivery  letters  and  "nixies," 
tray  conveyors  carrying  letters  already 
faced  and  cancelled  to  their  proper  station, 
great  runways  thnnigh  which  the  mail  bags 
are  despatched  on  endless  belts  to  trucks 
or  trains,  and  fmally  —  this  in  New  York 
—  bucket  lifts  that  hoist  the  mail  bags 
direct  from  the  incoming  trains  on  the 
Pennsylvania  to  the  post-office  overhead, 
and  chutes  that  send  the  outgoing  bags 
directly  into  the  mail  cars. 

A  NOSE   FOR  NEWS 

For  my  own  part,  scouting  up  and  down 
the  world 
and  viewing 
"  Lamson"  in 
his  multitu- 
dinous activ- 
i  t  ies  has 
given  me  a 
genuine  res- 
pect for  his 
ingenuity. 
Take  your 
daily  news- 
paper, for  ex- 
ample —  say 
the  Atlanta 
Journal,  the 
Birmingham 
Ledger  or  the 
Toronto 
Glohe. — Or  in 
New  York, 
consider     the 

staid  and  dignified  Times.  Between  the 
hours  of  one  and  four  in  the  morning 
260,000  copies  come  hot  from  the  press. 
Six  giant  octuples  slap  off  the  papers 
so  fast  that  it  makes  one  dizzy  to  watch 
them.  But  lo  —  as  might  be  expected  — 
right  at  the  muzzle  is  Lamson,  picking 
them  up  without  the  least  smudge  and 
whisking  them  straight  up  through  the 
ceiling!  It's  the  neatest  scheme  you 
ever  saw.  The  papers  fall  from  the 
press  on  an  endless  conveyor,  each  one 
lapping  on  the  next.  Held  firmly  between 
two  tapes  they  thus  travel,  a  great  continu- 


"CLIMBING  FKOM  FLOOR  TO  FLOOR,  RUNNING  ALONG  THE  CEILING, 
PLUNGING  THROUGH  BRICK  WALLS,  CROSSING  STREETS,  —  AND  ALL 
THE  TIME  CARRYING  ON  ITS  BROAD  BELTS  A  STEADY  PROCESSION  OF 
STETSON    HATS." 


ous  newspaper,  direct   to  the  distributing 
rooms. 

LIGHTENING  THE  WORK  OF  THE  WORLD 

And  so  they  fly  on  these  modern  wings 
of  business:  money,  merchandise,  docu- 
ments, books,  letters,  telegrams,  way-bills, 
powder,  projectiles,  invoices,  mail  of  all 
sorts,  newspapers  —  all  fleeting  through 
the  air  in  the  swift  despatch  of  the  world's 
affairs.  Meanwhile,  the  Lamson  Company 
itself  keeps  everlastingly  moving  —  as  wit- 
nessed by  recent  notable  achievements  in 
the  industries. 

Among  the  enterprising  manufacturers 
that  have  speeded  up  both  office  and  factory 
routine   by   putting   Lamson   into   harness 

arethe  Boston 
Woven  Hose 
Company,  the 
George  E. 
Keith  Com- 
pany (Walk- 
over Shoes), 
the  Elgin  Na- 
tional Watch 
Company,  the 
General  Elec- 
t  r  i  c  Co  m - 
pany,  and  the 
John  B.  Stet- 
son Com- 
pany. Most 
fascinating  of 
them  all,  I 
found  to  be 
the  installa- 
tion at  the 
hat  factories, 
where  I  saw  in  operation  practically  every 
form  of  Lamson  service. 

For  the  despatching  of  mail,  orders, 
memoranda,  etc.,  at  the  Stetson  plant,  a 
pick-up  system  has  entirely  replaced  a 
large  staff  of  messenger  boys.  One  line 
serves  six  floors  in  four  buildings.  Another 
gives  service  between  the  five  departments 
on  the  third  floor  and  the  Drying  depart- 
ment on  the  sixth  floor  across  the  street. 
A  third  line  connects  the  Leather  depart- 
ment with  the  Soft  Hat  Trimming  depart- 
ment. 
And  this  is  onl>'  a  beginning.     The  same 


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extensive  conveyor  system  that  gathers 
60,000  parcels  a  day  from  all  over  two  city 
blocks  and  swiftly  distributes  them,  may 
be  seen  at  Stetson's,  climbing  from  floor 
to  floor,  running  along  the  ceiling,  dodging 
beams,  turning  right  angles,  plunging 
through  brick  walls,  crossing  streets  — 
and  all  the  time  carrying  on  its  broad  belts 
a  stead}'  procession  of  Stetson  hats  in  every 
stage  of  manufacture.  Even  when  finished 
and  cased  it's  Lamson  that  conveys  them 
to  stock  or  shipping  rooms.  A  special  con- 
veyor, which  accommodates  packing  cases 
and  boxes  up  to  120  pounds  in  weight,  takes 
them  from  the  first  floor,  by  a  vertical 
lift,  to  the  fifth  floor,  and  thence  on  endless 
chains  to  the  warehouse. 

Such  efficient  service  in  the  Stetson 
factories  —  the  largest  hat  factories  in  the 
world  —  leads  to  the  reasonable  prediction 
that  inside  of  a  few  years  scores  of  plants 
—  and  plants  even  more  extensive  than 
that  of  the  John  B.  Stetson  Company  — 
will  find  their  logical  extension  in  the  in- 
stallation of  Lamson  Service.  The  Stetson 
people  estimate  that  by  eliminating  in 
large  measure  their  old  burden  of  trucking, 
and  by  expediting  material  in  its  progress 
through  the  factories,  they  save  every 
year  the  cost  of  the  entire  system.  Only  a 
large  manufacturer  can  appreciate  how 
much  such  economies  mean  to  them,  both 
in  better  hats  and  bigger  profits. 

LAMSON ABSOLUTELY  AT  YOUR  SERVICE 

Now,  though  1  am  only  an  observer  and 
do  not  pretend  to  expert  knowledge  in  trade 
and  manufacturing  systems,  one  thing  in 
particular  impresses  me  as  eminently  fair 
and  worth  while: 


The  Lamson  Company,  in  its  thirt\'- 


five  years  of  experience,  has  acquired 
perhaps  a  greater  fund  of  information 
concerning  store,  office  and  factory 
economies,  as  effected  by  mechanical, 
electrical  and  pneumatic  carriers  and 
conveyors,  than  any  similar  institution 
in  the  world. 

No  one  whose  business  has  expanded 
beyond  a  "one-man  proposition"  can 
tell  whether  or  not  he  needs  Lamson. 
The  varieties  of  Service  are  infinite.    \ 

No  one  who  is  conducting  business  of 
big  and  far-reaching  proportions  can 
afford  to  dismiss  the  Lamson  Service 
Idea  without  first  giving  it  careful  con- 
sideration. He  may  not  be  able  to 
tell  with  certainty  how  much  Lamson 
can  save  him,  but  he  can  feel  sure  it  will 
save  him  something. 

Now  then,  the  Lamson  Company  has 
a  force  of  trained  engineers  in  all  of  the 
large  cities.  These  men  can  tell  where 
Lamson  Service  should  be  introduced, 
and  what  it  will  save;  they  are  pre- 
pared to  study  your  store,  your  offices, 
your  factory,  your  business,  and  submit 
definite  plans  —  all  at  absolutely  no  ex- 
pense to  you.  If  first  you  wish  to  ac- 
quaint yourself  more  fully  with  Lamson 
devices,  they  will  send  you  booklets  de- 
scribing any  or  all  of  these  installations. 

That  is  my  idea  of  an  eminently  fair  and 
reasonable  proposition.  Some  of  the  biggest 
merchants  and  manufacturers  have  thought 
so  too;  and  have  found  the  acceptance  of 
it  very  much  to  their  advantage.  The 
address  is  The  Lamson  Company,  161 
Devonshire  Street,  Boston,  U.  S.  A.  An 
inquiry  will,  1  am  sure,  bring  you  a  courteous 
response  and  a  sincere  effort  to  help  you. 


The  World's  Wore  Advertiskr 


THE     WORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 


I^HflM^^^^curacy 


WW'^'^''^-' 


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#*^'^. 


'il'llTlilMiiMlirifMiM 


These  Engineers,  Conductors  and 
Trainmen  of  Fast  Limited  Passenger 
Trains,  and  thousands  more,  carry  the 
Hamilton  Watch  because  of  its  accu- 
racy. 

Railroad  men's  judgment  of  a  watch 
commands  respect.  They  agree  on 
Hamilton  Accuracy.  Jewelers  know 
how  watches  wezur  and  they  agree 
on  Hsunilton  Durability. 

Write  for  the  Hamilton    Watch 
Book—**  The  Timekeeper  ** 

It  pictures  and  describes  the  various  Hamilton  models 
and  gives  interesting  watch  information. 

There  are  twenty-five  models  of  the  Hamilton  Watch. 
Every  one  has  Hamilton  quality  and  Hamilton  accu- 
racy. They  range  in  price  from  $12.25  for  movement 
only  (in  Canada  $12.50)  up  to  the  superb  Hamilton  mas- 
terpiece at  $150.00.  Your  jeweler  can  show  you  the 
Hamilton  you  want,  either  in  a  cased  watch  or  in  a  move- 
ment only,  to  be  fitted  to  any  style  case  you  select,  or  to 
your  own  watch  case  if  you  prefer. 

HAMILTON  WATCH  COMPANY 
Dept.  Q.  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania 


^         J. 


i.vi>--'»vta^,faG»»»iUAji-.«rt;5.A»-i>es 


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BUILDING     HELPS 


— and  the  Lamps  of  the  Earth 

THOSE  wonders  of  the  heavens,  studied  always  by  a  multitude  of 
astronomers  have  been  unfolded  more  rapidly  because  the  scientists 
have  worked  together,  comparing  and  sharing  their  individual  discoveries. 

In  electric  lighting  the  same  principle  of  multiplying  brain  power  is  exemplified 
in  MAZDA  Service  to  manufacturers. 

The  sum  of  accomplishment  in  electric  lighting  science  shines  today  in  the 
MAZDA  lamp,  which  at  the  present  time  gives  from  three  to  six  times  as  much  light 
as  the  old  style  carbon  lamps  at  the  same  cost  for  electric  current. 

To  carry  for-ivard  their  work  on  the  great  world-problem  of  the  best  and  cheapest 
light,  the  distinguished  technical  experts  in  the  Research  Laboratories  of  the  General 
Electric  Company  at  Schenectady  are  pursuing  ceaseless  investigation  and  experiment. 
In  their  selective  labors  they  are  not  only  sharing  the  advantages  of  individual 
research  and  discovery  in  this  country  but  are  keeping  in  close  touch  also  with  great 
experimental  laboratories  of  Europe. 

MAZDA  Service  means  that  the  Research  Laboratories  are  furnishing  the  fruits 
of  the  sustained  investigation  at  home  and  abroad  to  the  factories  of  the  General 
Electric  Company  and  of  other  Companies  entitled  to  receive  this  Service  and  the 
progressive  results  of  this  Service  to  manufacturers,  are  embodied  only  in  lamps  that 
are  marked  MAZDA. 

So  that  the  mark  MAZDA  on  an  incandescent  lamp  means  today,  and  ivill 
alivays  mean,  the  operation  of  this  important  manufacturing  aid — the  concentration 
in  this  lamp  of  the  latest  and  best  thought  of  the  world's  masters  of  light. 

GENERAL  ELECTRIC  COMPANY 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


BUILDING     HELPS 


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BUILDING     HELPS 


-,rsrSJESESSISSSIEmiSISI3IEI3SSISISSSISSSISIEIEISSESESSIEIEIEIESEIESEISiSr^^ 


Good    Light 

For  the  Home 
For    Business 

Good  light  is  soft,  agreeable 
and  easy  on  the  eyes.  It  is  neither 
brilliant  nor  dim. 

Brilliant  or  dazzling  light  is  the 
worst  kind  of  poor  light,  and 
should  be  softened  by  globes, 
shades  or  bowls  into  an  agreeable, 
comfortable  illumination  that  is 
easy  to  read  by,  work  by  and 
li 


ive  m. 


Alba  Bowl  on  Macbeth-Evans  Fixture — an 
attractive  and  efficient  lighting  unit. 


Macbeth-Evans   Lighting    Equipment 

(with  Alba  and  Decora  Glassware) 
makes  seeing  easy  and  comfortable,  brings  out  the  beauty  of  the  sur- 
roundings, gets  more  and  better  illumination  from  the  same  current, 
softens  the  light  and  directs  it  where  needed. 

Send  for  one  of  these  Lighting  Pamphlets 


1 — -HOMES:  Good  light  in  the  home  is  beautiful,  makes 
seeing  easy  and  comfortable,  the  evening  hours  cheerful, 
and  brings  out  the  beauty  of  the  surroundings.  It  pre- 
vents eye-strain. 

2 — DEPT.  STORES:  Customers  staylonger  and  buy  more 
where  seeing  is  easy  and  comfortable,  speak  well  of  the 
store  and  visit  it  often. 

3-RESTAURANTS:  Good  light  attracts  patrons  and 
makes  them  more  comfortable.  It  is  soft,  agreeable,  rest- 
ful, promoting  relaxation. 

'1— STORES:  Well-lighted  stores  and  windows  attract  cus- 
tomers, and  display  merchandise  well.  Customers  stay 
longer  and  buy  more. 

5-7-OFFICES:  Good  light  means  more  work  with  fewer 
mistakes,  less  fatigue,  without  eye-strain.  Seeing  is  easy 
and  comfortable. 

'• — CLUIJS:  The  illu^iination  should  be  ample,  restful, 
at'recal)le  in  color,  beautiful,  in  harmony  with  the  surround- 
liiK''  a'l'!  t-iitircly  without  strain. 


7 — HOTELS:  Good  light  is  beautiful,  bringsout  the  beauty 
of  the  surroundings,  and  makes  seeing  easy.  People  enjoy 
themselves  more. 

8 — BANKS:  Good  light  is  handsome  and  in  harmony  with 
the  surroundings.     It  makes  seeing  easy,  often  pays  for  it- 
self by  increasing  efficiency  and  preventing  errors. 
9— THEATRES:  Good  light  is  subtle,  soft,  restful  and 
cheerful.       It  is  beautiful,  in  harmony  with  the  sur- 
roundings, and   creates  a  receptive   attitude  in  the 
mind  of  the  audience. 

10— HOSPITALS:  Light  should  be  ample,  cheer- 
ful, and  restful  for  comfort  and  quick  recovery 
of  patients.  (Jood  light  is  needed  in  operating 
rooms  for  precision  and  accuracy. 
11— CHURCHES:  Light  should  be  sub-        y^^y 
tie,   soft  and  agreeable.       Harsh  or 
brilliant  spots,  which  distract  eye 
and     attention,    should     be 
avoided. 


<^' 


>! 


Use  the  Coupon:  To  get  the  best  light /or  yowr  purpose, 
scud  for  one  of  the  articles  listed  above,  and  for  a  Port- 
folio of  Individual  Lighting  Suggestions. 

Macbeth-Evans  Glass  Co  Pittsburgh  y^ 


>! 


sj^ y  Send    me 

'(^  /  Individual 

'^- /     Suggestions   and 
^  /      Lighting  Informa- 
tion on  Subjects 

No..,. 


Sales  and  Showrooms  also  in  New  York 

Chicago,  Philadelphia,  St.  Louis,  Boston 

Cincinnati,  Cl^eveland,  Dallas,  San  Francisco 

Macbeth-Evans  Glass  Co  Ltd  Toronto 


Mkk    II.  K.  I'at.  0(T. 


Namt. 
Street .... 
City  and  Stale .  . 
Macbeth-Evans  Glass  Co  Pittsburgh 


GgigjaJHjgjajgfgfgjgjgjgjHiHO'EfHfagjgjgjajgjgjg^/^^^ 


The  Readers'  Service  will  ^-ladiy  furnish  information  about  foreign  travel 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK  ADVERTISER 


Reprinted  from  New  York  ^^d  Philadelphia  newspapers 

In  Time  of  Famine  a  Miller 
Who  Raised  Grain  Prices 
Lost  His  Right  Hand  for  It 

— Old  Danish  Law 

A  Prolonged  War  Will  Mean  a  Scarcity  of  Foreign  Goods 

Already  in  New  York  and  Philadelphia  the  prices  for  many  fabrics  and 
articles  have  been  marked  up. 

In  two  instances  for  next  winter's  goods  we  have  been  asked — in  one  instance 
$1.25  on  what  we  usually  pay  one  dollar  for,  and  in  another  instance  $1.50  for 
one  dollar  values.  So  long  as  the  men  are  in  the  army,  so  long  will  all  the 
foreign  mills,  workshops  and  studios  be  closed. 

But  why  harp  on  foreign  goods?     Just  because 

A  Proper  Store  is   a   Public   Servant 

and  we  must  have  everything  the  people  want,  and  it  is  difhcult  to  get  trans- 
portation over  the  ocean  for  our  purchases  abroad. 

Possibly  four-fifths  of  our  merchandise  is  American  manufacture,  but  the 
one-fifth  of  our  customers  who  want  the  fashions  and  fabrics  of  the  old  world 
are  entitled  to  our  best  efforts. 

Important  and  Timely  War  Notice 

Though  prices  abroad  and  in  New  York  Importers'  hands  have  advanced 

We  Will  Not  Raise   Prices 

on  fabrics  or  articles  made  abroad  that  we  have  on  hand  such  as — 

Handkerchiefs  Neckwear  Curtains 

Linens  Hosiery  Marabous 

Woolen  goods  Underwear  Furs 

Fine  veilings  Lingerie  Men's  furnishings 

Embroideries  Laces  French  millinery 

Art  needlework  Notions  and  trimmings         China 

Toys  Fine  gloves  Perfumes 

Silks 

Even  though  it  comes  to  a  time  that  we  are  at  the  last  French  handkerchief  in  the 
box  or  the  last  German  tablecloth  on  the  shelves  we  shall  sell  at  the  old  prices. 

This  is  the  way  we  con- 
duct   our    business     from  (SIGNED) 
one  end  of  the  year  to  the  (un!      /f,- 

m 


other,    giving    the    people  //W    y/7^^^^^^^^^ 

every  advantage  possible.  August  7,  igi4  (/  0  j 


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BUILDING     HELPS 


The  4,000  Window  Frames  in  the  World's 
Largest  Office  Building  Were  Made  of  Armco 
Pure  Iron  Because 

ARMCO  IRON 

Resists  Rust 

Before  placing  this  big  order  the 
architects  made  exhaustive  tests  to 
prove  the  rust-resisting  quahty  of 
Armco  —  American  Ingot  Iron.  They 
knew  that  a  metal  that  would  resist 
rust  and  corrosion  would  cut  out  big 
up-keep  costs.  Armco  Iron,  because 
of  its  unequaled  purity  and  evenness, 
was  found  to  be  that  metal. 

Armco  Iron  has  resisted  the  corro- 
sive action  of  salt  air  and  salt  water, 
the  fumes  of  sulphur  and 
all  conditions  of  weather. 
It  has  proved  that  it  is  far 
superior  to  ordinary  sheet 
metal. 

Armco  Old  Style  Tin 
Roofing  or  Terne  Plate, 
with  its  base  of  rust  re- 
sisting Armco  Iron  coated 
with  pure  tin  and  lead, 
makes  roofs  that  last  like 
those  of  our  grandfathers' 
time. 
Armco  Iron  lath  resists  rust. 


AMERICAN 


\ 


¥^^fd 


Railway  Exchange  Building,  St.  Louis.  The  largest  mer- 
cantile and  office  building  in  the  world.  Maiiren.  Russell 
&  Crowell.  architects.  4.000  Armco  Iron  window  frames 
furnished  bj-  J.  E.  Ruth,  of  St.  Louis 


Thetrade  \  M  mark   ARMCO    carries    the    assurance 

that  iron  \  ^  bearing  that  mark  is  manufactured  by 
The  Ameri-  ^^  can  Rolling  Mill  Co..  with  theskill,  intel- 
ligence and  fidelity  associated  with  its  products,  and,  hence, 
can  be  depended  upon  to  possess  in  the  highest  degree  the 
merit  claimed  for  it.  It  has  behind  it  the  guarantee  of  that 
company  concerning  the  purity  of  the  iron  and  the  accu- 
racy and  thoroughness  with  which  each  step  in  its  manu- 
facture has  been  conducted. 


It  is  being  used  in  some  of  the  largest  build- 
ings of  the  country,  such  as  the  Woolworth  Building  in  New  York.  Armco 
lath,  either  in  the  Herringbone  pattern  as  made  by  the  General  Fireproofing 
Co.,  or  the  Imperial  Spiral  Lath  and  several 
other  styles  made  in  our  factory,  results  in  lasting 
plaster  work. 

Because  of  its  purity,  Armco  Iron  shows  prac- 
tically no  dissolution  when  the  zinc  is  applied  in 
the  process  of  galvanizing;  therefore  the  galvanized 
coating  is  purer  and  will  last  many  times  longer 
than  that  on  steel  or  ordinary  iron. 

Architects,  builders,  contractors  and  all  who  arc  s 

interested  in  reducing  the  cost  of  mamtainmg  tluir  buildings  should  read       = 

"  Defeating  Rust,"  the  Story  of  Armco  Iron  1 

It  explains  why  iron  that  is  pure  will  resist  corrosion  when  steel  and  other  iron   rapidly  S 

rust  away.     It   tells  of  the   hundreds  of  widely  different   uses  in   which   Armco   Iron   has  = 

lieen  replacing  other  sheet  metal.      .Send  your    address   for   a   free  copy   of  this   interesting  = 

and  valuahU    hook.  = 


ARMCO 
is  best  for 

Roofing 

Terne  Plate 

Flashings 

Cornices 

Ventilators 

Skylights 

Window   Frames 

Metal  Lath 

Heating  Pipes 

Ventilator  Ducts 

Drain  Pipes 

Gutters 

Eave  Troughs 

Water  and  Gas 

Tanks 


Thit  Hanc/iijiiicly  Jllustraled 
Bock  Sent  FREE  on  Request 


THE  AMERICAN  ROLLING  MILL  CO.,  509  MIDDLETOWN,  OHIO 

J.nrtt'fJ  Manufarlurm  uvJrr  I'ltlrnH  ^ranlrd  T/ir  I ntrrnalional  Melal  I'roilurU  Company 

Branch  Offices  in  Chicago,  I'ittsluirgh,  Detroit,  New  ^'ork,  St.   Louis 

Cleveland  and  Cincinnati 


In  writing  to  advertiser.s  please  nienlinn  'I'mk  World's  Work 


BUILDING     HELPS 


The  Handy  Man's  Lock 

Can  be  applied  in  a  few  minutes  by  any  man  who  can  bore  a  hole  and  drive 
a  few  screws.  Fits  doors  of  any  ordinary  thickness,  right  or  left  hand, 
swinging  in  or  out,  and  has  all  the  security  of  the  best  door  locks  of  any 
kind.  Different  sizes,  finishes  and  functions  to  suit  all  requirements.  Sold 
by  the  best  hardware  dealers. 

P.  &  F.  GORBIN 

The  American  Hardware  Corporation  Successor 

NEW  BRITAIN,  CONNECTICUT 


Chicago 


New  York 


Philadelphia 


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THE    WORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 

What  the  Telephone  Map  Shows 


56.8% 
Exchanges  Bell-connected, 
'  but  not  Bell-owned. 


23.5% 
Exchanges  Bell-owned. 


10.5% 
Exchanges  not  Bell- 
owned  or  connected. 


9.2% 
Places  served  by 
two  companies. 


EVERY  dot  on  the  map  marks  a  town  where  there  is  a  telephone  exchange, 
the  same  sized  dot  being  used  for  a  large  city  as  for  a  small  village.  Some 
of  these  exchanges  are  owned  by  the  Associated  Bell  companies  and  some  by 
independent  companies.  Where  joined  together  in  one  system  they  meet  the 
needs  of  each  community  and,  with  their  suburban  lines,  reach  70,000  places 
and  over  8,000,000  subscribers. 


The  pyramids  show  that  only  a  minority 
of  the  exchanges  are  Bell-owned,  and  that 
the  greater  majority  of  the  exchanges  are 
owned  by  independent  companies  and 
connected  with  the  Bell  System. 

At  comparatively  few  points  are  there 
two  telephone  companies,  and  there  are 
comparatively  fev/  exchanges,  chiefly  rural, 
which  do  not  have  outside  connections. 


The  recent  agreement  between  the 
Attorney  General  of  the  United  States  and 
the  Bell  System  will  facilitate  connections 
betw^een  all  telephone  subscribers  regard- 
less of  who  owns  the  exchanges. 

Over  8,000  different  telephone  companies 
have  already  connected  their  exchanges  to 
provide  universal  service  for  the  whole 
country. 


American  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company. 
And  Associated    Companies 


One  Policy 


One  System 


Universal  Service 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


BUSINESS     HELPS 


m'- 


The  latest  books  on  travel  and  biography  may  be  obtained  through  the  Readers"  Service 


WHAT    TO     WEAR 


"r/w*s  IS  the  Best 
Underwear  we  can 


(CUJSZDVjCFOICh) 
BENhaNGTON.Vr. 


x 


Every  Dealer 


well  versed  in  men's  wear  holds  Cooper-of- 
Bennington  Spring-Needle  Underwear  in  highest 
esteem.  He  knows  Cooper-of- Bennington  in- 
vented and  makes  the  machines  that  knit  this 
beautiful,  springy  fabric  and  that  for  nearly  forty 
years  he  has  been  gaining  an  efficiency  in  manu- 
facturing Spring-Needle  Underwear  that  has 
never  been  equaled.     Take  home  a  suit  of  the 

Original  Spring-Needle 
Knit  Underwear 

Made  by  Cooper-of-Bennington 

and  get  the  expert  opinion  of  your  wife,  or  mother,  or  sister.  She  knows 
fabrics  almost  instinctively.  She  will  know  at  first  sight  and  feel  that  this 
underwear  is  unexcelled  in  fineness  and  luxury  of  softness  and  that  it  will  wash 
beautifully.     In  the  best  men's  stores  and  departments. 


M^k^^St^recf 


Sole  Distributors 


New  York 

218-220  Fifth  Are. 


St.  Louis 

1021  Waihington  Ave. 


Chicago 

528-536  S.  5th  Ave. 


Louisville 

225-226  Tyler  Bldg. 


Paris 

28  Rue  de  Trevise 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


THE     WORLD'S      WORK     ADVERTISER 


The  Readers'  Service  will  give  information  about  automobiles 


BUILDING     HELPS 


Get  Acquainted  ^with  the  Pleasures 
of  Your  Breeje-S^vept  PorcK  — 

Gain  Time,  Comfort  and  Contentment  by  Cleaning  with  a  Frantz  Premier  Electric 
Cleaner!     It    means   Freedom    from    the    Heavy  Task   of    Sweeping    and    Dusting! 

9  A.  M.  and  the  day's  work  done!    Not  a 
bit  of  dirt,  dust  or  lint  to  be  found 


the  floo 
purified 


All 


pounds   of  concentrated,   dirt-cleaning 


coverings  have  been  cleaned  and 
1  he  home  fairly  glows  with  sunny 
freshness.     And    time    gained    to    spend  in 
the  alluring  green  outdoors. 

1  hat's  the  program  of  seventy-five  thous- 
and American  housewives  on  these  hot 
summer  days,     'i'hey  use  a  Frantz  Prcmirr. 


more  than  a  mere  vacuum  cleaner.     It  is 
the    logical    answer    to    the    housewives' 
demand  for  an  efficient  portable  cleaner 
at  the  right    price.     No  wiring,  piping 
or  installing  expense.    It  comes  willing       ^ 
and  ready  to  work.      It's  the  cleaner       ,^s 
you  have  desired  so  long. 

The  price  of  the  Frantz  Premier  has  been  reduced  from  $30  to  $25 — West 
of  the  Rockies  $27.50.    Our  multiplied  output  (100,000  this  year)  and 
efficient  factory  methods  enable  us  to  make  thi.s  attractive  price  to 
you,  and  without  any  sacrifice  of  quality.  Profit  by  this  big  saving 

'Phone  or  call  on  the  FRAN'I  Z  I'REMIKK  dealer  to-day.    If  youdon't  know  who  he 
is,  drop  us  a  postal.   \Vc  will  be  dclii;hted  to  give  you  the  name  of  your  nearest        / 
dealer  and  arrange  lor  a  dcinonstration  on  your  own  rugs.  WRITE  TO-DAV.        / 


The  Premier  Vacuum 
Cleaner  Company 

Cleveland,  U.  S.  A. 


/ 


Cotnplote 
AHorliutoii  ts 

$Z50 

Extld 


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r 


THE     W  0  R  L  D  '  S     WORK     AD  Y  !£  R  T  I  S  E  R 


Nerves  frazzled,  temper  on  edge,  stomach  in 
rebellion,  kidneys  kicking  over  the  traces, 
losing  weight,  no  ambition — 

Thousands  of  business  men  today  can  say,  "Yes,  that's 
me."  It's  the  price  we  pay  for  keeping  on  the  jump  in 
the  modern  business  race. 

Our  systems  are  full  of  poison;  our  digestive  organs 
are  overtaxed  and  cannot  assimilate  all  that  we  crowd 
into  our  stomachs;  result,  indigestion  and  consequent 
defects  of  metabolism,  followed  by  Bright's  disease, 
renal  calculi,  stone  in  bladder,  albuminuria,  rheumatism 
and  gout. 

Buffalo  Lithia 
Springs  Water 

is  Nature's  own  remedy  for  these  ills.  Physicians  have  pre- 
scribed its  use  for  over  forty  years  with  wonderful  results. 
Among  them  HUNTER  McGUIRE,  M.D.,  LL.  D.,  late 
President  American  Medical  Association,  who  said:  "BUFFALO 
Lithia  Water,  as  an  alkaline  diuretic,  is  invaluable.  In 
Uric  Acid  Gravel,  and,  indeed,  in  diseases  generally  dependent 
upon  a  Uric  Acid  Diathesis,  it  is  a  remedy  of  extraordinary 
potency.  I  have  prescribed  it  in  cases  of  Rheumatic  Gout, 
which  had  resisted  the  ordinary'  remedies,  with  wonderfully 
good  results.  I  know  from  constant  use  of  it  personally  and  in 
practice  that  the  results  obtained  from  its  use  are  far  beyond 
those  which  would  be  warranted  by  the  analysis  gi\-en.  I  am  of 
the  opinion  that  it  either  contains  some  wonderful  remedial  agent 
as  yet  undiscovered  by  medical  science,  or  its  elements  are  so 
delicately  combined  in  Nature's  laboratory  that  they  defy  the 
utmost  skill  of  the  chemist  to  solve  the  secret  of  their  power."' 

If  you  are  not  "right,"  try  a  course  of  Bufifalo  Lithia  Springs 
Water.  Buy  a  case  and  drink  from  6  to  8  glasses  a  day;  then 
see  how  improved  you  are. 

Write  for  booklet,  "Springs  of  Ileal th:' 

BUFFALO  LITHIA  SPRINGS  WATER   COMPANY 

Buffalo  Lithia  Springs,   Virginia 


The  latest  books  on  travel  and  biography  may  be  obtained  through  the  Readers'  Service 


THE     WORLD'S      WORK     ADVERTISER 


=i 


Why  Not  Do  Your  Washing 
By  Electricity? 

THE  easiest  way,  the  quickest, 
the  most  thorough — yes,  and 
the  cheapest. 

The  cost  of  cxirrent  is  so  small 
that  it  is  not  to  be  considered;  the 
saving  of  the  clothes  and  saving 
of  time  will  quickly  repay  the  cost 
of  the  machine. 

Electricity  is  doing  the  hard  part 
of  the  household  work  in  all 
modem  homes. 

The  vacuum  cleaner  has  banished 
the  broom,  and  the  electric  washer 
should  take  the  place  of  the 
washboard  in  your  laundry.  In 
any  home  where  there  is  electric 
light,  a 

Wesfem  Electric 

Washer  and  Wringer 

^A^ill  pay  for  itself,  no  matter  who  does  the  washing — the  housewife,  the 
servant  or  the  laundress.  The  revolving  cylinder  sends  the  hot,  cleansing 
suds  through  every  bit  of  fabric  without  injury  to  even  delicate  laces. 
The  wringer  is  reversible  and  wrings  into  the  rinse  tub  and  back  again. 


Learn  All  About  It  Without  Obligation 


This  machine  is  perfection  in  construction  and  simplicity.  We  can- 
not tell  you  all  about  it  in  this  advertisement,  but  we  w^ill  send  illus- 
trated literature  on  request,  and  you  can  arrange  to  have  a  w^asher 
sent  to  your  home  for  a  two  weeks'  trial.  Take  advantage  of  this 
opportunity  to  test  this  wonderful  machine.  Write  our  nearest 
house  for  booklet  No-  83  S. 


WESTERN    ELECTRIC    COIVIPANY 

Manufacturers  of  the  8,000,000  "Bell"  Telephones 

New  York  Atlanta  Chicago  St.  Louis  KansasCity  Denver  San  Francisco 

Buffalo  Richmond  Milwaukee  Indianapolis  Oklahoma  City  Omaha  Oakland 

Philadelphia  Savannah  Pittsburgh  Minneapolis  Dallas  Salt  Lake  City  Seattle 

Boston  Cincinnati  Cleveland  St .  Paul  Houston  Los  Angeles  Portland 

New  Orleans  EQUIPMENT  FOR  EVERY  ELECTRICAL  NEED  Detroit 


In  writing  lo  advcriibcrs  please  mention  T;ie  Worlp's  Worh 


AUTOMOBILES 


Why  the  Shults  Bread  Co.,  of  New  York, 

Purchased  2  B*©k  Trucks  in  February, 

2  More  in  May  and  2  More  in  June 


TTtis  fleet  averages  50  miles  a  day  delivering  Bread  in  the  suburbs 

Their    Dependability,   Durability,    Economy   Won 

After  study  of  our  specifications  the  first  two  trucks  were  purchased.     Those  two 
made  the  repeat  business.     You  cannot  get  away  from  actual  tests  and  records. 

Radiator  at  Dash  Is  Our  Dealer  Sign 


We  have  furnished  ch 

asses  with  various  types   of 

bodies  for  over  se 

venty  lines  of  business. 

We  have  furnished  from 

1  to  9  cars  for  over 

30  Department  Stores 

5  Hardware  Stores 

10  Wholesalers 

5  Liquor  Dealers 

18  Grocers 

5  Bottlers 

10  Butchers 

5  Furniture  Dealers 

5  Florists 

15  Manufacturers 

11  Bakers 

10  Funeral  Directors 

10  Confectioners 

5  Delivery  Service  Cos. 

5  Druggists 

5  Contractors 

12  Dairies 

15  Public  Service  Cos. 

6  Laundries 

5  Clothiers 

U.  S.  Army 

U.  S.  Parcel  Post 

ffltoRTRVCKS 


READ  THESE  REASONS  FOR  OUR  SPECIFICATIONS 


Eisemann  Magneto 

Gives    very     hot     spark  on  low  or 

starting  speeds  as  well  as  on  high 

speeds. 

Cone  Clutch 

For  simplicity  and  great    depend- 
ability. 

Brown-Lipe  Transmission 

Timken  Axles  and  Bearings 

both  of  recognized  QUALITY  and 

standard  excellence. 

WRITE   US   ABOUT   THE   SIZE   TRUCK   YOU   ARE   INTERESTED    IN 
^  Ton  1  Ton  iVt  Ton  2  Ton 

that  gives  rapid  service  ind  long.  with  8  to  9  ft  loading  space,J50wer  that  fills  the  gap  in  light  and  A  big  seller  in  wholesale  and  con- 
run  satisfaction  in  light  delivery  that  never  fails,  durability  unsur-  heavy  duty  trucks  with  great  tracting  trades.  The  big  truck 
work  passed  economy.  that  produces  bii;  results, 

$1650.  $2000.  $2300  $2600. 

1727  Elmwood  Ave.,  Buffalo,  N.  Y, 


LIPPARD-STEWART  MOTOR  CAR  CO., 


Continental  Motor 

35  H.  P.  (2  and  ij  Ton).  30  H.  P. 
(I  Ton.  J  Ton).  Selected  for  great 
durability  and  "get  there"  power. 
The  long  stroke  motor  for  trucks. 

Automatic  Speed  Governor 

An  absolute  protection  against  fool- 
ish waste  of  power  and  ignorant 
driving. 


Worm  Drive  (David  Brown) 

(Standard  on  i  Ton,  i^  Ton,  2  Ton.) 
On  J  Ton  e.xtra  above  bevel  drive 
with  minimum  loss  of  power.  More 
dependable  and  durable  than  chain 
or  bevel-spur  gears.  The  kind  that 
gained  fame  on  the  London  omni- 
buses after  other  drives  had  failed. 
Wheel  Bases  that  suit  the  load. 
Big  Size  Tire  Equipment. 
Left  Steering — Center  Control. 


IMstrlhiitorN  anil  Sorvloi' 


Worm  Drive  Trucks  purchased  by  the  U.  S.  Army  for  duty  on  the  Mexican  Border 


Save  time  in  your  office  work.    The  Readers'  Service  is  acquainted  with  the  latest  devices 


^  C  I  T  Y      E  OmJ  1  P  ME  N  T 


^^S^:^^^ 


•CONDUCTED  -BY-F  •   VAN-Z-LANE-  CONSULTINC-ENGINEER- 

Information  concerning  citv  equipment  and  materials  will  be  given  free  of  charge.     Subjects  covered  include  Road  Building  and 
Paving,  Street  Lighting,  Water  Supply,  etc.,  etc.    Address  City  Equipment  Dept.,  World's  Work,  ii  W.  32nd  St.,  New  York 


WHILE  attending  a  house  party  not 
very  long  ago  with  a  friend  from  a  city 
of  400,000  people  not  very  far  from 
New  York,  this  friend  asked  one  of  the 
ladies  present  if  she  had  ever  been  in  his  city. 
The  lady  replied  that  she  had  been  through  it  while 
motoring  and  declared  that  it  must  be  a  terrible 
place  in  which  to  live.  When  asked  why,  the 
lady  said  because  the  paving  on  the  main  street, 
which  was  also  part  of  the  direct  route  between 
other  very  large  and  populous  cities  and  com- 
munities, was  in  such  very  poor  condition. 

So  here  was  a  city  being  judged  by  the  con- 
dition of  the  paving  on  its  main  street  and  by  one 
who  it  would  seem  would  not  naturally  think 
verv  much  about  these  things.  This  quite 
obviouslv  establishes  the  fact  that  cities  are  very 
frequently  judged  by  their  street  paying  and 
that  the  opposite  sex  are  interested  in  city  equip- 
ment. And  the  more  that  this  idea  is  turned 
over  the  more  reasonable  it  seems  to  be. 

There  can  be  no  question  but  that  the  women 
of  a  city  should  be  equally  interested  in 
city  equipment  with  the  men.  They  are  just  as 
dependent  on  it  and  if  they  would  lend  their 
influence  and  direction  in  putting  the  city 
equipment  in  order  and  in  keeping  it  there, 
the  outcome  would  never  for  a  moment  be  in 
doubt. 

There  can  be  no  question  also  that  it  is  a  dead 
certainty  that  the  paving  condition  of  the  streets 
of  a  city  determine  to  most  people  just  what  kind 
of  a  city  it  is.  The  surface  condition  of  a  city's 
streets  are  always  and  at  all  times  open  to  view 
not  only  to  the  residents,  but  also  to  visitors 
and  to  even  those  just  parsing  through  the  city. 
A  city  may  have  a  first-class  school  system,  fire 
department,  park  department,  hospital,  etc., 
but  it  takes  something  unusual  to  impress  these 
facts  on  the  minds  of  the  community  and  mere 
passers-by  do  not  realize  this  at  all. 

Every  one  uses  the  streets  and  arc  dependent 
on  them.  They  may  unnecessarily  entail  a 
great  burden  in  their  upkeep  and  in  their  use, 
or  they  may  be  a  delight  to  use  at  a  cost  com- 
parable with  the  service  rendered. 

When  it  is  considered  that  the  streets  of  a  city 


constitute  about  30  per  cent,  of  its  area  and  \.\  t 
ever\'one  is  so  dependent  on  them,  that  more  con- 
sideration would  be  given  to  constructing  them, 
so  as  to  be  more  available  for  transportation 
purposes,  so  that  upkeep  would  be  reduced  to 
the  lowest  possible  minimum  and  so  that  they 
would  present  a  better  appearance. 

The  character  and  amount  of  traffic,  grades, 
etc.,  should  all  be  considered  in  determining  the 
type  of  pavement  to  be  put  down  as  well  as  the 
general  character  of  the  community  and  buildings 
adjacent  thereto.  When  the  type  of  pavement 
has  been  decided  upon  great  care  should  be 
exercised  in  its  construction.  It  has  been  my 
experience  that  generally  speaking  the  pavements 
of  the  streets  of  the  cities  of  this  country,  when 
they  do  fail,  fail  mostly  because  not  enough 
attention  is  paid  to  a  suitable  selection  of  the 
type  of  pavement  and  to  the  manner  in  which  it 
is  put  down.  1  have  been  an  inspector  on  the 
construction  of  city  pavements  together  with 
other  men  who  in  no  way  were  qualified  to  pass 
either  on  materials  or  workmanship.  These  men 
gained  their  positions  either  because  of  political 
reward,  or  because  of  book  study  and  coaching 
they  had  succeeded  in  passing  an  examination. 
This  is  the  rule  rather  than  the  exception  and,  it 
has  alwa}S  seemed  to  me  that  if  those  people  — 
the  tax-payers  and  rent-payers  —  who  pay  for 
these  payments  reallv  understood  this,  that  they 
would  demand  and  receive  more  intelligent 
supervision  in  the  construction  of  their  pavements 
and  more  care  would  be  shown  in  selecting  the 
most   suitable  material. 

I  do  not  believe  that  city  engineers  are  as  yet 
thoroughly  impressed  with  the  necessity  of  con- 
sidering street  construction  from  a  traffic  stand- 
point, and  1  am  convinced  that  when  they  do 
realize  the  necessity  of  such  consideration  we  will 
have  pavements  that  will  last  longer,  be  minor- 
repaired  less  frequently  and  look  better.  And, 
consequently,  a  great  saving  will  not  only  be 
effected  in  their  construction,  maintenance  and 
cleaning,  but  that  a  great  saving  in  time  and  so, 
of  course,  money,  will  accrue  to  all  of  those  using 
the  streets  because  a  better  movement  of  traffic 
will  result  and  delays  will  be  eliminated. 


B  U  1 1. 1:)  I  N  G     H  E  L  P  S 


How  to  reduce 
your  road  taxes- 

THE  modern  way  to  build 
macadam  roads  is  to  bond 
them  with  Tar  via  —  a  dense, 
viscid,  coal,  tar  binder.  It  adds 
a  little  to  the  first  cost  of  the 
road,  but  it  saves  a  lot  in  the 
annual  maintenance  charges. 

A  Tarvia-bonded  road  will  keep  its 
contour  for  many  years.  It  will  shed 
water.  Automobile  traffic  does  not  tear 
it  to  pieces.  It  produces  little  or  no 
dust.  It  does  not  ravel  on  grades,  for 
the  waterproof  character  of  Tarvia 
prevents  such  damage. 

Booklets 


Tarvia  Road, 
MiddJetown,  R.  I. 


After  a  hard  winter  the  snow  melts  from 
the  tarviated  road  and  reveals  the  sur- 
face in  good  condition. 

Tarvia  has  won  its  way  among  up-to- 
date  engineers,  simply  on  the  basis  of 
the  money  which  it  saves.  Town  after 
town  has  learned  that  it  can  reduce  the 
cost  of  its  highways  by  the  steady  ex- 
tension of  Tar\-ia  treatment. 

The  art  of  road  building  has  now  reached 
a  point  where  the  dusty  road  is  in  itself 
proof  that  the  road  is  wasting  the  tax- 
payers' money,  because  it  cannot  with- 
stand modern  traffic. 


on  request. 
BARRETT  MANUFACTURING   COMPANY 

New  York         Chicago        Philadelphia         Boston         St.  Louis_        Cleveland         Cincinnati 
Pittsburgh  Birmingham  Kansas  City  Minneapolis  Seattle 

THK  PATERSON  MFG.CO..  Ltd.;     Montreal      Toronto      Winnipeg      Vancouver      St.  John,  N.  B.      Halifa> 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  \\'ork 


THE     \¥ORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 


EsterbrooK 

Radio  Pens 


26  Styles 


o 


Finished  in  a  new  way 
that  gives  a  new  smooth- 
ness and  a  new  durability. 

Triple  Silver  Plated — 

won't  corrode  or  tarnish; 
makes  writing  easier;  in- 
sures longer  wear. 

Put  up  in  handsome 
leatherette  gold-embel- 
Hshed  cases — a  highly  ar- 
tistic packing  which  they 
truly  deserve. 

At  all  dealers. 

"^  Esterbrook 
^^^     Pen  Mfg. 
Co. 

New  York 
Camden,  N.  J. 


r\  NLY  one  form  of  graphite 
^^  is  fit  for  auto  lubrication. 
This  rare  flake  graphite  is 
found  only  in 

DIXON'S 

Graphite  Lubricants 

It  builds  a  permanent  oily 
veneer  around  the  bearings 
and  prevents  metal-to-metal 
contact.  Equally  good  for 
motor  boats  and  motor  cars. 

Write  for  the  Dixon  Lubri- 
cating Chart. 

The  Joseph  Dixon  Crucible  Co.. 


Jersey  City,  N.  J. 


Indepenident  Trips 

A.ROUND 


>VORLD 

A  realization  of  Jules 
Vernes'  dream  at  a 
moderate  cost,  with  so 
many  comforts   that   a 
woman  can  make  the  trip 
unaccompanied.  First-class  through- 
out.  Start  anytime  from  any  point,  remain 
as  long  as  you  please  in  the  places  that  most 
interest  you.     Tickets  good  two  years. 

Travelers'  Check*  Good  All  Over  the  World 

Write  for  "Independent  World  Journeys"Booklel 
OELRICHS  &  CO.,  Gen.  AgU.,  5  Broadway.  N.  Y. 

II.  Clnnsseoiiis  &  Co.,  Chirago     Uobi-i-t  Ciiprlli',  San 

Francisco     AlloH.iy  &  Chiimpion,  Winnlprg     t'ent'l 

Nat'l  Bank,  St.  Louis 


NORTH  GERMAN 
LLOYD 


PARIS 

G/IRTERS 

No  metal 
can  touch  you 

When  your  dealer  offers 
you  Paris  Garters  it's 
a  sign  that  he  wants  you  to 
have  the  best. 

He  may  make  more  money 
on  others ;  but  as  a  good 
merchant  he  wants  you  to 
get  the  greatest  possible 
value.       25c -50c 

Tailored  to  fit  the  leg 
A.  Stein  &  Company,  Makers 

Chicago  —  Newr  York 

The  Readers'  Service  will  give  informaiion  abcjul  tlic  lalcsl  automobile  accessories 


CITIES     AND     LANDS     OF     OPPORTUNITY 
$3,000,000.00    BEING    INVESTED    IN    PUBLIC    IMPROVEMENTS    AT 

TUCSON,  ARIZONA 

To  Meet  the  Requirements  of  a  Rapid  Business  Growth  and  Heavy  Increase  in  Population 


J.ikiii* 


Western  Terminal  of  the  Rock  Island-Et  Paso  and  Suuthwestcrn  System,  just  completed  at  a  cost  of  Sj^opoo. 

Tucson  is  the  railroad,  distributing  and  supply  center  for  a  territory  as  large  as  New 
England,  and  the  greatest  copper  mining  district  in  the  world. 

30,000  acres  of  rich,  agricultural  lands  have  been  developed  in  a  little  over  two 
years.     Thousands  of  acres  are  still  available. 

Tucson  has  the  finest  climate  in  America.  It  is  the  educational  center  of 
the  Southwest,  and  a  wholesome  and  beautiful  home  community. 

Spend  the  coming  Winter  in  Tucson!  Get  away  from  the  ice  and  snow. 
Live  every  day  in  the  health-giving  outdoors.  And  in  the  meantime  investigate  the 
opportunities  for  investment  and  better  your  financial  condition. 

Write  for  Illustrated  Booklets  and  Information 

ADDRESS  CHAMBER  OF  COMMERCE,  BOX  W.  TUCSON,  ARIZONA 


Chamber  of  Commerce  Membership  Campaigns 

To  build  a  Chamber  of  Commerce  by  a  civic  revival  and  a  spectacular  hurrah,  experi- 
ence has  demonstrated,  is  about  as  successful  as  trying  to  produce  effective  concrete 
without  the  aid  of  cement. 

The  cement  necessary  to  make  a  cohesive  and  effective  organization   finds  its  source: 

First:  In  the  brmgmg  in  of  members  with  a  proper  conception  and  a  thorough  appre- 
ciation of  what  constitutes  membership  in  such  an  organization. 

Second:  The  entire  community  must  have  a  complete  understanding  of  the  purposes 
and  the  ideals  of  the  organization. 

Third:  The  public  generally  must  be  brought  to  a  realization  of  its  moral  if  not  finan- 
cial responsibility  in  city  building. 

Fourth:  The  organization  itself  must  be  of  such  a  type  as  will  eliminate  the  old 
threadbare  practices  accountable  for  so  much  discouragement  in  organization  work,  and 
it  must  be  modernized — put  upon  a  scientific  business  working  basis. 

Fifth:  It  must  have  a  working  plan,  corrective  of  such  retarding  influences  and  condi- 
tions as  the  city  may  have,  and  a  thoughtful  and  constructive  platform  of  activities  for  the 
future,  touching  upon  every  phase  of  community  life  whether  it  be  commercial,  industrial, 
civic  or  agricultural. 

Town  Development  Company,  Inc.,  offers  a  service  to  commercial  organizations  seek- 
ing to  secure  for  themselves  cohesion,  efficiency,  membership,  personal  interest,  development 
of  its  men  in  addition  to  members  and  an  adequate  working  fund.  This  service  is  rend- 
ered by  men  who  are  constantly  dealing  with  commercial  organizations  and  community 
problems  of  every  character;  men  actuated  by  sincerity  of  purpose  to  give  to  each  commun- 
ity the  very  highest  type  of  commercial  organization  efficiency. 

TOWN    DEVELOPMENT   CO.,   Inc.,    118   East   28th   Street,    New   York 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Wof 


THE     WORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 


EVERYBODYS-MSCLUR^S^Mul^rEY^^-otrT^^^^  WORl 

ear -tsta  bui  shed  to  give  reliable  in  formation  to  readers  of  these  magazines  in  travel  planning, 
[write:,     -to    these  adv  e.rt  i  se.r  s     for     further     (=«  rti  c  u  i_  a  r  s 

.OR     TO      C.E..    BEMME.'.   PRE:S.WH  ERE-TO-Q  O.     S    BE;<\C0  N     ST,    B  O  STO  N  .    M  ASS_ 


NEW  YORK 


If  Conung  To  New  York 
Why  Pay  Excessive  Hotel  Rates? 


CLENDENING  'T.ZV- 

Select,  homelike,  economical.  Suite 
of  parlor,  bednn-m.  private  bath  for 
two  persons.  $2.00  daily  per  suite. 
Write  for  Booklet  H ..  witli  map  of  city . 


HOTEL  CHELSEA 

West  23d  St.  at  7th  Ave.,  New  York 
500  Rooms,  400  Baths.    Fireproof. 

REST.41  K.\NT  A  LA  CAKTK  k  TABLE  UHOTE. 

Rooms  ad joinins;  bath.  SI  u\\  with  private 
bath,S2.  Write  for  colored  inaii  "K"  of  city. 


CHICAGO    ILL. 


The  Chicaoo  Beach  Holel  onlu  len  minuies  from  Ihealres 
and  ^hoppino  cenien  Dalhino,  canoeino,  uachnncj.  lennis. 
oolf  ndino  molorino  all  ihe  sports  oI'laKe  andtoutilrv 
Larof  aifu  rooms,  smdle  or  en  suiie,  u  iih  priiaie  Daihs 
I  \t  Sen  ite  and  cuisine  un- 

-^'    -^^ri  excelled    American  or 
I  i  •.    European  plan    Wrile 


i  *J^  '<"■  '^aies  and  booklel 
V,  CMJCaeO  BEACH  MOTEL 


DISTRICT    OF    COLUMBIA 


HOTEL  DRISCOLL 

Faces  U.  S.  Capitol.  Near 
riiion  Station.  Amidst 
Show  Places.  Running 
Water,  Klectric  Fans  in 
lloonis.  Bath  Gratis. 
(Jaraje.  Music.  Am.  g3, 
Kur.  ?1.50  up.    Booklet. 


SEATTLE    WASH 

Unt^il  Coirntr  "12  stories  of  solid  com- 
nUlCl  Oa.\Vy.  fort."  concrete,  steel  & 
marlile.  At  center  of  thincs.  Entrlish 'jrrill. 
Auto  lius.   Rooms  gl  up.   With  hath  g2  up. 


Where-To-Go  forms  close  for  Oct.  Mag- 
azines.  Sept.    1st.,   for   Nov.,  Oct.    1st. 


ATLANTIC  CITY   N.J. 


Atlantic  City,  b  l  e  n  h  e  i  m. 

Above  illustration  shows  but  one  section  of 
this  niacniiicent  and  sumptuously  fitted 
house— tlie  (ii)en  Air  Plaza  and  Enclosed 
Solariums  overlook  the  Board-walk  and  the 
Ocean.  Tlie  environment,  convenience  and 
comforts  of  the  Marll)oroush-l!lenheini  and 
tlie  iuvir;oratins:  climate  at  Atlantic  City 
make  this  the  ideal  place  for  a  Summer  or 
Fall  sojourn.  Always  open.  Write  for  hand- 
somely illustrated  booklet.  Josiah  White 
<t  Sons  Company,  Proprietors  &  Directors. 


Hillpn  Willi  ATLANTIC  CITY,  N.J. 
Vj<llCU  nd.ll.  Hotel  and  Sanatorium. 
New  stone,  brick  A-  steel  buildinpr.  Alwavs 
open,  always  ready,  always  busy.  Table 
and  attendance  unsurjiassed. 


DENVER    COLO. 


'■^Tli  a  LINCOLN  STS.-DENVER.COLO;^^ 
HomGlike  Hotel  for  Travelers -300  Rooms. 
Department  of  Health  scores  kitctien  perfect-Dairy 
and  Gardens  operated  by  Hotel-American  and 
European  Plans-Rales^l??  and  up-l.R-Allen.I1qr 


HEALTH  RESORTS 


COME  TO  BATTLE  CREEK 


TficBatlleCreeKSanilanum  affords  the  most  abundant 
facilities  for  rest. recreation  and  hcallti  improvement  The 
unique  diet  system,  pfiysical  culture  classes  mierestinq 
hfaltli  lectures, swimminqqotf.  tennis  motoring. boating 
and  a  hundred  other  attractive  features  fill  each  days  pro 
gram  wlh  useful  enterlammenl  Cuests  have  the  combined 
advantages  to  be  derived  Ircci  favorable  climatic  conditions 
home  like  surroundings  scientific  melhods.  and  daily  ncdi 
cat  supervision WRITE  rOR  PROSPECTUS- — 

THE5AN1TARIUM-BATTLECREEK.MICH.BOXI09 


l:ndj:lj:k^^:^:lillk^:ll!lj;M^:^:\^lK^ 


FORRHEUHATISnAND 
3  NERVOUS  BREAK  DOVniS 
aWBITEFORINFORIIATIOM 


CANADA 


innaiMiffianipn 

Written   l>v  a    spnrisinan    wlio    hllcd    liis 


license— 1  .Nloosc  1  < 'arUmu. 2  Deer,  1  Bear. 
Write  for  frt'c  (■oi)y.  General  Passenger 
Agt.,  Canadian  Gov't  R'y"s,  Moncton,  N.B. 

~  MAINE 


FALL  HUNTING.  Plan  to  go  into  the 

KAMiEI.EY  LAKES  OR  DEAD  RIVER  REGIONS 
where  big  game  abounds.  Camps  and  boarding 
houses  as  you  may  require.  Send  for  booklets. 
Sandy  Rivtr  &  Rangeley  Lakes  R.R.,  Phillips,  Me. 
MINNESOTA 


CnRCQT  UniUiP  ^I"«ise,neer,Partridge 
rUnLOl  nUmCand  Duck  Hunting. 
Best  of  bass  fishing  at  my  camps.  Write 
M.  Matelski,  Deer  River,  Pines  Sta.,  Minn. 

>Vhere-To-Go  is  seen  by  12,000,000 
highest-class    readers   every    30    days. 


CITIES  AND  LANDS  OF  OPPORTUNITY 


Money-making  Farms  —  21  States 

Jio  to  $50  an  acre:  live  stock,  tools  and  crops  often  included  to  settle  (Hiickly. 
Big  Si^ecial  Bargain  List  free. 

E.  A.  Strout  Farm  Agency 

Station  2718  47  West  34tii  Street,  New  York 


A  LAND  WORTH  WHILE 

Climatically,  Agriculturally,  Geographically  and 
Industrially  the  Southern  States  of  Virginia,  North 
and  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Florida  Alabama, 
Mississippi,  Tennessee  and  Kentucky  is  a  land 
worth  while. 

Land  values  are  50  per  cent,  lower  than  in  other 
regions,  while  the  crop  varieties  are  fully  50  per 
cent,  greater. 

Business  openings  for  farmers,  manufacturers  and 
investors  are  numerous  in  every  state. 

Write  for  the  "  Southern  Field"  magazine, 
"Business  Openings"  folder,  booklets  on  each 
state  and  lists  of  farms  for  .sale. 

M.  V.  RICHARDS, Land  and  Industrial  Agent 

Room  99     SOUTHERN  RAILWAY     Washington.  D.  C 


FREDERICTON,  N.  B. 

Offers  striking  opportunities  for  the  establishment   of   In- 
dustrial Plants.       American  manufacturers  looking   for  a 
Canadian  site  should  investigate  its  advantages. 
Generous  concessions  granted  to  new  industries.      B<x)klets, 
and  specific  information  furnished  on  request. 

PUBLICITY    DEPARTMENT 
572  Queen  Street,  Fredericton,   N.  B.,  Canada 


Farmers,  Attention 

WANTED: — Location  for  seven  $1,50,000.00  Condensed 
Milk  Plants  and  twelve  $115,000.00  Milk,  Flour  and 
Sucar  Plants.  We  sell  no  stock  or  lionds,  nor  ask 
for  free  site.  Show  us  you  have  natural  surroundings 
to  develop  into  dairy  country  if  milk  prices  are  such 
to  make  it  possible  to  do  so  at  a  profit.  Send  full 
infortnation  of  your  advantages,  pictures  of  farms, 
publications,  books,  etc.,  to 

HERMAN  R.  FRANZEN 

Ephrata.  Lancaster  Co.,  Pennsylvania 


Are  you  thinking  of  building.'     The  Readers'  Service  can  give  you  helpful  suggestions 


THE     ^V()HI.D'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 


The  Autographic  Kodaks 

You  can  now  date  and  title  your  negatives,  permanently, 
and  almost  instantly  at  the  time  you  make  them. 

TOUCH  a  spring  and  a  little  door  opens  in  the  back  of  the  Kodak  ; 
write  with  pencil  or  stylus  on  the  red  paper  of  the  Autographic 
Film  Cartridge  ;  expose  from  2  to  5  seconds  ;  close  door.  When  your 
negatives  are  developed  a  permanent  photographic  reproduction  of 
the  writing  will  appear  on  the  intersections  between  the  negatives. 
When  the  prints  are  made  you  can  have  this  writing  appear  upon 
them  or  not,  just  as  you  choose.  By  turning  the  winding  key  slightly 
and  advancing  the  paper  the  width  of  the  slot  you  can  have  the 
writing  appear  on  the  picture  itself  if  you  wish. 

Any  picture  that  is  worth  taking  is  worth  a  title  and  date.  The  places  of  interest 
you  visit,  the  autographs  of  friends  you  photograph,  interesting  facts  about  the  children, 
their  age  at  the  time  the  picture  was  made — all  these  things  add  to  the  value  of  a 
picture.  Architects,  Engineers  and  Contractors  who  make  photographic  records  of 
their  work  can  add  greatly  to  the  value  of  such  records  by  adding  notes  and  dates 
permanently  on  the  negative.  The  careful  amateur  photographer  can  improve  the 
quality  of  his  work  by  noting,  by  means  of  the  Autographic  Kodak,  the  light  con- 
ditions, stop  and  exposure  for  every  negative. 

The  greatest  Photographic  advance  in  twenty  years. 

No.  3A  Autographic  Kodak,  pictures  3^  x  S%  in.,      .     $22.50 


EASTMAN  KODAK  CO., 


At  all  Kodak  'Dealer's. 


ROCHESTER,  N.  Y.,  The  Kodak  City. 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


In  this  department  will  be  included  all  the  things  that  aid  in  the  handling  and  control  of  business  in 
the  office.     Tlie  Business  Helps  Department  will  gladly  furnish  detailed  information  about  any  of  the 
devices  advertised  or  on  any  subject  relating  to  business  methods  and  management.     This 
service  is  free.     Address 
Business  Helps  Dept.,  Doubleday.  Page  &  Co.  11-13  W,  32d  St.,  New  York 


Are  You  Open  to  Conviction? 

If  you  desire  gooiJ.  clean,  clear-cut  representation  among:  your  business 
associates  and  customers,  there  is  nothing  that  will  reflect  these  qualities 
surer  or  quicker  than  a  clean,  smooth-edged  unrumpled 

PEERLESS  PATENT  BOOK  FORM  CARD 

This  selection  of  a  card  is  as  sure  an  index  to  the  char-   ^^^^  Onr 
acter  and  personality  of  yourself  and  your  house    ^^^^^^^^k  smart 
as  the  goods  you  sell,  or  the  cause  you  rep-      ^^^^^^^^^^H   Card 

and  these  detachable. smooth-     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Hj      In 
edged  cards  are  the  _^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^|    Case 

word  in  quality  and  char- 
acter. 

If  our  statement  alone  is 
■insufficient  to  convince 
you,  then  a  sample  of  the 
cards  themselves  ivilt 
convince  you,  —  so  send 
for  a  sample  tab  today 
and  convince  yourself — 
show  that  you  are  at.least  open  to  convict 
THE  JOHN  B.  WIGfilXS  CO.,  Engravers,  Plate  Printers,  Die  Embossers 
Eslahlished  1»5< .  70-72  East  Adams  Street,  Chicago 


J 


Don't  throw  away  the  fihng  devices  you 
now  have  — "5/l/''£-C.lZ^/iV/ir  them."  They 
represent  money  well  invested.  You  can 
furnish  the  security  from  fire  which  they  lack 
by  housing  them   in   the  fire-resisting  walls  of 

THE  SAFE-CABINET 

THK  SAFE-CAIJINET  is  iiovr  made  in  more  than 
forty  different  .sizes  capable  of  accommodating  the 
filiiisr  units  of  all  leading  makes,  both  wood  and  steel. 

I/xjIc  for  "SAFE-CABINKT"  in  your  telephone  di- 
rectory.    If  you  do  not  find  it,  write  direct  to 

THE  SAFE-CABINET  COMPANY 
Department  W-2  Marietta,  Ohio 


Look  at  these  bargains!  Typewriters  Rebuilt  in  our 
own  Factories,  and  guaranteed  for  one  year, 

Iteminstons  $25  to  $e.>       Smiths  $23   to  ,$r.O 

I'nilenvaoils  $:(5  to  $60       liovals  $»i)  to  $40 

L.  C.  Smiths  $30  to  $50       Olivers  $30  to  $40 

W'e  lK-i\e  others,  of  course.  Send  f3r  catalog  describ- 

iiiLi  them,  .ind  adtiress  of  nearest  branch  office. 

American  Writing  Mach.  Co.  Inc. ,  345  Brdy.,  N.Y. 


This   Publication 
is    Printed    With 

Branch  Offices  : 

BOSTON.  ST.LOUIS 

CHICAGO 

PHILADELPHIA 

BALTIMORE 

CINCINNATI 


Manufactured  by 


INKhuber 


150  WORTH  ST. 
NEW  YORK 


^, 


Koh-i-noor 

Propelling 

Pencils 

Just  a  twist  with  thumb 
and  forefinger  makes  this 
pencil  ready  for  use,  and 
reverse  twist  sends  the 
lead  back  again.  The 
lead  is  perfectly  rigid 
when  writing  and  does 
not  slip  under  pressure. 
Made  in  a  variety  of 
charming  styles  to  suit 
every  taste  and  pocket. 
Each  pencil  charged  with 
the  famous  silken -smooth 
"  Koh-i-noor  "  lead. 

Supplied  by  high-class   Slafioners, 

6rc.,    eocrj/wherr.     Jlluslratcd    lisl 

from 

L.  &  C.  HARDTMUTH, 

34.  East  23rd  Si.,  New  York  : 

and  107,  Notre  Dame  St.  West, 

Montreal. 


wi 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


BUSINESS     HELPS 


Call  a  Meeting  of  Your  Department  Heads ! 

Do  as  a  number  of  the  largest  business  institutions 
in  the  world  have  done  —  investigate  the  ^'reasons  why" 
the  Corona  Typewriter  will  immeasurably  increase  the 
efficiency  of  your  organization. 


For  example,  if  each  of  your  salesmen 
carried  a  Corona  Folding  Typewriter  they 
could  report  full  details  regarding  every 
customer  called  upon.  Ask  the  Sales 
Manager  what  such  information  would  be 
worth  to  him?  ^  our  \ari()us  department 
heads  often  have  to  dictate  to  a  stenogra- 


pher matters  of  vital  concern  that  should 
not  be  made  public  in  the  office.  Infor- 
mation gathered  on  confidential  trips  for 
the  firm  should  always  be  typewritten. 

There  are  a  thousand  uses  for  the 
Corona  —  many  of  them  are  applicable 
to  \()ur  business. 


Corona 

FOLDING    TYPEWRITER 


—  is  a  real  standard  machine 
with  all  modern  improvements 

—  including  back  spacer,  vis- 
ible writing,  stencil  cutting 
device,    full    width    universal 


key-board,  etc.  The  frame  is 
made  of  light  aluminum.  The 
Corona  weighs  but  6  lbs.  It 
has  a  folding  carriage  that 
makes  it  possible  to  reduce  the 
dimensions  to}^4"\io}4"xg". 
And  last  but  not  least,  it  costs 
less  than  the  heavy,  cumber- 
some machines. 

But  you  must  first  see  this 


machine  to  appreciate  its  use- 
fulness and  worth.  So  write 
us  now  for  the  name  of  the 
nearest  Corona  dealer.  .Ml 
our  dealers  are  now  holding  n 
special  demonstration.  It  will 
be  the  endeavor  of  the  Cor- 
ona dealer  to  acquaint  you 
with  the  advantages  of  the 
Corona  Fold'ng  Typewriter. 


Lfl  U!  hear  from  you  no'.v  —  get  our  little  booklet  So.  74  snv.ray  — 
ue   uill   mail   it   to   you    immediately   upon    receipt    of    your    name. 

CORONA  TYPEWRITER  COMPANY,  INC..  GROTON,  NEW  YORK 

(Formerly  Standard  Typewiiter  Compar}y^ 

141    West  42nd  St..  at  Broadway  New  ^'ork   City 

Agencies  in  principal  Cities  of  the    World 

UNITED    TYPEWRITER    CO..    LTD.,    Distributors   for   Canada 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


BUSINESS     HELPS 


Soltf  bv  Stationers,  Druggist*,  Jewelers, 
on  JO  days  "  trial.  $2.  SO.  $3.  00.  S3.  SO, 
S*-  00.  $S.  00  and  up.    Write  for  catalog. 


Modern  Methods 

A  Monthly  Magazine 
for  Business  Men 


Tells  the  man  in  the  office,  store  and 
factory',  what  he  Avants  to  know  about 
salesmanship,  business  management, 
organization,  credits,  accounting  and 
buying. 

Subscription  Price 
$1.00  Per  Year 

Special  Offer — Send  $i.oo  to-day 
and  we  will  send  you  Modern  Methods 
for  one  year  and  include  a  copy  of 
J.  Horace  Lytle's  book  —  "Letters  That 
Land  Orders." 

Modern  Methods  Publishing  Co. 

50  R  &  B  Building 
DETROIT  MICHIGAN 


$4  Per  Month! 
FREE  TRIAL! 


« '/enuinc  Oliver  Visible  Typewriter.  We  sell 
direct;  save  you  a$:ents*  commissions  and  ex- 
penses. Ship  on  a[iproval.  $4  per  month  if 
you  keep  it.  Send  for  firee  booklet.  See  how 
you  save  $41. so  on  hi^h-prade  machine. 
TyppHrilcrs  Distributing  STndirate 

ir>r..V»3  N.  MirhiL-nn  Rnulpvard,  f'hirngo 


Wanfpd  If1pa«  Write  for  List  of  Inventions  Wanted  by 
TT  amcQ  lUcaS  manufacturers  and  prizes  offered  for  in- 
ventions. Our  four  books  sent  free.  Patents  secured  or  Fee 
Returned.  VICTOR  J.  EVANS  &  CO.,  82g  F.  Washington.  D.  C. 


MEN  OF  IDEAS 

and  inventive  ability  should  write  for  new  "Lists  of  Needed  Inven- 
tions," Patent  Buvers  and  "How  to  Get  Your  Patent  and  Your 
Money."  Advice  FREE.  RANDOLPH  &  CO.  Patent  Attorneys, 
Dept.  5S. Washington,  D.  C. 


Three  Magazines  for  Every  Home 

COUNTRY  LIFE  IN  AMERICA 

Beautiful,  practical,  entertaining.     $4.00  a  ycac. 

THE  WORLD'S  WORK 

interpreting  to-day's  history.     $3.00  a  year. 

THE  GARDEN  MAGAZINE  — 
FARniNQ 

telling  how  to  make  things  grow.     $1.50  a  year. 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY 

Qarden  City,  New  York 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  Tut:  World's  Work 


I 


I  N  S  r  RUCTION     B  Y     jM  A  I  L 


The  First  R^tult 
Of  Training 


More  money  is  not 
training  but  it  is  the 

Whether  you  are  training 
position  or  to  enter  a  new  field, 
new  training  is  in  your  pocket 

Prepare  yourself  to  EARN  better 
pay.  You  cannot  GET  it  unless  you 
are  qualified  to  EARN  it. 

The  International  Correspondence  Schools 
will  bring  right  into  your  own  home  all 
the  help  you  need  to  train  in  a  /if/Ze  of  your 
spare  time  for  whatever  position  you  mark  on 
the  attached  coupon  noza. 

Just  as  surely  as  the  mercury  in  a  ther- 
mometer rises  in  proportion  to  the  heat,  so  will 
your  salary  go  up  in  exact  proportion  to  jour 
training. 

Training  does  not  necessitate  a  college 
education  any  more. 

No  matter  what  education  you  have 
missed  ;  what  you  do ;  how  old  you  are 
or  where  you  live,  you  can  win  like  all 
the  rest,  through  I,  C  S.  training. 

Mail  the  coupon  today    i 


the  only  result  of 
first. 

to  advance  in  your  present 
the  first  place  you  feel  your 
-book — your  pay  envelope. 


INTERNATIONAL  CORRESPONDENCE  SCHOOLS 

I  Box  815  SCKANTON,  PA. 

(Explain,  without  Turther  obligation   on   my  part,   how 
I  can  qualify  for  the  position  before  which  I   mark  X 


n 


Salesmanship 

Civil  Service 

Electrical  F,ngi'>eer 

llallnav   Mail  Clerk 

Elec.  LiehtinBSupt. 

Bookkeeping 

Kleplrlc  Cur  Kiinning 

Stenograph  viTiDewrltlnr 

Electric  Wircman 

Window  Trimming 

Telephone  Expert 

Show  Card  Writing 

Architect 

Lettering  i  Sign  ralnting 

Building  Contractor 

Advertising 

Arrhitertiiral  DraftMiian 

Commercial  Illustrating 

Structural  Knchiper 

Industrial  Designing 

Conrrpt<»  Const  rud  ion 

Commercial  Law 

Mechan.  Endineer 

Auloniohlle  Knuning 

Mrrhanii'al  Drul'tsiuan 

Teacher 

Kefrifreratioii  Kiigint'er 

English  Rranchei 

Civil  Engineer 

Cood  Kngli^bfurtTe^}  On* 

Surveyor 

Agriculture 

Mine  Superintendent 

Poultry  Farming 

Metal  Mining 

I'lumlilnir  ^  Steam  Fitting 

Locomotive  Fireman  iF.nB. 

Sheet  Metal  Worker 

Stationary  Enuinoir 

>aTlgation                    Spanish 

Textile  Maniifactiirlns 

Languages                      French 

Gas  Engines 

Chemist                          liernian 

Name- 


Present  Occupation 
Street  and  No 


I 


State 


:r^_J 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


INSTRUCTION     BY    MAIL 


irti ^^; 

Lawyers  Earn 

*  $4,210  Per  Year  '^ 

$351  Per  Month  or  $13.50  Per  Day 

That  13  the  average  earnings  of  New  York  lawyers  eight  years 
after  graduation.  In  cities  of  less  than  100,000  the  average  is 
S3,550.  That  is  certainly  an  excellent  income,  especially  in  view  of 
the  fact  that  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  law  can  be  easily 
obtained  at  home,  during  spare  moments,  at  small  cost,  through 
the  excellent  course  of  instruction  offered  by  the  HAMILTON 
COLLEGE  OF  LAW.  The  question  is:  Will  you  in  eleven  years 
(3  for  study  and  eight  for  practice)  be  earning  $3,550  to  $4,210  or 
even  a  great  deal  more  each  year?  The  first  year  of  practice 
shows  an  earning  capacity  of  S7S3.00  That  is  more  than  many 
men  ever  earn  in  one  year.  Also  remember  that  the  profession 
of  law  is  one  of  the  most  dignified,  interesting  and  pleasant 
professions  known.  If  your  future  prospects  are  not  bright 
why  not  begin  now  to 

STUDY  LAW 

at  Home-Become  an  LLB. 

But  be  very  careful  and  select  the  rl^ht  law  school.  There 
is  more  difference  in  law  schools  than  in  lawyers.  A  poor  law 
school  cannot  turn  out  high  grade  lawyers. 

The  Hamilton  College  of  Law  is  absolutely  the  ONLY  law 
school  of  its  kind  in  America.  It  is  the  only  recognized 
resident  law  school  in  the  United  States  conferring  the  Degree  of 
Bachelor  of  Laws— LL.  B.— by  correspondence.  Only  law  school 
in  U.  S.  conducting  standavd  resident  school  and  giving  same  in- 
struction by  mail.  Only  law  school  giving  over  450  class-room 
lectures  to  its  extension  students.  Only  law  school  giving  a  full 
3-^ear.  University  Law  course,  by  mail,  having  an  actual  faculty 
of  over  30  prominent  lawyers  in  active  practice.  Only  law  school 
in  existence  giving  Complete  Course  in  Oratory  and  Public 
Speaking  in  conduction  with  its  law  course. 

WRITTEN  BAR  GUARANTEE 

We  give  an  absolute  written  guarantee  to  prepare  our  students 
to  pass  bar  examinations.  The  Hamilton  College  of  Law  is  a 
regular,  thoroughly  recognized,  bona-fide  College  of  Law,  and  not 
an  "institute,''  '  correspondence  school,"  etc.  It  occupies  the 
entire  third  floor  of  the  New  Advertising  Bldg.,  where  its  large 
and  commodious  resident  class-rooms  and  executive  offices  are 
located.  We ofTer  no  "would-be"  "free  scholarships,"  cut  prices, 
nor  do  we  resort  to  catch-penny  schemes  to  secure  students. 

The  Hamilton  College  of  Law  is  hiRhly  endorsed  and  recom- 
mended by  Government  Officials,  Business  Men,  Noted 
Lawyers,  Graduates  and  Students.  Remember  when  you  sat- 
isfs'-tonly  complete  our  course  you  get  a  Genuine  Sheepskin— a 
Bachelor  of  Laws,  LL.  B.,  Degree,  just  the  same  as  Harvard, 
Yale  or  any  University  or  College  in  the  U.  S.  can  confer— not  a 
^'diploma,"   "certificate"  or   some  other  make-shift  like  mau/ 

would-be"  correspondence  schools  "issue." 

-  OUR  LAW  LIBRARY 

consists  of  24  volumes  of  Student's  Standard  Text  Books,  two 
volumes  bound  together  under  one  cover,  making  a  total  of  12 
books.  These  books  were  prepared  at  an  enormous  cost  especially 
for  the  students  of  the  Hamilton  College  of  Law, by  one  of  the  larg- 
est and  best  known  law  book  publishers  in  America.  "This  is  the  only 
set  of  law  text  books  ever  prepared  exclusively  for  student's  use. 
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You  must  talk  it    and    write 
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.■Ml  this  can   be  done  best  by 

LANGUAGE-PHONE 
METHOD 

Combined  with  RosenthaFs  Practical  Linguistry 

This  is  tlie  nat.iral  way  to  learn  a  foreii,-n  U:ij:uasc.  Vou  hear  the  living 
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yon  desire — slowly  or  quickly,  night  or  day.  for  minutes  or  hours  at  a  time. 

Anyone  can  learn  a  foreig-n  language  who  hears  if  spoken  often  enough, 
and  by  this  method  you  can  hear  it  as  often  as  you  like. 

It  is  a  pleasant,  fascinating  study:  no  tedious  rules  or  memorizing.  You 
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The  method  is  highly  endorsed  and  recommended  by  well-known 
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SHORT-STORY  WRITING 

A  course  of  forty  lessons  in  the  history,  form,  structure  and  writinjj 
of  tlie  Xhort-story  taught  by  Hr.  J.  Berg  Ksenwcin,  Kdltor, 
Upptnoott'*  -Masazlne.  -'fti/oxi" ""■■'•''''.■"<■/"'■  /'If'^^f  addrrss 

The  Home  Correspondence  School 

I'lsenwein  l»ept.  118,  SpriiivOvld.  MaHH. 


The  World's  Work  gives  infor- 
mation concerning  Schools. 


The  University  of  Chicago 

HOME 
STUDY 


in  addition    to   resident 
work,  ofTers  also  instruc- 
tion by  correspondence. 
For    detailed     in- 
formation address 

U.  of  C.(Div.  z) Chicago.  III. 


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I  N  S  T  R  I'  C  T  ION     BY     M  A  I  L 


The  War — How  will  It 
Affect  You? 

As  soon  as  the  tremendous  extent  of  the  conflict  became  certain, 
our  corps  of  research  specialists  set  to  work  to  gather  the  facts 
affecting"  American  business  and  to  analyze  them.  The  task  occupied 
their  days  and  nights  for  over  a  week. 

Then  Joseph  French  Johnson,  Chairman  of  our  Advisory  Council, 
prepared  a  concise  report  that  summarized  the  whole  situation.  It 
was  issued  as  a  part  of  the  Special  Service  given  to  all  subscribers  to 

The  Modern  Business  Course  and  Service  of 
the  Alexander  Hamilton  Institute 


The  report  was  in  their  hands  within  two 
weeks  after  hostilities  began,  and  was  of  vital 
importance  to  them,  as  such  executives  as 
Morris  May,  Second  Vice-President  of  A.  B. 
Kirschbaum  &  Company,  have  testified. 

This  is  but  a.  single  instance  of  one  kind  of 
service  that  the  Alexander  Hamilton  Institute 
is  continually  giving,  and  that  its  subscribers 
find  of  inestimable  value  in  meeting  their  indi- 
vidual problems. 

All  this  service  is  in  addition  to  the  regular 
reading  course,  which  in  itself  gfives  a  business 
man  command  of  principles  in  every  department 
of  business,  and  thus  makes  him  better  able  to 
grapple  with  emergencies.  Only  the  man  -who 
is  a  master  of  business  as  a  whole — not  sim- 
ply of  one  narrovp-  specialty — can  measure  up 
to  the  big  opportunities  of  today. 


And  this  is  as  true  for  the  younger  depart- 
ment heads,  assistants  and  clerks  as  it  is  for  the 
officers  and  executives  of  the  biggest  corpora- 
tions. No  matter  what  your  business  position, 
you  need  the  organized  knowledge  of  business 
that  the  Modern  Business  Course  and  Service 
gives  you  in  systematic,  time-saving  form. 

Today  can  be  your  opportunity.  Are  you 
ready  for  it? 

If  you  wish  a  copy  of  Joseph  Fjench  Johnson's 
report,  "The  War  and  American  Business,"  we 
will  gladly  send  it  to  you  upon  request.  At  the 
same  time  we  will  send  you  also  a  copy  of 
■William  H.  Lough's  116-page,  bound  book, 
"Forging  Ahead  in  Business,"  which  contains 
a  message  that  has  appealed  to  over  20,000  live, 
progressive,  business  men.  Ask  for  them  on 
your  business  letterhead  or  fill  out  the  attached 
coupon. 


Alexander  Hamilton  Institute 


15  Astor  Place 
New  York   City 


The  authority  bf'nind  Alexander  Hamilton  Institute 
is  shown  by  the  membership  of  its  Advisory  Council: 
JOSEPH  FRENCH  JOHNSON.  D.C.S.,  Dean  of  the 

New  York  University  School  of  Commerce,  Accounts 

and  Finance. 
FRANK  A.   VANDERUP,  L.L.D.,  President   of  the 

National  City  Bank  of  New  York. 
EUJAH  W,  SELLS.  M.A..  C.P.A..  Senior  Partner  in 

Haskins  &  Sells,  Certified  Public  Accountants. 
JEREMIAH  W.  JENKS.  L.L.D.,  Professor  of  Govern- 
ment, New  York  University. 
ELBERT   H.  GARY.  L.L.D..  Chairman  of  the  Board 

U.  S.  Steel  Corporation. 


Alexander  Hamilton  Institute 

1  5    Astor  Place.  New  York  City 

I  should  be  glad  to  have  you  send  me,  without  cost  oi 
obligation  on  my  part,  a  copy  of  Joseph  French  Johnson's 
report  on  "The  AVar  and  American  Business,"  also  a  copy 
of  "  Forging  Ahead  in  Business,"  together  with  full  infor- 
mation about  your  Modern  Business  Course  and  Service. 


Name. 


Address 

Business  Position 

With 

Number  of  years  in  business- 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


THE     WORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 


For  Sore  Muscles 

Sprains,  Cuts,  Bruises 

here  is  an  antiseptic  germicide  liniment 
—  one  that  is  healing,  cooling  and  sooth- 
ing. Absorbine,  Jr.,  is  more  than  a 
germicide,  more  than  a  liniment  —  it  is 
both.  It  means  prompt  reUef  from 
aches  and  pains  ;  keeps  little  cuts  and 
bruises  from  becoming  more  serious. 
It  is  especially  good  for  children's 
hurts  because  it  is  so  harmless  and  safe 
to  use  —  made  of  pure  herbs  and  con- 
tains no  acids  or  minerals. 


Absorbine  J- 

THE    ANTISEPTIC   LINIMENT 


is  needed  daily  in  and  about  the  farm 
—  for  the  numerous  Uttle  hurts  that 
come  through  work  in  the  kitchen  and 
about  the  house,  the  stable,  the  garage 
and  the  grounds.  Use  and  prescribe 
Absorbine,  Jr.,  wherever  a  high-grade 
liniment  or  germicide  is  indicated. 

To  reduce  inflammatory  conditions  —  sprains, 
wrenches,  painful,'  swollen  veins  or   glands. 
To  reduce  bursal  enlargements  and  infiltrations. 
Absorbine,    Jr.,  is  a   dis- 
cutient  and  resolvent. 
To    allaj-  pain  anywhere 
—  its   anodyne   effect    is 
prompt  and  permanent. 
To   spray    the    throat   if 
sore  or  infected- — a   io% 
or  20%    solution   of  Ab- 
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soothing  and  will  destroy 
bacteria. 

To  heal  cuts,  bruises, 
sores  and  ulcers. 
Absorbine,  Jr.,  is  concen- 
trated, requiring  only  a 
few  drops  at  an  api)lica- 
lion. 

Abtorbinc,  Jr..  $1.00  and  $2.00  a 
bottle  at  mofldrufgittt  or  postpaid. 

A  Liberal  Trial  Bottle 

will  1m;  stnl  postpaid  to  your 
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stamps.  Send  for  trial  tottle  or 
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druggist  today. 

W.  F.YOUNG, P. D.F. 

125  Temple  St.,   Springfield.  Man. 


ABSORBINEJP 


I^^IQJ^P 


OZONE  IN  THE  AIR  IN 

THE  LAND  OF  THE  SKY 

WESTERN  NORTH 

CAROLINA 


P. 


^LAY  hard  —  sleep  sound — 
feel  fine.  It's  the  air,  the 
sunshine,  the  bracing  effect 
of  the  mountains.  Eighty 
peaks  over  5,000  feet  high 

and  now  tinted  in  the  million  colors 

of  Autumn  foliage. 

Golf,  motoring,  riding  and  driving 
in  their  most  attractive  and  satisfy^ 
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Waynesville,  Hendersonville,  Brc^ 
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Mountain,  Flat  Rock,  Hot  Springs, 
N.  C.  All  these  directly  accessible 
over  the  rails  of  Southern  Railway, 
Premier  Carrier  of  the  South. 
Luxurious  through  trains  also 
to  Aiken,  Augusta,  Charleston, 
Columbia,  Camden,  Summcrvillc, 
Savannah  and  Florida   Points. 

Our  travel  literature  is  full  of 
illust7-atio7is  and  accurate  facts. 
Painstakingly  prepared  so  as  to  be 
of  real  service  to  you.  Sent  on  appli- 
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ern    Railway    or    connecting    lines. 


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Excellent  investment  opportunities 
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SOUTHERN 
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Fremier  Carrier  of  the  South 


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THE     WORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 


i  Which  Will  YOU  Keep?  || 


«( 


Acid-Mouth''  or  Sound  Teeth? 


"V'^OU  can't  have  both  **  acid -mouth"  and  sound 
-■-  teeth.  They  don't  go  together. 

Acid-mouth ' '  gradually  but  surely  eats  away  the 
enamel  and  lets  decay  strike  into  the  soft  interior 
of  the  tooth.  In  time  you  won't  have  a  sound  tooth 
left — unless  you  remove  the  cause  of  the  trouble. 

The  sure  way  to  counteract  "acid-mouth"  is  by  the  regular  daily  use  of 

pcBeco 

TOOTH  PASTE 


Pebeco  is  the 
scientific  den- 
tifrice  de- 
signed to  neu- 
tralize  the 
mouth  acids 
formed  by 
food- ferment. 
By  doing  this 
it  removes 
what  aiithori- 
use '^  of  Brushfui        ^ '  ^  j,  chuni  is 

thechief  cause  of  tooth-decay. 
Pebeco  also  cleans  and  whit- 
ens the  teeth,  purifies  the 
mouth,  drives  out  bad  odors 
and  tastes,  and  leaves  a  feel- 
ing of  clean  freshness  that 
nothing  else  can  equal.  'J'lie 
delightful  tingle  of  its  taste 
is  a  revelation. 


You  are  invited  to  find  out  whether 
you  have  acid-mouth,"  as  9  out  of 
10  people  are  said  to  have.  If  you 
have  acid-mouth,  "  Pebeco  is  a 
necessity. 

Send  for  Free  Ten-Day 
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and  Acid  Test  Papers 

The    Test     Papers     •will    show    you 

whether  you  too  have     acid-mouth" 

and  how  Pebeco  counteracts  it. 

Pebeco  originated  in  the  liygienic  laboratories 
of  P.  Boiersdorf  &  Co..  Hamburt;,  dcrmany,  and 
is  sold  everywhere  in  cxtra-larpre  size  tubes.  As 
only  one-third  of  a  brushful  is  used  at  a  time, 
Pebeco  saves  money  as  well  as  teeth. 


Manufacturing  Chemists 

138  William  Street  New  York 

Canadian  OflRco : 
1  and  3  St.  Helen  Street.  Montreal 


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THE     OIL      OF     THE     EPICURE 

T  is  as  though  you  should  say:     "Mine  friend,  you  and  I  know  the  great 
difference  in  flavor  between  mere  pure  oHve  oil  and  this  pure  olive  oil  — 
come  let  us  enjoy  its  exquisite  bouquet  and  pity  those  who  do  not  know." 

At  your  dealer's  or  delivered  direct  in  gallon  or  half-gallon  cans  or  in  bottles  securely  packed  Uf>on  receipt  of 
the  following  prices:  Gallons  $3.85.  half-gallons  $2.25,  21  ounces  $1.00,  10  ounces  60c,  5  ounces  35c.  Send  to-day 
for  the  interesting  McNally  Olive  Oil  booklet  with  which  we  shall  forward  6  beautiful  post  cards  showing  famous 
Bcenic  spots  in  California.         Address  Chicago  Office  McNally  Ranch,  105  Rand-McNally  Building,  Chicago 

F  H.  E  E     Six  scenic  post  cards  and  beautiful 
booklet.     Write  for  them  to-day. 


Choose  the  Jersey 

To  Supply  the  FamUy  Milk 


An  eminent  doctor  says: 

"Those  buying  milk  by  the  quart,  sold  at  a 
uniform  price  for  all  breeds,  will  get  more 
commercial  value  by  purchasing  Jersey  milk." 

Nobody  attempts  to  deny  the  truth  of  this 
statement.  Jersey  milk  is  richest  in  butter 
fat  (cream)  and  the  other  soUds  which 
make  milk  really  valuable. 

If  you  keep  one  or  a  number  of  cows  for 
your  own  use,  there  is  all  the 
more  reason  why  those  cows 
should  be  Jerseys. 

Your  Jersey  cow  not  only  sup- 
plies you  with  rich  milk,  but  she 
keeps  it  up.  One  of  the  well 
known  Jersey  qualities  is  her 
persistency  in  milk.  She  is  easily 
kept,  she  produces  milk  economically, 
while  her  beauty  and  gentleness  single  her 
out  as  emphatically  the  cow  to  supply  milk 
for  the  home. 

A  membership  in  this  Club  will  prove  valu- 
able to  all  Jersey  owners.  We  have  no 
Jerseys  to  sell,  but  we  will  gladly  supply 
you  with  convincing  Jersey  mcts. 

THE  AMERICAN  JERSEY  CATTLE  CLUB 

324  W.  23d  Slreet,  New  York  Cily 


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tion about  investments 


Shirley 

President 

Suspenders 

59 


Have  a  pair  for 
every  suit 

«'  Satisfaction 
or  money  back" 


Be  sure  "SHIRLEY  PRESIDENT" 
is  on  buckles 

The  C.  A.  Edgarton  Mfg.  Co.,  Shirley,  Mass. 


>(;>\V\  ^  ^'  Direct  Service  to 
f  \       Brazil-Uruguay-Argentin* 

Luxurious  Steamers  of  i2,ooolons, 
especially  designed  tor  travel  in  the 
tropics,  leave  New  York  on  alter- 
nate Saturdays. 

Plan  to  Viiit  South  America 
at  Your  Earlieft  Opportunity 

Writr  for  iHustr.llril  b..i,klc-t,  tour 
v.hrilulcs,  el.  . 

Bufk  &  Danielt,  Gen.  ARt.<;. 

3^7  I'rodnic  Kxchange.New  York 

I  Hi  I  IK  ..\i,  .\r,H.s  rs 

gHOlTllNE 


In  writing  tf)  advcrliscrs  please  meiilion  Tiiii  World's  VVokk 


THE     WORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 


OatSr-i  . 

andan  t,lCfin 

HERE'S  the  story,  as  it 
comes  from  Illinois, 
vouched  for  by  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  grain  elevator 
where  the  thing  happened : 

"  Here's   to    the    Elgin    Watch  ! 
While   clipping   oats  a  few   days 
since,    our  man  in  charge  of  oat 
clipper  found  one  of  your  watches 
in  the  oats.  That  watch  in  the  oats  had  been 
unloaded  from  the  cars  with  power  shovels- 
down  through  iron  grates  to  hopper — onto  con- 
vey or  bel  t — to  elevator — up  110  feet — discharged 
into  garner   over    scales — dropped    into    scale 
hopper — then  out  to  another  conveyor  belt  — 
unloaded  by  tripper  into  storage  bin — drawn  out 
on  third  conveyor  belt — into  elevator — up  110 
feet — down  through  garner  and  scales  again — 
to  clipper  bin — out  over  clipper  riddle  to  trash 
box,  where  we  found  it. 

"The  case  was  only  slightly  sprung,  and  the  crys- 
tal broken.  We  wound  the  watch  and  it  started 
right  otf,  and  seems  to  run  as  well  as  any  watch." 

This  watch  was  not  an  expensive  Elgin  I 
The  incident  goes  to  prove  the  fact  that  all 
Elgin  Watches,  both  for  men  and  women,  are 
built  to  withstand  all  the  strenuous  moments 
in  busv  folks'  lives. 

ELGIN 

Watches 

See  your  local  jeweler — your  Elgineer,  master  of 
watchcraft.     And  write  us  for  booklet. 

LORD  ELGIN— The  Masterwatch.     S/JJ  to  SSj. 
LADY  ELGIN  — A    Dainty    Timekeeper  — pendant 

and  bracelet.     A  wide  range  of  prices. 
B.  W.  RAYMOND  — The  Railroad  Man's  Watch. 

S8o  to  SJ2.SO. 

G.  M.  WHEELER- The  Foremost  Medium  Priced 

Watch.     S.'fO  to  S^J. 

KLCIN  NATIONAL  WATCH  CO..  Elgin,  Illinois 


The  Readers'  Servicf   jrives  information  about  insurance 


THE     WORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 


I  S  T  E  R  I  N  E 


Use  it  every  day 

EVERY  home  medicine  cabinet  should  include  its  bottle  of 
Listerine — the  safe  and  thorough  antiseptic.  In  case  of  cuts 
or  burns,  Listerine  applied  promptly  will  render  the  wound  aseptic. 
As  a  mouth-wash  Listerine  is  as  efficient  an  antiseptic  as  can  be 
safely  used.  Dentists  urge  its  use  regularly  in  cleansing  the  teeth. 
Listerine  has  been  endorsed  by  physicians  for  30  years.  Imitated 
freely,  but  never  improved  upon. 

All  Druggists  Sell  Listerine 

LAMBERT  PHARMACAL  COMPANY,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 


'Chance  is    Literature." — Independent. 


Third 
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"With  an  instinct  that  is  marvel- 
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needed  for  his  use,  and  he  em- 
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leaves  nothing    to  be  de- 
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"It's  great." — One 


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"Everybody's  reading  if' 
New  York  Globe 

PENROD 

By  BOOTH  TARKINGTON 

"  'Penrod'  is  a  book  that  hits  the  soft 
spot  in  the  heart  of  every  man  who 
can  remember  that  he  was  a  boy  once ^ 
himself,  and  among  boyhood  class- 
ics is  deserving  of  a  high  place." 
— Tlie  Brooklyn  Eagle. 
KeaHy  lllustyat,\i  /•_>■  (-' 
don  Grant.    AV/fi.25 


FOR  LIQUOR  AND  DRUG  USERS 

A  scientific  treatment  by  specialists  in 
authorized  Keeley  Institutes  only 


T  \  \  \\       FOR      INFORMATION      WRITE      TO      / 

J     M  \\       FOLLOWING 

KEELEY  INSTITUTES:     / 

rolumbla,  K.  T.                                  1 
Dallas,  TciBs                                      1 

'^^J  '      1      Hot  Sprlnft",  Art. 

i^  wf       1     ifintwn,  i:-.!. 

.Salt  Lake  City,  Itali                       I 

MLIT         1     DwlBllt,  III. 

Seattip,  Wash.                                     \ 

ff^r^-LI f      Marion,  Ind. 

Waukesha,  Wis.                                 \ 

Ij/  7/7      I'lalntleld,  Ind. 

rltl«burB,  I'a.,  4'24«  Fifth  Ave.      ' 

VW- /  //     (Val)  Orchard,  Ky. 

I'hiladplphia.  Pa..  H12  N.  ilroad  St. 

\/i/ //     Portland.  Malno 

Oklahoma  City.  Okla.,  91  S.\..StUe.> 

'J^/y       Han  Kranrlspo.  I'al.,    I>o 

npla 

mdc 

Wlnni|>-|>,  Man. 

KNOWN 

ALL  OVER  THE 

WORLD  AS  THE 

SUCCESSFUL 

SAFE 
TREATMENT 


Lob  Angi'lcs,  t'al.,  Jllarab-Strone  Illde.  (lualcmala  Cllv,  Goat. 
Urcenshoro.  N.  C.  Tuc-hla,  Mi-ilro 

Columbui,  Ohio  London,  Ku^land 


Arc  you  tliinking  of  building.'     The  Readers'  Service  can  give  you  helpful  suRgcstior"- 


THE     WORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 


Don't  stow  this  away 
under  your  hat.     Use  it. 

p.  A.   in  the    tidy  red    tin   or  the 
toppy  red  bag  hands  you  the  biggest 
money's  worth  of  fragrant  pipe-joy 
that  your  dime  or  nickel  ever  bought 
They  are   the    dandy   packages    of 
choicest  pipe-food  to  tote  on  the  hip 
or  in   the  vest  pocket.      But  —  and 
make  special  note  of  this — the  grand- 
est way  to  keep  a  supply  of 


Nnce  Albert 

the  national  joy  smoke 

at  home  is  in  the  one-pound  glass  humidor.  Boys  !  there 
never  was  a  better  tobacco  than  good  old  P.  A.,  made  by 
our  wonderful  patented  process  that  makes  it  as  biteless  as 
a  day-old  kitten.  And  there  never  was  a  better  container 
than  the  glass  humidor  that  goes  with  the  1-lb.  purchase 
of  P.  A.  It  keeps  it  all  good  and  as  prime  as  the  day  it 
left  the  factory,  and  all  you  got  to  do  is  fill  your  little  old 
pouch  and  you've  got  pipe  food  or  makin's  for  cigarettes 
that  stands  without  a  rival. 


Save  time  in  your  office  work..     The  Readers"  Service  is  acquainted  with  tiie  latest  de\iccs 


^ 


/?■-. 


j^ 


If  You  Want  to  be  Tickled,  use 
WHITING-ADAMS 

BRUSHES 

Over  10,000  Kinds  and  Sizes  made  ^ 

Send  for  illustrated  literature  telling  about 
Whiting-Adams  Brushes,  manufactured  by 

John  L.  Whiting  J.  J.  Adams  Co.,  Boston,  u.s.a. 


Brush   Manufacturere  for   Over  100   Years  and  the  Largest  in  the  World 


PHOTOGRAPHS 

Of  the  New  Forests,  England. 
Beautiful  Landscapes,  Sunsets, 
Moonlight  Views.  Gypsy  and 
Nature  Life,  and  almost  every 
subject  you  can  think  of,  for  ad- 
vertising and    publishing  purposes. 

Illustration  Department. 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY 

I  1  West  32nd  Street,  New  York  City 


WE  WILL  HELP  YOU 

We  have  helped  many  young  men  and  women  to  make  money. 
If  you  have  the  time  we  have  the  opportunity.  We  want  new  sup- 
scribers  to  The  World's  Work,  Country  Life  and  The  Garden  Mag- 
azine.    For  particulars  address  Circulation  Dept. 

Doubleday,    Page    &  Company,    Garden     City,    New  York 


y=^i:^^: 


fo/jff-^^ 


HARTSHORN 
SHADE  ROLLERS 

Bear  the  script  name  of 

Stewart  Hartsliorn  on  label. 
Get  Improved,"  no  tacks  required. 
Wood  Rollers  Tin  Rollers 


llartror'l.  Conn 
walls,  a  darker 


.Mit...ii>-.(.rr 
.Most  pteasinK  and  durable  covering;  ( 
shade  on  roof. 


Buy  Good  Shingles  Already  Stained 

"you  save  money,  time  and  worry  iind  the  bother  and  muss 
1  of  staining  on  the  job.  Wc  select  Washington  Red  Cedar 
Shingles  (no  poor  or  wedge-shaped  shingles),  preserve  them 
with  creosote  and  stain  them  with  colors  made  of  finest  earth 
pigments — no  aniline  dyes.  Shingles  are  thoroughly  dried, 
bundled  and  slaiTii)ed. 

"CREO-DIPT"  |S^^,'^=g 

14  Grades,   16,  18,  24-inch.      25  Different  Colors. 

They  last  twice  as  long  as  brush-coated,  painted  or  nat- 
ural wood;  cost  less  and  look  better  than  any  staincd-on-the- 
jnb  shingles  you  ever  saw. 

Manv  "I'l  housfS  .ire  rciiUKlclcd  to  look  like  m-w  by  using  CKi:()- 
1  )I  I'T  Shingles  .in  si.le  w.-ills  and  roof.  C K  I.o- 1  )1 1'  I  Sliinglcs  with  their 
soft-color  tones  insure  artistic  elFcits  that  all    gooil  an  hit<i  ts  appreciate. 

Write  for  Free  Booklet  sliowing  himses  in  all  parts  of  ilie  country   and 
ask    for   I>a<l  of  Colors   ..n   W..o,l.     IMcasc    give  nanus  of  Ar.  liil<-.:t  and 
I.unil.er  Dealer. 
SUndard  Stained  Shingle  Co.,  1044  Oliver  St..  N.  Tonawanda,  N.Y. 


The  Readers'  Service  will  gladly  furnish  information  about  foreign   travel 


BUILDING     HELPS 


Ml 


«"f!«BI^ 


M.  ^-^ 


YM 


'•^  -',_.  5l9K3 


•■■■    Vi 


'ublic 


mur  Purse — ^Your  Pr^^ 

Swift,  ^7ire  rewards  follow  Fenestra  installation.    A  reward 

to  your  public  spirit  in  that  Fenestration  represents  humanized 

production — evidences  your  consideration  for  your  workers.     A 

reward  to  your  purse  in  that  Fenestration  economically  solves  your 

light  and  air  problems — increases  output  at  a  reduced  production  cost. 

A  reward  to  your  pride  in  that  Fenestration  gives  evidence  of  success. 


SOLID  STEEL  WINDOWS 


have  helped  make  success  for  thousands    of    prosperous  firms, 
list  might  be  indefinitely  continued,  but  here  are  a  few  names: 


The 


Strength  at 
the  Point  of 
Intersection 


The 
Famous 
Fenestra 

Joint 


New  York  Central  Lines 
American  Optical  Co. 
Standard  Oil  Co. 
Timken- Detroit  Axle  Co. 


Welch  Grape  Juice  Co. 
Procter  &  Gamble 
H.  W.  Johns-Manville  Ca. 
Yawman  &  Erbe  Mfg.  Co. 


Fenestra  is  fire  insurance  built  into  the  walls- 
Indestructible —  and  costs  nothing  for  upkeep- 
Send  us  your  blue  prints  and  ask  our  engineers  to 


estimate. 


Write  for  CataloiT  V 


Detroit  Steel  Products  Company 


Dept  93 


Detroit,  Mich. 


Save  time  in  vour  ottice  work.     The  ReaJerb'   Ser\  icc  is 


BUILDING     HELPS 


Which  of  these  houses 

would  you  choose 

for  your  home? 

You'd  choose  the  one  at  the  left,  of 
course!  The  lawn  and  yard  are 
neat  and  trim.  The  house  is  well 
painted.  The  whole  property 
shows  good  care.  You  will  al- 
ways take  best  possible  care  of 
your  property  if  you  paint  or  dec- 
orate with 

^^^  Hi^h  Standard 

UQUID- PAINT 

It  is  scientifically  made  from  selected  ma- 
terials that  the  test  of  service  has  proven 
best.  It  withstands  the  weather  for  years, 
keeps  its  color  splendidly,  and  leaves  a 
good  surface  for  repainting. 

Lowe  Brothers  High  Standard  Mellotone 
is  the  most  beautiful  finish  for  walls  and 
ceilings.  Your  choice  of  many  rich  colors 
—  "soft  as  the  rainbow  tints."  It  is  fade- 
less, washable,  and  lasts  for  years.  Lends 
itself  ideally  to  stenciling. 

Valuable  books — Free 

"Homes  Attractive"  is  full  of  ideas  for 
beautifying  home,  inside  and  out,  includ- 
ing lawn  and  yard.  With  it  we'll  send  a 
portfolio  of  eighteen  houses 
in  harmonious  color  combi- 
nations. "Mellotone"  tells 
all  about  this  su- 
perb wall  finish.  V 
When  you  write,  '  ■" 
ask  for  local  deal- 
er's name,  if  you 
don't  know  him. 


The  Lowe  Brothers  Company 

521   E.  Third  Street,  Dayton,  Ohio 

Boston  Jersey  City  Chicago 

Kansas  City  Minneapolis 

Low.;  Brotf]':)      I.I  !      Toronto,  Canada 


The  House 
Beautiful  — 
In  STUCCO 


Stiiccu  Residence   at  Worcester,  Mass. 
CLINTON  WIRE  LATH  Specified  and  Used 

Because  of  its  adaptability  to  the 
highest  degree  of  artistic  embelHshment 
STUCCO  is  growing  tremendously  in 
favor  for  use  in  private  dwelling  con- 
struction. 


CLINTON 
WIRE  LATH 


is  the  one  fonti  of  metal  lath  advisable 
to  use. 

As  a  permanent  support  to  the  plaster 
in  which  it  becomes  thoroughly  embedded 
CLINTON  WIRE  LATH  has  no  equal. 

It  is  your  strongest  guarantee  of  maxi- 
mum safety  from  deterioration  and  is 
practically  age-proof. 

Don't  let  the  indefinite  term  "Metal  Lath"  satisfy  you. 
It  means  nothinn  and  permits  the  use  of  inferior  material. 
Sec  to  it  yourself  that  CLINTON  Wire  Lath — galvanized, 
is  specified. 

.SAA'D  TODAY  FOR  "THE  CLINTON  STUCCO 
IIOL'SE  ROOK."     It  is  just  what  you  need  if  you  intend 

to  build,  for  it  gives  vital  facts  about  stucco  you  should  be 
f.imiliar  witli. 

Clinton  Wire   Cloth   Company 

CLINTON,  MASS. 

First  Power  Loom  H'eavers  of  ll'ire  Cloth  in  the  World 
Also  makers  of  "Pompeii  an  Bronze"  Screen  Cloth  ;;nd  Clin- 
ton Electrically  Welded    Fabric   for   ReinforcinR  Concrete. 


In  writing  to  a:.  crTiscrs  please  mention  'I'uE  World's  WoRit 


BUILDING     HELPS 


Reduce  Your  Fire  Insurance 
Cost  50%  to  90% 

Install  a  Globe  Automatic  Sprinkler  System  in  your  build- 
ing, old  or  new,  and  you  will  cut  your  insurance  rate  from  50% 
to  90%.  Thousands  of  owners  have  taken  advantage  of  this 
great  opportunity  to  save  money  and  gain  safety  from  fire  loss.  We  will 
do  all  the  work,  take  all  the  responsibility,  and  sell  the  system  through  a 
construction  company  so  that  it  will  pay  for  itself  in  a  few  years  out  of  the 
ifisurance  savings  akme.  Send  for  our  new  catalog  and  learn  what  we  can 
save  you  in  dollars  and  cents. 

Globe  Automatic  Sprinkler  System 


A  high-pressure  water  system  that  in- 
stantly and  automatically  extinguishes 
any  fire  as  soon  as  it  starts.  Alarm 
rings  in  the  building  the  instant  the 
water  begins  to  spray  on  the  fire.   Noth- 

Read  this  letter! 


i*S^^^^*. 


% 


«23-e93  South  Wabash  Ave 

CHICAGO.        iaaun  20.  Iil4. 


Tb*  filob*  Autoaatlc  Sprinkler  Co.* 
1810  RMdlDg  Bosd. 
Cinalnnatl.  Ohio. 

Cenlleneni 

W«  dtEire  to  oTprecc  our  «pprtel«ti6ii  of 
the  DAnnor  in  which  7011  cnpenrlsed  msA  ezeooted  th«  flrarlt 
of  installing  your  Antomtio  Sprlntler  Sycten  reoently 
in  our  various  plinte ,  and  shall  b«  ple«s«d  at  all  tiiaec 
to  assist  you  in  advlsinr  any  partial  oontfoplatinf  the 
Installation  of  a  Sprinkisr  Bqolpaieiit,  aa  to  oar  opiiaan 
of  the  value  of  The  Globe  lotonalio  Sprinkler  Systea  tltf 
our  pleasant  dealings  with  your  coapany. 

Is  you  know,  we  consider  an  autoaatio 
sprinkler  equipment  an  indlcpeoeable  part  of  the  equip- 
■etit  of  ai7  wood  working  estAblisbBeni .   rcnrdless  of  the 
oooBtrootioa  of  the  buildings  axvl  would  not  feel  our- 
salTOB  aafo  in  tha  operation  of  our  bualnesa  without  its 
protaotlon.     Our  inauranoe  rate  baa  b««D  greatly  redooed 
ao  a  reault  of  its  inatallation  and  we  oonsider  It  one  of 
ov  beat  ixxvestaants. 

Wth  best  wishes  for  your  success,  we  are 

Tours  very  tmly. 

The  Brunswiok-Salke-Oollcader  Oe« 


ing  gets  wet  except  goods  in  the  actual 
fire  zone.  Water  can  be  instantly  shut 
off.  Pipes  will  not  freeze  in  unheated 
buildings.  Connects  with  either  city 
water  or  storage  tank. 

Saves  Buildings 

The  Globe  Automatic 
Sprinkler  System  not  only 
saves  almost  all  of  your  fire 
insurance  expense,  but  it  ef- 
fectually prevents  the  loss  of 
your  buildings.  Many  a  big 
concern  has  been  put  out  of 
business  through  fire,  in  spite 
of  ample  insurance.  Could  you 
stand  the  loss  of  a  year's  time 
now? 

Saves  Goods 

Even  in  fire-proof  buildings 
you  face  the  loss  of  their  con- 
tents. This  reliable  sprinkler 
system  saves  the  contents  as 
well  as  the  buildings.  Each 
individual  sprinkler  will  in- 
stantly drench  any  tire  within 
64  feet  of  it. 

Saves  Lives 

The  safety  of  every  life  on 
your  property  depends  upon 
your  own  good  judgment.  A 
Globe  Sprinkler  System  will 
make  the  loss  of  life  from  fire 
positively  impossible.  It  is 
well  worth  your  investigation. 
Let  us  tell  you  how  much  your 
system  will  cost  and  hovf 
much  it  will  save  on  your  in- 
surance. 

Send  for  Cat&log  No.  25 

The  Globe  Automatic 
Sprinkler  Company 

Cincinnati,  Ohio        (i) 


'^S^-^-^'^e: 


sldeoi: 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


BUILDING     HELPS 


WhatPaintisThat? 

"Carter  White  Lead  and  pure  linseed  oil." 
"What  do  you  put  in  to  make  it  so  white?" 
"Not  a  thing.     Carter  needs   nothing  to  make  it 

white,  nor  to  make  it  7i.<car  either." 
•'Will  it  stay  white?" 
"It  certainly  will.     Any  paint  will  get  dirty  in  time 

but  this  will  always  be  just  as  much  whiter  than  any 

other  white  paint  as  it  is  now." 

"Here's   my    card.      Come    around    and    see    me 

tomorrow.     I  want  my  house  painted  just  as  white 

as  this  one." 

CARTER 

StHcily  Pure 

White  Lead 

is  widely  used  by  painters  who  are  sufticiently  skilled  to  mix 
their  own  colors.  They  have  found  that  it  not  only  makes  a 
;lear,  pure,  white  paint  but  that  colors  come  out  with  a  new 
beauty   when   mixed   with   Carter   as  the   base. 

Carter  is  strictly  pure  and  has  all  the  good  qualities  of  old 
fashioned  white  lead  but  is  whiter  and  finer  because  it  is 
made  by  a  modern  process  that  enhances  the  beauty  of  paint 
ind  increases  its  efTiciency. 

If  you  are  interested  in  an  attractive  color  scheme  for  vour 
home  ask  your  painter  or  jiaint  de.iler  to  show  yoci  "The 
Paint  Beautiful"  fwrtfolio,  which  shows  twelve  modern  houses 
in   up-to-date   color   combinations. 

Send  for  free  copy  of  "Pure  Paint,  A  Text-Rook  on 
Houst-paintinK."  which  covers  the  whole  subject 
in  condensed  (f)rm  for  the  busy  man,  and  is 
illustrated  with  four  plates  from  "The  Paint 
bcautijut."     Get  this  book  before  you  paint  again. 

For  (luy  infnrmntinn  about  hoitsr-painting  address 

CARTER  WHITE  LEAD  CO. 

12015  South  Peoria  Street  Chicago,   III. 

Factories:    Chicago  anJ  Omaha 


ORIGINALITY   HUUSL  rLANS   PRACTICAL 

By  special  arrangement  with  Mr. 
Walter  J.  Keith  cf  Minneapolis, 
the  original  architect  and  exponent 
of  Keith's  House  Plans,  SHORT 
STORIES  MAGAZINE  will  publish 
all  his  latest  work  and  his  best  recent 
examples  of  houses,  bungalows  and 
cottage  homes. 

From  its  beginning  twenty-four 
years   ago  SHORT  STORIES  has 

stood  for  clean  fiction.  It  has  been 
made  for  the  home  and  the  people 
who  build  homes.  The  surging 
tide  of  questionable  stories,  problem 
novels  and  other  doubtful  matter 
has  never  touched  or  affected 
SHORT  STORIES.  The  magazine 
prints  spirited  stories  of  adventure 
and  wholesome  fiction  for  the  enter- 
tainment of  the  home-loving  people 
of  the  country. 

Each  issue  of  SHORT  STORIES 

has  at  least  ten  short  stories,  a 
complete  novel,  and  ten  of  Keith's 
famous  house  plans.  SEND  ONE 
DOLLAR  FOR  SIX  MONTHS' 
SUBSCRIPTION  AND  BOOK  OF 
PLANS.  As  an  introductory  ofi'er, 
the  Dollar  gives  you  sixty  short 
stories,  six  complete  novels  (960 
pages  fiction)  sixty  new  house  plans, 
and  your  choice  of  any  one  of  Mr. 
Keith's  famous  dollar  j^lan  books 
listed  below. 


140  pUns  (or  Cottages  costing  from  $500  lo  $2000 

122  plans  for  Cottages  costing  $2000  to  $2500 
liZ  plans  for  Cottages  and  Bungalows       .... 
124  plans  for  Houses  rosting  $2500  to  $3000      .      . 

123  plans  for  Houses  costing  $3000  to  $4000        .      . 
121  plans  for  Houses  costing  $'1000  and  up      .      .     . 

Send  lor  Folio  of  25  Bungalows.  10c 

Walter  J.  Keith,  Arch't.  Short  Stories  Fub.  Co. 

Suite  800,  No.  11  W.  32nd  St.  New  York  City 


$1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
1.00 
100 
1.00 


Jn  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  'I'm-;  Wori.p's  \\  okk 


BUILDING     HELPS 


Hy-tex 


The  Standard  of 
Quality  in  Brick 


^t^sw-^'^^^i' 


IF  you've  ever  had  any  thought  of  building  your  own  home,  this  is  the  book  you  want. 
Here  ai'e  eighty  pictures  and  plans,  offering  the  most  helpful  starting-point  that  you 
can  find  for  the  absorbing  pleasure  of  planning  your  own  home.  Before  you  go  to 
your  architect,  as  you  must  if  you  are  to  build  to  advantage,  you  want  to  have  some 
graphic  means  of  expressing  your  own  ideas  to  him.     You'll  find  it  here. 

"The  Hy-tex  House  of  Moderate  Cost  "  ia  the  result  of  a  competition  conducted  this  year  by  a  leading  archi- 
tectural journal.     Nearly  400  plans  were  submitted,  and  five  of  the  country's  ablest  architects  awarded  the 
prizes  and  mentions.    You  have  here,  as  your  startinR-point,  not  only  able  work  but  yiew  —  the  ablest  and  new- 
est that  you  can  find  in  this  form  anywhere.     While  the  plans  were  all  designed  for  a  $7500  houae,  they  may 
be  "scaled  down  "  or  "up"  to  suit  your  own  requirements  and  taste. 

The  book  concludes  with  an  article  by  a  foremost  residential  architect  of  New  York  City,  giving  very 
helpful  advice  on  the  preliminary  steps  to  be  taken  in  planning  a  home  ;  and  also  giving  an  interesting 
history  of  brick  as  a  building  material. 
Sent  anywhere  on  receipt  of  50  cents  in  stamps.    Send  for  it  today.     Use  coupon.    Address  Depc  \V-9. 

HYDRAULIC-PRESS  BRICK  COMPANY 

SAINT  LOUIS.  MO. 

lAir^esi  Manufacturers  of  Face  Brick  in  the  IVorld 

BRANCH  OFFICES  AND  EXHIBIT  ROOMS :— Haltimore.  Md.  ;  Chicaeo.  Ill  :  Cleveland.  O.  :  D.n 
port,  la.  ;  Dubois.  Pa.  ;  Indianapolis,  Iiid  :  Kansas  Citv.  Mo.  ;  Minneapolis,  Minn.  :  New  York  Cit 
Omaha,  Neb. ;  Philadelphia.  Pa.  :  Toledo.  O.  :  Washington,  D.  C. 

Remember  that  it  -was  a  SR/CK'  lyALI.  that  enabled  Flynn  and  Ryno  of  Engine  J,  the  heroes 
of  the  great  Salem  tire.  June  ?f-0.  to  check  the  /lames  at  Lane  Wharf,  and  thus  save  the  old 
historic  city  from  complete   destruction.     It -was   only  the  brie t  zvalls  and  chimneys  that  rt 
mained  standing  in  the  devastated  district.  Born  in  fire,  brick  defies  fire.    A  brick  house 
is  your   greatest   safety  against  fire  mncC  your  greatest  economy  against  deterioration. 

In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


BUILDING     HELPS 


Cut  Coal  Costs  by  Burning  Soft 


Coal  Smokelessly 


Smoke  is  evidence   of  imperfect 

combustion.  It  is  nothing  but  good  fuel  going  up 
the  stack  unburned  or  only  partially  burned. 
Therefore  you  should  cut  out  smoke  because  no 

smoke  means  all  your  fuel  is 
being  used  and  that  means  a 
big  saving  in  youl*  fuel  bills. 

There  are  two  ways  of  elim- 
inating smoke.  You  can  burn  ex- 
pensive hard  coal — or  you  can  in- 
stall a  Kewanee  Smokeless  Boiler 
and  burn  the  cheapest  of  soft  coal 
without  a  bit  of  smoke. 

KEWANEE 

Smokeless  Firebox  Boilers 

are  being  installed  in  many  of 
the  best  buildings  in  all  parts  of  the 
country,  because  they  do  burn  any 

kind  of  soft  coal  smokelessly  with  a  large 
saving  in  fuel. 

We  will  appreciate  an  op- 
portunity of  giving  you  facts  and  figures. 


Algonquin  Apartments,  Baltimore,  Md. 
Three  Kewanee  Smokeless  Boilers  installed. 


Kewanee  Bqiler  Company 

Kewanee,  Illinois 

Steel  Power  and  Heating  Boilers,  Radiators,  Tanks  and  Garbage  Burners 
Chicago       New  York       St.  Louis       Kansas  City 


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BUILDING     HELPS 


HY-RIB 

EVERYWHERE 


TN  any  type  of  structure,  HY-RIB 
assures  permanent  concrete  con- 
struction, cjuickly  erected  at  low 
cost.  ilY-RIB  eliminates  forms, 
studs  and  channels  in  all  concrete 
work,  saving  labor  and  expense.  In 
this  simple  construction  merely  set 
up  the  IlY-RIB  sheets  and  apply  the 
concrete  or  plaster.  HY-RIB  also 
cuts  down  weight  and  saves  valuable 
floor  space.  Used  with  equal  suc- 
cess in  structures  of  all  types — fac- 
tories, warehouses,  offices,  stores, 
hotels,  public  buildings,  residences, 
garages,  silos,  culverts,  etc. 

\'aluable  HY-RIB  Hand  Book,  full 
of  useful  suggestions,  sent  free. 
Write  today. 

Trussed  Concrete  Steel  Co. 

Dent.  H  6  Youngstown,  Ohio 


For  informaiiiju  ici^^rding  business  efficiency  books,  write  to  the  Readers'  Service 


BUILDING     HELPS 


"He  lives  down  on  the  river  road,  in  the  shabby,  weather-beaten 
house  on  the  left.      You  can't  miss  it." 

Shabby  and  weather-beaten!  A  striking  landmark,  no  doubt. 
The  porter  at  the  railroad  station  didn't  mean  to  give  the  place  a 
black  eye,  but  that  is  what  he  did.     Too  bad  the  owner  hadn't  used 

Dutch  Boy  White  Lead 

mixed  with  Dutch  Boy  linseed  oil  and  tinting  colors.  Then  the 
directions  might  have  been,  "That  fine  looking  house  on  the  left." 
There's  nothing  like  timely  white-leading  to  enhance  the  value  of 
buildings  and  keep  them  a  credit  to  the  neighborhood. 


Write  for  our  Paint  Adviser  No.  ii6  — a  group  of  helps,  Free 


NATIONAL  LHmD  COMPANY 


New  York  Boston 

Buffalo  Chicago 

(John  T.  Lewis  &  iJros.  Co.,  Philadelphia) 


Cincinnati  Cleveland 

San  Francisco  St.  Louis 

(National  Lead  &  Oil  Co.,  I'ittsbureh) 


tmtfi 


The  Readers'  Service  will  give  inlorinalion  about  auloinobiies 


n  U  I  L  D  I  N  C;     HELP  S 


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IF  the  floor  space  of  the  bathroom  3^011  are  planning  is 
limited,  it  is  essential  to  know  how  and  where  to 
select  plumbing  fixtures  giving  maximum  conveni- 
ence in  minimum  space.  Small  area  need  not  prevent 
you  from  having  every  fixture  you  require  in  any  ware 
you  wish,  from  the  least  costly  to  the  highest  priced. 

The  great  variety  of  Mott's  built-in  baths,  lavatories,  closets,  etc., 
makes  it  easy  for  you  to  secure  a  harmony  of  design  without  sacrificing 
comfort  or  wasting  room. 

As  the  output  of  our  works  includes  high-grade  enamel  ware  as  well 
as  Imperial  Solid  Porcelain  and  \'^itreous  Ware,  it  is  possible  to  equip 
your  Mott  bathroom  at  a  cost  ranging  from  $74.  to  $3,000. 

Send  for  Mott's  Bathroom  Book  to  use  in  consultation  with  your 
architect.      Mailed  on  receipt  of  6c  to  cover  postage. 


PLUM 


THE  J.  L.  MOTT  IRON  WORKS 

1S28  EIGHTY-SIX   YEARS  OF  SCPKEMACY  1914 

Fifth  Avenue  &  17th  Street,  New  York  Works  at  Trenton,  N.  J. 

BRANCHES: 
Boston  Chicairo  Philadelphia  Detroit  Denver  San  Francisco  Indianapolis 

Pittsburch         Minneapolis        Cleveland  Atlanta  Washineton      St.  t.ouis  Kansas  City 

Seattle  Ponland  (Ore.)  Salt  Lake  City 

CaNADAi         Mott  Company,  Limited,         134  Bleury  Street,  Montreal,         107  L'nion  Trust  Buildine,  Winnipeg 


The  latest  books  on  travel  and  biography  may  be  obtained  through  the  Readers'  Service 


BUILDING     HELPS 


Zinc 

in  paint  makes  paint  complete.  It  is 
the  ingredient  that  should  be  added 
to  all  paint  to  make  the  other  ingre- 
dients more  effective. 

The  chief  cost  of  paint  is  the  cost 
of  putting  it  on.  Paint  without  Zinc 
must  be  more  frequently  renewed. 
Paint  with  Zinc  in  it  lasts. 

There  are  other  reasons  also  for  Zinc  in  Paint.  The 
booklet,  ''Your  Move,"  tells.  The  man-whose-house- 
needs-painting  should  send  for  this  book  today.  It 
will  give  him  the  knowledge  to  insist  on  Zinc  to 
his  painter. 

The  New  Jersey  Zinc  Company,  55  Wall  Street,  New  York 

For  big  contract  jobs  consult  our  Research  Bureau. 


Ill  writing  i(j  adveriiscrs  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


BUILDING     HELPS 


On  Wood,        Metal,         Cement,^   Stone, 


Most   famous  Trade   Mark  in  all   Europe 

Every  traveler  remembers  the  three  Ripolin  men,  that 
whimsical  trio  whose  quaint  humor  is  /^nown  throughout 
the  entire  Continent — 

Where  Ripolin  Enamel  Paint  is  a  Household  Word 


THESE  Ripolin  men  have  been  cartooned  in 
Punch  and  the  press  time  and  again.  So  fa- 
miliar is  this  Ripolin  Enamel  Paint  that  a  mem- 
ber of  the  French  Cii amber  of  Deputies,  famed 
for  his  polished  appearance,  is  everywhere  known 
by  the  nickname  of  "Ripolin."  1  he  name  has 
become  such  a  standard  for  enamel  that  it  has 
even  crept  into  the  public  vocabulary  as  a  syno- 
nym for  glossy  or  high  finish. 
Made  in  Holland  by  the  old  Dutch  hand  process, 
Ripolin  is  the  most  beau- 
tiful and  durable  enamel 
paint  that  has  ever  been 


produced.  For  fourteen  years  it  has  been  used  in 
America  on  interior  and  exterior  woodwork  and 
metal,  wherever  the  architect  or  owner  wants  to  be 
sureof  a  beautifully  clear,  soft  tone  that  will  remain 
pure  white,  and  smooth  as  fine  porcelain.  There 
has  never  yet  been  a  dissatisfied  Ripolin  customer. 
Homes  finished  with  Ripolin  have  least  expense  for 
up-keep.  A  gallon  will  cover  from  500  to  700 square 
feet,  depending  upon  the  surface.  Your  painter 
or  decorator  will  tell  you  the  quantity  needed. 

That  brilliant,  high  gloss  finish  is  unexcelled 
for  the  kitchen,  pantry,  or  wherever  a  glass-like 
surface  is  desired. 


SEND  FORTHISTIN 

which  shows  th  c!ear.  soft 
toiHs  of  Uipolin  I'.namcl  Paint. 
Bend  this  strip — prove  to  your- 
self that  Ripohn  is  so  elastic 
and  tenacious  that  it  cannot 
peel,  flake  or  blister.  This 
strip  will  show  von  why  Ripo- 
lin retains  its  freshness  year 
after  year,  without  repainting 
but  merely  cleaning. 


Then  again  for  halls,  reception  rooms,  libraries, — wher- 
ever the  softer  effects  are  preferred, —  Ripolin  is  obtainable 
in  a  beautiful  eggshell  finish,  or  even  an  absolutely  flat  finish. 
Any  desired  tint  can  be  obtained  by  mixing  pure  color 
ground  in  oil  with  white  Ripolin — a  buff  or  light  green 
shade  is  excellent  for  kitchen  walls. 

Send  50  cents  today  for  large  trial  can,  with  brush  — enough 
to  give  a  thorough  test--try  it  out  in  your  own  home  —  then  you  be 
thi  judge.  With  it  we  will  send  the  coated  strip  of  tin,  and  the  book 
showing  residences,  exclusive  clubs,  and  palatial  hotels  finished 
with    Ripolin.     Also  name  of  the   Ripolin   dealer  in  vour  territory. 

J.  A.  &  W.  BIRD  &  CO. 

Importers  and   Distrihuters  rf   Ripolin  for  ihe 
United  Slates  and  Canada 

95  Pearl  Street,  Boston    71  Beaver  Street,  New  York 
663  People's  Qas  Building,  Chicago 

In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  \\'ork. 


A'o/e  Seal  on  the  Can 


AUTOMOBILES 


ANNOUNCING  NEW 
PACKARD    MODELS 

We  are  now  accepting  orders  for  the  new 
series  of  Packard  motor  carriages — deliveries 
beginning  September  i. 

The  Packard  "3 -38''  and  "5-48''  contain  all 
the  essential  features  of  the  previous  model, 
and  in  addition  those  refinements  which  would 
naturally  accrue  at  this  advanced  stage  of 
Packard  development. 

Twenty  styles  of  open  and  enclosed  bodies, 
ranging  from  two  to  seven  passengers,  give  a 
wide  choice  suited  to  every  use  and  satisfying 
the  individual  taste. 

Catalog  on  request. 

PACKARD  MOTOR  CAR  COMPANY 
DETROIT  '  MICHIGAN 


Salon  Touring  Car 
Six    Passengers 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  Tut  World's  Work 


THE     WORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 


I 


BONCI,  the  world's  most  artistic  singer;  YSAYE, 
greatest  violinist  of  all  time;  OLIVE  FREMSTAD 
famed  dramatic  soprano;  HOFMANN,  renowned 
pianist;  MARY  GARDEN,  gifted  exponent  of  modern 
French  opera;  these  are  but  a  cluster  in  the  galaxy  of 
operatic  stars  and  virtuosi  who  have  recorded  their 
matchless  art  exclusively  on  Columbia  Records  for  the 
Columbia  Grafonola. 

Its  superb  tone-reproducing  qualities,  its  brilliancy,  fidelity 
and  naturalness,  distinguish  the  Columbia  Grafonola  as 
the  one  ideal  musical  instrument  —  whether  you  are 
listening  to  selections  of  the  great  artists  or  dancing  the 
lilting  measure  of  the  popular  modern  dances. 

Every  Columbia  dealer  in  America  is  waiting  to  play  any  Columbia  Record  for 
you,  including  the  splendid  Columbia  Dance  Records  which  are  supervised  in 
the  recording  jfor correctness  in  tempo  and  rhythm  by  G.  Hepburn  Wilson,  M.B., 
the  world's  greatest  teacher  of  modern  dancing. 

Go  to  your  Columbia  dealer  today — have  him  demonstrate  the  various  models  of 
the  Columbia  Grafonola.  You  can  buy  a  "Grafonola"  for  as  little  as  $25  and 
on  easy  terms— or  you  can  go  as  high  as  $500,  with  every  price  in  between. 

(Illustration  sMcrws  the  Columhia  Grafonola  "Leader."  S7S.—easy  terms) 

Columbia  Graphophone  Company,  Box  S  204Woolworth  Building,  New  York 

Toronto:  365-367  Soranren  Ave.    Prices  in  Canada  Pint  Duty 
Dealers  wanted  where  we  are  not  actively  represented.    Write  for  particulars 


■■ 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  \\  orld"    Work 


THE  WORLD'S  WORK  ADVERTISER 


S.  Kltmm  $c  OI0. 

FIFTH  AVENUE^MADISON  AVENUE 
Thirty-fourth  Street  NEW  YORK  Thirty-fifth  Street 


B.  Altman  &-  Co.  announce  that  their  new  addition,  fronting 

on   Madison   Avenue,  will   shortly  be 

opened  to  the  public. 

In  anticipation  of  this  important  event,  large  and  comprehensive  assortments 

of  new  Merchandise  for  the  Autumn  Season 

have    been    secured. 

The  Services  of  the  Mail  Order  Department  are  at  the  disposal  of 
patrons  residing  out  of  town. 

The  Catalogue  will  be  mailed  upon  request. 

All  Charged  or  Paid  Purchases  will  be  forwarded  Free  of  Charge  by  mail 
express  or  freight  to  points  within  300  miles  of  New  York. 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


THE     WORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 


( 


^55- 


^ir 


'^^      ^' 


k:  --.- 


KVHAT' WE  ^GET^  INSTEAD 


OF'GETTING^ALL^E^CAN 


MAKERS 'OF 
THE'WATCH 

THE'0OtLAR 

FAMOUS— 

ALSO-OTHEP- 
MODELS— 
2  to5  DOLLARS 

ROBT.H .  INGEK  SOLi-  c  BRO. 
NEW  YORK 


The  latest  books  on  travel  and  biograph)"  may  be  obtained  through  the  Readers'  Service 


BUILDING     HELPS 


Unharmed  in  the  Midst  of  the  Great  Salem 
Fire  because  Roofed  with 

J-M  Asbestos  Roofing 

"  TH«    Roll    of   Honor- •• 

Flying  sparks  and  burning  embers  were  literally  showered  upon  the  roof 
of  this  raw  cotton  storehouse  of  the  Naumkeag  Steam  Cotton  Co.,  located  in 
the  midst  of  the  recently  flame-swept  area  of  Salem,  Mass. 

Buildings  all  around  it  were  burned  to  the  gfround,  as  the  photograph  shows. 

Yet  this  building  was  absolutely  unharmed  because  protected  by  J-M 
Asbestos  Roofing. 

What  greater  proof  of  a  roofing's  fire-resisting  ability  could  possibly 
be  demanded? 

There  is  a  lesson  to  be  drawn  from  every  great  catastrophe. 

The  lesson  to  you  of  the  great  Salem  fire — where  whole  sections  were 
actually  wiped  out  because  buildings  were  roofed  with  wood  shingles  or  other 
fire  assisting  roofings— is  this: 

Do  not  use  wood   shingles  or  other  inflammable  roofing. 

Do  not  be  deceived,  by  low  first  cost,  into  buying  any- 
thing but  J-M  Asbestos  Roofing — the  roofing  of  known  quality — 
the  roofing  that  will  not  fail  you  should  the  fire  test  ever  come — 
the  roofing  that  spells  economy  for  you  because  of  the  years  of 
service  it  affords  and  the  fact  that  it  never  requires  painting 
or  repairing. 

If  you  prefer  shingles,  use  J-M  Translte  Asbestos  Shingles.  They  will  give  you  abso- 
lute fire  protection,  and  a  stone  roof  that  cannot  disintegrate.  Add  greatly  to  artistic  appear- 
ance because  of  their  attractive  and  permanent  colors. 

Write  Nearest  Branch  Today  for  Descriptive  Booklet  4168 

H.  W.  JOHNS-MANVILLE  COIVIPANY 

Manufacturers  of  Asbestos  Stucco;   Pipe  CoverinRs;    Cold  Storage  Insulation;    Water-proofing;   Sanitary 
Specialties;  Acoustical  Correction;   Cork  Tiling,  etc. 


Albany 
Baltimore 
Boston 
Buffalo 


Chicago 
Cincinnati 
Cleveland 
Dallaa 


Detroit 
Indianapolis 
Kansas  City 
L,OH  AnKeles 


Louisville  New  York 

Milwaukee  Omaha 

Minneapolis  Philadelphia 

New  Orleans  Pittsburgli 


San  Francisco 
Seattle 
St.  Louis 
Syracuse     2645 


THP;  CANADIAN  H.  W.  JOHNS  MANVILLE  CO.,  LIMITED 

Toronto  Montreal  Winnipctj  Vancouver 


T*mS 


^""' ""'"""""'"" '"""""' ^"1" ""' "" "Ill"""" ^'" Miiiiiiiiiiiiii.— 


TlfcC   Readers'   Service  will   gladly   furnish   information   about   foreiKti   travel 


BUILDING     HELPS 


To  Close  Your  Doors 

THE  Yale  Door  Closer  (for- 
merly Yale  Door  Check).  The 
perfect  closing  device  that  insures 
always  -  closing,  quietly  -  closing 
doors. 

It  does  not  have  to  remember   be- 
cause it  never  forgets. 

Its  use  in  the  home  adds  another 
touch  of  luxury 
and  comfort  that 
makes  for  real 
refinement. 

"T'le  Quiet  Life'' 
tells  all  about  the 
Yale  Door  Closer. 
Write  for  a  copy. 


When  you  equip  your 
doors  with  Yale  Hard- 
ware, of  which  there  are 
more  than  200  distinc- 
tive designs,  you  have 
the  certainty  of  real 
quality  —  Ya le  qua lity. 
Booklet   upon   request. 


Let  us  tell  you  what 
the  Yale  Triplex  Block 
is  accomplishing  in 
thousands  of  plants, 
and  what  it  can  do 
in  yours.  Write  for 
our  "Book  of  Hoists" 


IT  is  the  insides  of  a  padlock  that 
makes  it  a  good  lock, — that's 
all  the  more  reason  for  looking  for 
the  name  Tale  on  the  outside. 
The  name  Yale  on  any  kind  of  a  lock 
is  a  guarantee  that  it  is  the  best  lock 
that  can  be  made.  But  be  sure  you 
see  the  name  Yale. 

Write  for  our  book  ''Fifty 
Uses  for  Yale  Padlocks." 

The  Yale  &Towne  Mfg.  Co. 

Makers    of    Yale    Products: 

Locks,     Builders'   Hardware,    Door 

Closers  and  Chain  Hoists. 

9   East  40th  Street,  New  York  City  .'^ 

Chicago  San  Francisco  ^K^  ,^^_ 

Works:  Stamford,  Conn.,  St.  Catharines,  Ont.  TF 


The  latest  books  on  travel  and  biography  may  be  obtained  through  tlie  Readers'   Service 


AUTO  M  0  B I L  E  S 


PIE 

AR] 


%. 

if^ 


ri^i?^ 


Upon  service  you  build  your 
daily  plans,  of  an  inconceiv- 
able complexity,  all  of  which 
would  be  thrown  into  con- 
fusion if  the  Pierce-Arrow 
missed  at  any  point,  but 
which  are  carried  out  to  a 
perfection  of  nicety  every 
day — not  once  on  some  for- 
tunate, red-letter  day,  not  on 
alternate  Wednesdays  or  odd 
Fridays,  but  every  day  in 
every  year. 


I 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


BUSINESS     HELPS 


500  Progressive  Businesses 
Adopt  Tliis  Dial  Tliis  Year 

— this  dial,  which  is  the  outward  form  and  semblance  of  the 
Automatic  Phone,  a  better  Inter- communicating  System, 

Here  is  the  old  style  manual  switchboard  which 
is  replaced,  putting  the  girl  at  some  other  work 
which  cannot  be  done  better  by  a  machine.  The 
expense  of  operators'  salaries  is  eliminated  entirely 
— but  that  is  only  a  small  part  of  the  saving. 

Here  is  the  Automatic  Switchboard,  which  takes 
the  place  of  the  girl.  It  makes  all  connections 
instantly,  automatically,  with  absolute,  inevitable 
certainty.  It  does  not  require  light,  air  or  valu- 
able floor  space.  It  is  never  tired  or  cross  or  out- 
of-order.     It  is  on  the  job  24  hours  a  day. 

Here  is  the  instrument  that  connects  each  man 
and  department  with  every  other  man  and  depart- 
ment. A  twist  of  your  finger  (or  your  secretary's 
finger)  on  the  dial  gets  your  connection.  It  is  secret 
— your  conversation  cannot  possibly  be  overheard. 

Here  is  the  saving  in  time  — 18  seconds  on  every 
call — over  the  most  perfect  manually  operated  sys- 
tem. At  30  calls  a  day  this  amounts  to  a  working 
week  each  year  for  each  employe  using  the 
telephone. 


Sears  Roebuck,  Solvay  Process,  Baldwin  Loco- 
motive, Standard  Oil  of  Ohio,  Illinois  Central  R.R. 
and  scores  of  otliers  use  and  hisrhly  recommend 
the  Automatic  Phone.  Our  booklet,  "Al  Your 
Finger's  End,"  telh  why.  It's  free.  Request  a 
copy  today.    Mail  the  coupon. 

AUTOMATIC  ELECTRIC  CO. 

Makers  of  500,000  AutomaticTalaphonat  in  Use  the  World  Over 
New  York       Chicago       Atlanta       Dallas        Toledo 
Cleveland         Buffalo         Detroit         Portland.  Ore. 
Pittsburg      Indianapolis       Des  Nfolncs       St.  Loula 

AUTOMATIC    TELEPHONES,    Ltd. 

Liverpool  Wlaaipeft  Sidney 


I 


MAIL  COUPON  FOR  FREE  BOOKLET 


Automatic  Electric  Co.,  Dept.  91. 
Chicago,  III. 

Please  send  me  a  copy  of  your  booklet,  "At  YotiT 
Finger's  End."    We  use telephone*. 

Name    


St.  and  No. 


City. 


State. 


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THE     WORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 


1 

i 

n 


mnwQ^PAPzn 


When    you    think    of    writing 
think    of    Whiting. 


WHITING»S 
WOVEN    LINEN 

A  paper  made  especially  for 
the  use  of  men  in  their  per- 
sonal letter  writing.  It  has  a 
virile  substantial  quality  that 
gives  it  character  and  dignity. 
For  many  years  this  has  been 
a  favorite  paper  with  members 
of  congress  at  Washington, 
and  among  men  of  taste  the 
country  over.  You  can  get 
this  and  the  other  leading 
Whiting  papers  at  any  first- 
class  stationer's. 

WHITING  PAPER  COMPANY 

NEW    YORK  PHILADELPHIA  CHICAGO 


ZTT 


WHlTING^M^PAPER 


Will  You  Accept   This 

Business  Book  if  We 

Send  it  Free? 

Sign  and  mail  the  coupon  below.     Send  no  money! 
Take  no  risk! 

One  hundred  and  seventy -three  of  the  world's  master   business 
men  have  written  ten  books — 2,016   pages — i,g86  vital   business 
secrets,   ideas,   methods.     In  them   is  the  best  of  all  that  they 
know  about 

—Purchasing                  —Salesmanship                   — Position-Getting 
—Credits                         —Advertising                       — Position-Holdinj; 
-collections                   -Correspondence               -Man-Handling 
— Accounting                  —Selling  Plans                    —Man-Training 

The  Readers'  Service  gives  information 
about  schools. 

Sexology 

(Iliustrated) 

by  William  E.  Walling,  A.  M.,   M.   Z).,   imparts  in  a  clear 

wholesome  way,  in  one  volume: 

Knowledge  a  Young  Man  Should  Have. 
Knowledge  a  Young  Husband  Should  Have. 
Knowledge  a  Father  Should  Have. 
Knowledge  a  Father  Should  Impart  to  His  Son. 
Medical  Knowledge  a  Husband  Should  Have. 
Knowledce  a  Young  Woman  Should  Have. 
Knowledge  a  Young  Wife  Should  Have. 
Knowledge  a  Mother  Should  Have. 
Knowledge  a  Mother  Should  Impart  to  Her  Daughter. 
Medical  Knowledge  a  Wife  Should  Have. 
All  In  one  volume.     Illuntrateil.     #2.00   pontpsld. 
Write  for  "Other  People's  Opinions"  and  Table  of  Contents. 
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-Cost-keei-ing              -I  Ian<ll.ng  Customers      -Business  Generalship 

—Retailing                     —Short-cuts  and            and    hundreds     and     hun- 

— Wholesaling               Methods   for  every            dreds  of  other  vital  business 

—Manufacturing           line  and  department            subjects. 

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the  great  problem  of  securing  the  highest  market  price  for  your  services — no 
matter  what  your  line;  and  the  last  page   tells  how  you  may  get  a  complete 
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"Once  Over" 

By    James     Shelley    Hamilton    and 
Frank  Leon   Smith 

A  whimsical  mystery-story  in  four  parts, 
that  really  could  have  happened.  No  blood 
in  it.  No  dead  bodies.  No  hackneyed  stufT 
at  all.  It's  a  mighty  cleverly  written  story 
by  two  new  young  writers  who  speak  20th 
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to  the  finish,  and  its  quiet  humor  tickles 
you    while    you  try  to  fathom  the  mystery. 

Hcgin  this  delightfully  amusing  story  in 
the    September 

EVERYBODY'S       MAGAZINE 

r^A.  W.  Shaw  Co..  Wabash  Ave.  and  MadUon  St.,  Chicago— 1 

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descriptive  booklet.     I'll  read  it.                                                                W-i 

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Millions  of  checks,  safely  transferring  billions  of  dollars,  have  been  written 
on  Peerless  Check  Writers  within  the  past  two  years  by  the  U.  S.  Govern- 
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have  Peerless  Protection,  for  noth- 
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The  Day  of  the  War 
Correspondent  Is  Gone 

McMillan,  the  greatest  living  war  correspondent,  has  wired 
these  words  to  a  big  New  York  newspaper.  In  the  hotels  of 
Paris  the  most  daring  war  photographers  and  writers  we  have 
are  cooling  their  heels.  They  cannot  get  within  loo  miles  of 
the  actual  fighting.  They  try  every  trick.  They  rage  and 
they  fret,  but  they  never  see  a  battle.  None  dare  even  carry 
a  camera.  The  most  they  see  is  some  dim  far  off  army  march- 
ing awav  in  the  dark. 

THE  ONLY  MIGHTY  WAR 
EVER  PHOTOGRAPHED 

was  our  own  Civil  War.  Then  for  the  first  time  the  camera  could  be 
used.  Then  for  the  last  time  during  a  mighty  war  was  the  photographer 
allowed  to  come  close  to  the  real  thing.  You  will  NEVER  see  a  photo- 
graph of  this  mighty  war  now  going  on.  But  you  can  judge  what  it  is 
like  from  the  3S00  pholograpJts  of  the  Chil  War,  taken  by  Mathew  Brady 
and  his  daring  helpers.  They  followed  the  armies  of  the  North  and 
the  armies  of  the  South  and  their  camera  plates  caught  them  in  battle, 
in  camp,  in  the  hospital;  they  caught  the  navies  on  the  sea.  For  the 
first  time  and  last  time  in  all  history  they  transferred  an  undying 

camera  story  of  the  war.  ,      j  •    .u    d;.,. 

And  now  these  photographs  and  the  others  of  that  war  reproduced  in  the  Photo- 
eraphir  History  of  the  Civil  War  with  the  authoritative  story  of  the  war  told  by  men 
of  the  North  and  South  in  these  10  volumes  you  go  to  war  yourself.  In  these  10 
volumes  are  crowded  more  sorrow  and  joy,  more  excitement  than  comes  into  most 
men's  lifetimes.  The  camera  saw  more  of  these  four  terrible  years  than  the  eyes  ot 
the  million  soldiers. 

FREE  —  Enlarged  for  Framing 


\  18    OF    THESE 

\        PHOTOGRAPHS 

REVIEW  OF  V 
REVIEWS  CO.  \ 
New  York  City      \^ 

Knclosrcl  find  loc       \ 
In    slaiiiiii    to     cover       \ 
co5t  of  iiiailint;    to    tne       \ 
your  [Kirtfolio   of  beauti-       \ 
lul  Civil  War   photographs       \ 
suitable  for  framini;.      It  is      X 
understood  that     you    are    to       \ 
give  them   to   me    FREH    and      \ 
are  to  send  me    information    about       \ 
the   Photo;rraphic     History    of    the       V 
Civil  War  in  lo  Volumes.  V 


SendlOc 
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To  show  you  the  power  and  the  wonder 
of  these  photographs  we  have  put  eighteen 
of  them  into  a  portfolio.  Each  is  12x11 
inches  beautifully  reproduced  on  heavy 
coated  paper  ready  for  framing.  In  these 
18  photographs  you  will  see  the  Union 
soldiers  getting  their  mail,  you  will  see  the 
great  leaders  planning  the  campaign  on  the 
field;  you  will  see  whole  regiments  in  camp; 
you  will  see  the  first  war  balloon.  You  will 
sec  the  wounded  in  the  hospital.  You  will 
see  the  shattered  tlefcnces  of  a  city.  You 
will  see  the  signal  corps  at  work.  All  this 
and  much  more  you  will  have  free  in  the 
portfolio.  We  have  only  1800  portfolios. 
Send  10  cents  for  postage  for  yours  at  once. 
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REVIEW    OF     REVIEWS    CO. 

30  Irvinu   Place  New   York  City 


Why  You  Will  Never 

See  Another  War  in 

Photographs 

Before  the  Civil  War  there 
were  no  cameras.  Since  the 
Civil  War  no  camera  has  ever 
gotten  close  to  the  real  action. 

The  opportunity  has  pa^ed 
forever  of  seeing  a  war  as  it 
really  is.  The  famous  Mathew 
Hrady  and  his  followers  did 
what  will  never  be  done  again; 
they  crept  close  to  the  trenches 
and  the  earthworks  and 
showed  us  the  face  of  a  whole 
great  war  in  progress.  The 
Photographic  History  is  pic- 
ture after  picture  taken  while 
the  enemy  was  not  a  mile 
away,  cannoneers  actually 
working  their  guns  under  fire, 
in  sight  of  ramparts  and 
buildings  sheltering  hostile 
forces. 

Above  all  —  the  war  corres- 
pondent today  has  become 
virtually  a  war  prisoner.  He 
is  suspected  as  a  possible  spy. 
lie  is  kept  away  from  head- 
quarters and  from  the  firing 
line  as  well;  from  any  scene 
that  might  betray  losses  suf- 
fered, or  the  lie  of  the  lacid, 
or  the  disposition  of  forts  and 
earthworks.  Often  he  doesn't 
cet  within  a  hundred  miles  of 
the  real  fighling.  Urady  and 
his  men  were  everywhere. 
There  was  no  "censor,"  no 
orders  restricting  photogra- 
phers, no  suspicion  in  'dl. 
And  now  these  photographs 
arc  yours  in  such  beautiful 
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I' 


Are  You 

Efficient? 

Trjr  Thi4:  Te^t 

GLANCE  at  this  picture  for  three  seconds.     Put  it  aside.     Write 
down  what  you  saw  on  this  table.    ,(You  can  try  it  by  having 
someone  put  objects  on  your  own  table.)     If  you  don't  get  all  the  ^ 

objects  exactly  right,  your  observation  isn't  100  per  cent,  efficient — 
and  you  may  be  losing  money,  pleasure,  health,  because  of  it.     And  J 

Observation  is  only  one  of  the  things  you've  got  to  be  Efficient  in  to 
win  in  this  strenuous  day.  All  that  you  know.  But  you  didn't  know, 
perhaps,  that  the  time  has  come  when  you  can  learn  to  be  Efficient, 
just  as  you  might   learn  business  or   law   or  medicine,  through   a 

Course  in  Personal  E^fficiency 

Prepared  by  Harrington   Emerson 
Conducted   by  the   Review   of    Reviews    Company 


RAILROADS  and  Industrial  corpora- 
tions have  learned  Efficiency  from  Har- 
rington Emerson.  Brandeis  called  him  be- 
fore Congress  to  show  how  the  railroads 
might  save  a  million  dollars  a  day.  One 
corporation  alone  paid  $50,000  for  his  ad- 
vice. Now  you  can  have  it  all  for  a  few  cents 
and  a  few  minutes  a  day  for  six  months. 
As  a  trainer  handles  a  racer,  as  a  coach 
handles  the  crew  of  a  boat,  so  this  Course 
will  train  your  faculties,  each  and  every 
one.  Efficiency  has  nothing  to  do  with  be- 
ing strenuous.  It  shows  you  the  easiest 
way  to  reach  your  goal.  Efficiency  has 
nothing  to  do  with  complicated  systems;  it 
shows    the    simplest    way.      Efficiency    has 


nothing  to  do  with  theories ;  it  shows  the 
quickest — the  most  practical  way. 

Efficiency  for  the  Individual 

•nrHIS  course  is  for  you — the  Department  Manager— 
■'■  it  is  for  You  the  Ensrineer,  for  You  the  Bookkeeper, 
for  You  the  Machinist,  for  You  the  Professional  Man, 
for  You  the  Business  woman,  for  You  who  keep  the 
home.  The  Efficiency  principles  that  helped  the  U.  S. 
Navy  shoot  1200  times  as  well,  taught  the  Editor  of  Tin- 
New  York  Financial  Bulletin  to  cut  down  his  work  three 
hours  a  day  and  get  back  a  Health_  long  lost.  The 
Efficiency  that  saved  the  Santa  Fe  a  million  and 
a  half  a  year  showed  G.  Douglas  lones  of  California 
how  to  save  $2700  on  one  job  :  the  Efficiency  that 
helped  the  Steel  Trust  showed  J.  B.  Burbank  of 
Montclair,  N.  J.,  how  to  get  an  education.  What 
you  do  makes  no  difference  ;  How  you  do  it 
is  what  counts.  This  course  will  show  you 
How. 


Throw  off  the  Burden  of  Useless  Drudgery 


Reviewr 


of    RcTiew* 
30  Irving  Place 
•yHROW  off  the  burden  of  worry  ;  throw  off  the  burden  of  fear  and  wasted  work.    Walk       >^  V^  New  York 

■*-    straight   and   sure  in    the  short,  quick  way  to  your  goal.     You  are  as  valuable  to     ^i$?/   ^     At  (    h 

yourself  as  any  corporation;  and  if  corporations  are  willing  to  pav  Emerson  thousands      ^'>^/     u      c    "^^."■**  '''   f  ^1?^ 
of  dollars  to  learn  how  to  make  the  most  of  themselves,  uoa  can  pay  a  few  small     ^^Xv  r}.f^rlT  in    Pel- 

dollars  to  make  the  ,„ost  of  yourself.  y^^  sonTTmciencr  Aho  ^fM 

First         Because  this  is  too  big  a  thing  to  tell  about  in  any  advertisement.      .^jV^p.P."*"^"'^'^    ^^°"'    **!fm;^';Ji;^' 
because  it  is  so  new.  w.-  must  send  you  the  first  lesson  to  show       >^V*X    This  puts  me  under  no  obligation. 

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You  Meet  Shakespeare's 
Characters  Every  Day 

There  are  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty 
completely  delineated  characters  in  Shakes- 
peare's tremendous  dramas.  Not  a  commun- 
ity of  shadows  and  dolls,  but  living,  human 
beings  —  the  kind  of  people  you  meet  every 
day.  Do  not  study  him  as  though  he  were 
a  language  or  a  theory.  He  is  living  —  vital 
—  part   of  your  life.     See  for  yourself  in  the 

Thin  Paper 

Booklovers'  Shakespeare 

20  Limp  Leather  Volumes  —  Dark 
Red  and  Gold.     7,000  Pages 

Some  day  you  are  going  to  buy  a  set  of 
Shakespeare.  You  have  promised  yourself 
that.  You  know  your  library  is  not  complete 
without  the  master  of  all. 


For  the  Student  and 
rhoseWho  Read  for  Fun 

All  the  wonders  that  caused 
50,000  people  to  buy  the  old 
Booklovers'  Edition  have  been 
preserved  in  the  new.  The  de- 
tailed perfection,  the  beauty  of 
type,  the  profusion  of  fine  pic- 
tures, the  authority  of  text  — 
the  multiplicity  of  notes,  glos- 
saries, study  plans  —  all  those 
things  that  made  the  old  Book- 
lovers'  so  welcome  to  the  stu- 
dent and  such  a  delight  to  those 
who    read    for    fun  —  all    these 


things  you  get  in  the  new 
edition. 

And  modern  progress  has  added  one 
important  feature — the  bible  paper — so 
that  the  old  forty  volumes  fit  now  into 
twenty — and  the  twenty  have  a  flexi- 
bility, a  convenience,  that  was  not  pos- 
sible with  the  former  heavy  paper. 

Successful   Men   Read 
Shakespeare 

Secretary  of  State  Bryan  and  Andrew 
Carnegie  have  chosen  as  their  guiding 
motto  those  ringing  words  that  Shakes- 
peare wrote  300  years  ago — "To  thine 
own  self  be  true  and  it  must  follow — as 
the  night  the  day— thou  canst  notthen  be 
false  to  any  man."  Business  men  read 
Shakespeare  Their  whole  lives  are 
influenced  by  him. 

WHOLE  SET  FREE 


Send  No  Money  S:iS?°i:IIIVv'*fE 


20  Volumes — 5  X  yj  in. — 7000  pages — 400  pictures  in 
the  text — 40  full-page  illustrations  in  6  to  1 2  colors — 
clear  type— bible  paper— flexible  backs  stamped  in  gold. 
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THE  UNIVERSITY  SOCIETY,  44-60  E.  23rd  St.,  New  York 


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nation,  the  complele  set 
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The  present  number  is  an  earnest 
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for  its  readers  during  the  war  period 

In  October 

The  WORLD'S  WORK  will  enable  its  readers 
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including  several  quite  unique  features 

For  November 

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ual, the  general  title  of  which  will  be 

United  States 
The  Re-builders 

Our  obligations,  opportunities,  and  poten- 
tial power  in  diplomacy,  trade,  finance, 
and     shipping      at      home      and      overseas 

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THE     WORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 

and  the  War 

In  this  way  we  shall  again  serve  our  readers 
through  this  great  manual  covering  the  next 
huge  move  resulting  from  the  conflict  in 
Europe.  A  moment's  consideration  of  a  few 
of  the  subjects  indicates  its  value: 


United  States  as  a  world  banker 

The  new  export  opportunities 

Where  the  trade  waits 

The  American  worker  and  what  it 
means  that  eighteen  milHon  work- 
ers have  gone  to  war 

Our  colonies  and  the  effect  on  them 

Up-building  American  popularity  in 
foreign  lands 

England  and  our  ties  of  blood 

Gold  —  its  supply  and  production 

Investments  —  now  on  forced  sale 

The  great  melting  pot  —  our  foreign 
population 


The  farmers'  day  — the  world's  de- 
pendence upon  the  American 
farmer 

American  diplomacy— what  our  am- 
bassadors have  done  and  are  doing 

American  travel  abroad  — what  it  has 
meant  in  numbers,  money,  and 
influence 

Personalities,  men  who  are  active  in 
this  work  of  re-building 

What  the  U.  S.  A.  should  do  first,  a 
series  of  short  articles  by  high 
authorities 

Government  cooperation  and  foreign 
trade 

Shall  the  government  be  constructive 
in  place  of  critical 


And  many  further  great  and  notable  subjects 


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He's  as  Busy  as  You  Are  and  He  Says: 

Michigan 
"I  am  a  very  busy  dry  goods  merchant,  and  when  1  find  that 
the  figures  run  together  and  columns  do  not  add  up  right  I  put  on 
my  hat,  jump  in  my  car  (in  summer),  and  in  five  minutes  I  am 
among  the  birds,  wild  flowers,  and  butterflies,  and  insects  so  plainly 
described  in  the  Nature  Library,  and  after  an  hour's  'bunt  without  a 
gun,'  come  back  full  of  life  and  vigor,  and  in  a  short  time  make  up  the 
stolen  hour.  If  on  my  trip  I  have  found  several  new  flowers  or  have 
seen  and  heard  a  new  bird,  I  can,  by  the  use  of  my  library  (which  is 
upon  my  desk  at  all  times),  find  the  name,  habits,  and  life  history  of 
such,  and  with  such  diversion  life  is  more  pleasant  and  our  hairs  do  not 
get  gray  quite  so  fast." 

F.  E.  Yakeley 


The  Bare  Titles 

Like  the  modest  veil  of  the  Mo- 
hammedan beauty,  the  titles  of 
these  volumes  conceal  rather  than 
reveal  what  they  have  to  give. 
Bird  Neighbors         Shells 


Game  Birds 
Bird  Homes 
Butterflies 
Moths 
Trees 
Mosses  and 

Lichens 
Mushrooms 


Animals 

Reptiles 

Fishes 

Frogs 

Insects 

Spiders 

Grasses 

Wild  Flowers 


Some    of   Those  Who  Wrote    Them 

John  Burroughs,  Introduction. 

Dr.  David  Stark  Jordan,  Chancellor, 
Leland  Stanford  University;  Presi- 
dent California  Academy  of  Science. 

Dr.  'Barton  W.  Evermann,  Ichthyol- 
ogist, U.  S.  Fish  Commission. 

WiTMER  Stone,  Curator,  Philadelphia 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences. 

Nina  L.  Marshall,  Specialist  in  na- 
ture study. 

Dr.  William  J.  Holland,  Director 
Carnegie  Museum,  Pittsburg:  fore- 
most authority  in  Zoology. 

Neltje  Blanchan,  Author  of  the  most 
widely  sold  books  on  birds  in  America. 

A.  Radclyffe  Dugmore,  famous  na- 
ture photographer. 

Dr.  L.  O.  Howard,  Head  of  the  Ento- 
mological Division,  U.  S.  Dept.  of 
Agriculture. 

Raymond  L.  Ditmars.  Curator  of  Rep- 
tiles, New  York  Zoological  Gardens. 


8 
Vol- 
umes 
Like 
This 


The  New  Nature  Library,  the 
greatest  work  of  its  kind  in 
the  world.  As  scientifically 
accurate  as  it  is  interesting. 
Read  these  few  bare  facts 
and  see  why: 

Some  of  the  questions  you'U  be  able 
to  answer  after  you  get  the  books — 

What  is  the  relation  between  butter- 
flies and  the  showers  of  blood  that 
have  occurred  at  intervals  through  the 
ages? 

What  common  American  bird  is  the 
counterpart  of  the  courtly  Falcon? 
What  kind  of  deer  signal  to  each  other 
by  flashing  a  white  flag? 
What   bird   breaks   the   eggs  of  other 
birds  so  they  will  not  hatch? 
What    bird  impales  smaller    birds  oo 
thorns? 

What  plants  steal  their  living  from 
others? 

What  little  flower  is  a  weather  prophet  ? 
What  causes  the  autumn  colors  in 
leaves? 

What  insects  use  tools? 
Why  an  ant's  head  may  often  be  seen 
walking  by  itself  without  a  body. 
Thesenuestions  and  ten  thousand  more 
you  will  answer.  And  you  will  dis- 
cover new  questions  for  yourself  and 
find  the  answers  to  them  too. 


For  your  own  sake  and  your  children's,  so 
that  they  may  learn  now  what  Darwin 
learned  in  his  childhood — what  made  him 
the  master  that  he  was — 

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ss 


Open  Your  Eyes  to  a  New  World 

Open  }our  eyes  and  look  on  the  great 

world  of  living  things.     Look  and  Learn. 

There    is    more    mystery    in    a    frog    than 

in  any   detective   story.      The   mystery  of 

the  world — of  why — of  what — of  who — 

we  are  lies  in  the  unsolved  mystery  of 

that   frog.     And   in  looking    for    that 

mystery  you  look  upon  the  astound- 

^   ing  life   that    your    closed    eyes    have 

missed,  for  the  eye  is  closed  that  does 

not  know  how  to  see.     Let  the 


New  Nature  Library 


teach  you  how  to  see.  Let  the  New  Nature 
Library  make  the  wooded  path  before  you 
as  dramatic  as  the  city's  liveliest  theatre. 
The  fancied  thrills  from  your  two-dollar 
orchestra  seat  you  know  in  advance.  But 
the  thrills  on  the  wood  road  or  the  city  park 
are  as  new  and  fresh  as  the  new  day. 

Because  we  of  this  generation  learn  all 
things  from  books,  the  New  Nature  Library 


is  in  eight  crowded  volumes.     But,  in  truth, 

the  New  Nature  Library  is  the  great  teacher, 

leading  you  into  that  living  world  that  is 

the  answer  to  those  who  say: 

"It'e  were  dreamers,  dreaming  greatly  in  the  man- 
stifled  town 

We  yearned   beyond  the  skyline  where  the  strange 
roads  go  down." 
The   New    Nature   Library    takes    you 

down  the  "strange  roads." 


New  Thin  Paper  Edition  at  Less  Than  Half  Former  Price 


The  New  Nature  Library's  first  edition  was 
in  17  volumes,  and  cost  $68.  Many  thou- 
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other  thousands  to  whom  this  sum  would  seem 
high.  So  we  devised  a  way  to  make  the  New 
Nature  Library  so  3'ou  could  have  it  at  less  than  half 
that  old  price.  And  the  waj-  lies  in  the  new  use 
of  the  thin  paper  that  has  come  to  be  recognized 
as  the  thing  for  fine  books.  By  rising  the  thin 
paper,  we  made  the  17  volumes  into  8,  without 
taking  out  one  page,  one  glorious  color  plate,  even 
one  letter.  Because  the  binding  cost  is  the  biggest 
item  in  the  making  of  books,  and  because  paper  is 


paid  for  by  the  {jound,  we  are  now  able  to  gi\-e  }ou      & 
these  eight  volumes  at  less  than  half  the  old  price.        / 
Not  for  long,  though,  because  you  can  see  for      ^^ 
yourself,  a  price  like  this  can  only  be  used        • 
for  introductory  j)urposes.  ^^ 

Remember,   every    magnificent    color        ^ 
page    is    here  —  the    8,000    pages —       y^      Doubleday 
the   6,000   text    illustrations  —  the        >'       Page  &  Co. 
420  full  page  color   plates  —  the       y      Garden  City, N.Y. 
2,500,000    words    of     brilliant 


W.W. 

9-14 


text-the  loi  pages  of  index     /  preS.'fortn'dL^? 
—  all  are  here.     .\nd  yet      ^     cxamin.Ttion    The    New 

you  pay   less   than    halt.  •         Nature  Library  in  eicht  l)is 

•^         ^  y         vi<lumes.  Iiounil  in  J  morocco, 

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bound  in  fine,  strong  tnukrani,  or  a  richer  binding;  it  vou  prefer  Vou  will  Ket  /  ,  ^'J  f  °  ""V'';L„^  ''°o.u  r  ^l  I  ""U 
them,  all  charges  prepaid.  Then,  if  vou  don't  find  in  them  that  new  world  we  /  J-y^J'^JV^l  ^nnth  nnfiV  «fr  ^ol'  k''"'" 
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Country  Life  in  America,  the  most  beautiful  outdoor  mapazine  published,        ^  '^ 

is  included  in  this  afler.     It  covers  the  field  of  country  living,  countrj-        / 

home  building,  outdoor  sports,  etc.    The  department  on  nature  study  is        /       Same 

a  feature  of  every  issue.    The  year's  numbers  contain  over  1,000  text         / 
pageswithmorethan  2.000  illustrations,  many  in  full  color.  The  fine         .^ 

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permanent  thing.    So  send  the  couuon  without  money  to-day.         y 


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This  Woman 

puts  genuine  people  and  pic- 
tures of  charming,  wholesome 
American  homes  in  the  stones 
she  writes. 

GRACE  S.  RICHMOND 

"The  Novelist  of  the  Home" 

the  Author  of 
"Red  Pepper  Burns,"  "Mrs.  Red  Pepper," 
"On  Christmas  Day  in  the  Morning,"  Etc. 

is  the  author  of  the  new  book 


"The  Twenty-fourth  of  June" 


Midsummer's  Day 


C  Avery  unusual  scheme  of  deco- 
ration in  colors  makes  this  new 
novel  by  Mrs.  Richmond  a  beauti- 
ful volume  throughout.  It  is  the 
story  of  a  real  home  and  of  those 
influences  that  have  molded  the 
men  and  women  who  are  true  and 
sincere  and  clean  and  worth-while 
everywhere. 

C  The  love  story  of  Roberta  and 
Rich  Kendrick  will  be  enjoyed  by 
every  member  of  the  family. 

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Abridged  Agricultural  Records 


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Milk; 

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Sheep 

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to  Grow  Various  Crops 
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they  Can  be  Modified  and 

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Convenient.    Economical 

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Know   About    Feeding    the 

Human  Animals 
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Drugs,  Sanitation,  Etc. 


A  YEAR  or  two  ago  a  group  of  agricultural  experts  resolved  to  select  the  most  authorita- 
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AMERICAN   MANUFACTURERS 

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CROWDS 

By  Gerald  Stanley  Lee 

The  Uncle   Tom's  Cabin  of  Business 

"I  have  been  reading  'Crowds'  with  a  great  stir  among 
my  brain  cells.  ]  opened  a  few  and  closed  many,  or  rather 
1  opened  many  and  closed  a  few!  It  is  a  finely  frank  and 
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lighted and  have  marked  my  copy  with  copious  exclama- 
tion points.  To  an  optimistic  democrat  it  is  an  inspiration 
to  gay  and  fearless  thinking." — Uamlin  Garland. 

"  'Crowds'  is  about  the  most  encouraging  spectacle  that 
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Poet,  Author  and  ProJ.  of  English  Literature,  University  of 
Minnesota. 

Sixth  Large  Printing         Net,  $1.35 

THE  TWENTY-FOURTH  OF  JUNE 

By  the  Author  of  "Red  Pepper  Burns,"  "On 
Christmas  Day  in  the  Morning" 

Grace  S.  Richmond 

puts  genuine  people  and  pictures  of  charming,  wholesome 
American  homes  in  the  stories  she  writes.  A  very  unusual 
scheme  of  decoration  in  colors  makes  this  new  novel  by  Mrs. 
Richmond  a  beautiful  volurne  throughtout.  It  is  the  story 
of  a  real  home  and  of  those  influences  that  have  molded  the 
men  and  women  who  are  true  and  sincere  and  clean  and 
worth-while  everywhere.  The  love  story  of  Roberta  and 
Richard  Kcndrick  will  be  enjoyed  by  everj-  member  of  the 
family. 

Net  $1.25 

PSYCHOLOGY  AND  SOCIAL  SANITY 

By  Hugo  Miinsterberg 

Prof.  Miinsterberg  here  takes  up  some  of  the  important 
problems  of  the  day  and  shows  how  the  application  of  psy- 
chological principles  will  help  in  their  solving.  Some  of 
the  problems  discussed  are:  Women  and  the  Jury  System, 
Investors  and  Wild  Cat  Schemes,  Publicity  and  the  Se.x 
Problem,  etc. 

Second  Large  Printing       Net  $1.25 

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PENROD 

By  Booth  Tarkington 

Author  of  "Monsieur  Beaucaire,"  "The  Gentleman 
from  Indiana,"  etc. 

If  you  ever  were  a  boy,  or  had  one,  or  if  you  remember 
your  scalawag  brother  in  those  days  when  his  last  pair  of 
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ploits of  the  unregenerate  Penrod  will  recall  some  of  the 
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haps, like  Penrod,  the  young  scion  of  your  house  indulged 
in  tar-fighting,  or  blood-curdling  literary  endeavors  in  the 
seclusion  of  the  barn.  Perhaps — but  why  go  on?  Penrod 
is  all  boy  and  a  yard  wide.  When  a  boy  is  a  real  boy  there's 
nothing  under  heaven  in  his  class. 

Illustrated,  Net  $1.25 


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Gentlemen:  Please  send  me  the  follow- 
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The  Twenty-Fourth  of  June Crowds    

Psychology  and  Social  Sanity Per  rod    


Name   . . 
.\ddress 


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MASSACHUSETTS 


SEA 
PINES 


HOME   SCHOOL    FOR    GIRLS 


Distinctively  Devoted  to  Developing  Personedities 

Genuine  happy  home  life;  personal  attention  and  care.  Growing  girls  inspired  by  wholesome  and 
beautiful  ideals  of  useful  womanhood.  The  Cape  climate  is  exceptionally  favorable  for  an  out- 
door life,  which  we  make  attractive  and  refining.  One  hundred  acres;  pine  groves  looo  feet  of  sea- 
shore, ponies.  Hygiene  and  morals  are  observed  especially  for  results  in  health,  character  and 
education.  Gymnastics,  Music.  Handiwork,  Domestic  Arts.  French,  German,  Spanish  —  native 
teachers.  All  branches  of  study  under  patient  and  enthusiastic  instructors.  Address: 
Iter.  Thomas  Rickford,  MisA  Faith  Itiokford,  Principals,  P.  O.  Box  X,  Brewster,  €apeCod,  Mass. 


Massachusetts,  Boston,  815  Boylston  Street. 

The  DeMeritte  School 

Offers  exceptional  opportunities  for   boys  and  young 
men  of  character  and  ability  to  prepare   for   college 
or  the  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology. 
Address 

Edwin  DeMeritte 

Massachusetts,  West  Newton. 

Allen  School  for  Boys 

Where  boys  are  made  self-reliant.  6i!nd  year.  Modem 
e<iutpinent.  Preparation  for  collej^e  or  scientific  school. 
Manual  training.  Athletic  fields.  Swimming;  pool.  Sepa. 
rate  school  for  yount;  boys.  EVERETT  Starr  JONES,  Di- 
rector, HOWAKD  Kkown  CibbS,  Headmaster. 

Massachusetts,  Worcester,  g%  Providence  Street 
Wr^rr <►«+<»*  Ara(4^mtr  FoR  Boys.  All  advanuges  of  a  large 
W  OrCeSICr  rVCaOeiny  school.  Master  teachers.  Comprehen. 
live  equipment :  lo  buildin^js,  22  acres.  Gymnasium.  "  Megaron,"  a  noble 
recreation  hall.  Swimming  pool.  Splendid  athletic  field.  Quarter-mile 
track,  »20  yards  straight-away.     8ist  year.     Catalogue. 

D.  W.  Aberckombih,  LL.D.,  Priuci|>al. 

Massachusetts,  Wilbrabam,  Box  290. 

Wilbraham  Academy 

A  school  which  fits  boys  for  useful,  sane  and  successful  living 
and  gives  thorough  preparation  for  college  work. 

Gavlord  W.  Douglass,  Headmaster. 

Massachusetts,  Concord. 
^t  AnArc-aT*ti  ^hnol  Preparation  for  all  colleges  and 
01.  .ft.nOreW  S  OCnOOl  scientific  schools.  Fine  equipment. 
Extensive  ground.s  and  woodlands.  Tennis  courts,  athletic  fields, 
board  tracks,  canoeing.  Offers  exceptional  opportunities.  Illustrated 
booklet.  ROGER  E.  E.  CLAl'P,  Headmaster,  Box  W. 

.Massachusetts,  Billerica.    (jo  miles  from  Boston.) 

The  Mitchell  Military  Boys  School 

h'uT  boys  from   eight  to  sixteen.     A  country  school  with  every 
modern  equipment.     Booklet  upon  request. 

Alexander  H.  Mitchell,  Princip;il.   Box  W. 

Massachusetts,  lioston,  565  Boylston  St.   (Copley  Sq  ) 

Chaoncy  Hall  School 

Established  iH-^H.     Prepares  lK>ys  exclusively  lor 

MASSACHUSETTS  INSTITUTE  OF  Ti;CHN(>I.O(,V 
and  other  scientific  schools.     Every  teacher  a  speti.illst. 

FRANKLIN  T.  Kt'KT,   Principal. 


Massachusetts,  Bradford. 

Bradford  Academy  for  Yowngf  Women 

112th  year  opens  Sept.  i6th.     Thirty  miles  from  Boston. 
Address  the  Principal, 

Miss  Laura  A.  Knott.  A.  M. 

Massachusetts,  Boston,  Box  W.  4  Arlington  Street. 

Miss  McCIintock's  School  for  Girls 

A  combination  of  city  and  country  life.     Arts  and  Crafts.    Native 
teachers  in  languages.    Resident  and  day  pupils.     All  athletics. 
Miss  Mary  Law  McClintock,  Principal. 

Massachusetts,  Boston,  Huntington  Chambers. 

Emerson  College  of  Oratory 

Largest  School  of  Oratory.  Literature  and  Pedagogy 
in  America.  Summer  Sessions.  34th  year  opens  Sept. 
22d.     Address  Harry   Seymour   Ross,  Dean. 

Massachusetts,  Andover. 

Abbot  Academy 

A  SCHOOL  FOR  GIRLS  Founded  1828 

23  miles  from  Boston.  General  course  with  Household  Science. 
College  Preparation.      Address  Miss  Bertha  Bailey,  Principal. 

Massachusetts,  Natick. 

Walnut  Hill  School 

A  College  Preparatory  School  for  Girls.  Seventeen  miles  from 
Boston.  Forty  Acres.  Athletic  Fields.  Five  Buildings.  Gym- 
nasium. Miss  Conant,  Miss  Bigelow,  Principals. 


Massachusetts,  PittsfielH. 

Miss  Hall's  School 

for  Girls 

Miss  Mika  H.  Hall,  PrincipaL 

Massachusetts,  Barre. 

Elm  Hill 

A  Private  Home  and  (School  for  Fceble-Mlnded  Youth. 

Skillful  and  allii  tionnte  (are.  Invigorating  air.  z5u-a(  re  farm.  Home 
dairy.  All  nirxicm  <  ()n\<Miiences.  Personal  cnnipanionship.  Health, 
happiness,  tffi.  im.  y.     (>6th  ycir.         Address  GKcjKC.K  A.  HKoWN,  M.  D. 


*l,,_,r„„|-^j  (JKOItUK    W.    <<IIAI>WirK.     nircotor. 

P|eW|IM|lanQ       -  Tho  l,nrt-i»i  and  Itint  Kquli.p.d  .Srhoul  of  MH.Ie. 

^Qu^£pYyVTORy  I'r.ictical  and  theoretical  instruction   with  highly 

OF  MUSIC 


Boston,  Mass. 


eflicicnt  teachers.     Free  Concerts  and    Lecture 
Courses.     For  particulars  and  year  book,  address 
RALPH  L.  FLANDBKS,  Manager. 


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DIRECTORY     OF     SCHOOLS 


NEIV  YORK 


Riverview   Academy 

has  had  a  national  reputation  for  more  than  three-quarters 
of  a  century  for  success  in  fitting  boys  for  college  —  and  for 
life.  INDIVIDUAL  TRAINING  for  younger  boys  and  for  back- 
ward students  who  need  to  be  interested,  encouraged,  taught  how 
to  study,  and  rna.le  self-reliant.  TUTOKIN(;  and  COACHING  for  "cod. 
ditions"  and  for  those  who  make  unsatisfactory  progress  under  a  rigid  class 
organization.  ^U/  acixc/rmic  studies  are  lauj;ht  iiith  Jintshin^  courses  m 
yoCA  TIONAl.  STUDIHS.  Required  recreation  nnd  exercise  atford  scientific 
course  in  physic.il  culture,  developing  health  and  strength.  The  buildings  are 
Situated  on  a  commanding  lull  overlooking  the  Hudson.  Comfortably  furnished 
dormitories,  sunny,  attractive  recitation  and  study  rooms,  large,  expensively 
equipped  gymnasium,  fine  athletic  field,  all  games  and  si>orts.  The  in- 
struction is  thoro,  the  equipment  modern,  the  associ.itinns  pleasant  and 
refined,  the  cost  moderate.  |>&00  covers  e-xpcnses  for  board  and 
tuition  for  academic  year.  Exceptional  opixiriuniiics  for  self-help 
t*  capable  young  men  of  high  character.  Fall  term  befflns  8ept. 
Ifith.     For  catalogue  address 

CLEMENT  C.  GAINES,  M.A.,  LL.D.,  Box  704, 

Riverview    A  cademy 

Poughkeepsie,  New  York. 

St.  Paul's  School 

Healthfully  located  in  beautiful  Garden  City,  Long  Island,  i8  miles 
from  New  York.  Buildings  completely  equipped.  Gymnasium, 
swimming  pool,  fine  athletic  fields.  Prepares  for  any  college  or 
scientific  school.  Competent  master  at  the  head  of  each  department. 

A  Lower  School  for  Younger  Boys 

For  information  and  Catalog  address 
WALTER  R.  MARSH,  Headmaster,  Box  25.  Garden  City.  L.  I. 

New   York,  Ossining-on-Hudson.  too  years  old  in  June. 

Mount  Pleasant  Academy  I'^rZl^l  ""'ll'slnes"". 

Rationalized  military  system.  Manual  training.  Mount  Pleasant  Hall 
is  for  boys  under  13.  Summer  Camp  in  the  Berkshires,  under  Mr.  Brusic's 
personal  charge,  for  young  boys  under  15.     Send  for  catalogue. 

CHARLES  Frederick  Bkusie.  Box  506. 

New  York,  Monroe,  (formerly  at  Dobbs  Ferry). 

Mackenzie  School 

On  Lake  Walton,  50  miles  froiu  New  York.  1000  feet  elevation  in  upper  Ram. 
apo  region  in  famous  Orange  County.  9  new  buildings.  Extensive  property 
for  all  land  and  water  sports.  Unusual  record  in  recent  preparation  of  200 
graduates  for  highest  l-.ngineering  .ind  Academic  Institutions. 

New  York,  Ossining-on-Hudson. 

Qx  Ti-wt»«'*  Q/>U<"kAf  ^'^^  MANI.Y  BOYS,  Special  opportunities 
OX»  JOmi  S  OCDQOl  for  quick  college  preparation.  Military  drill. 
Parental  discipline.  Gymnasium,  swimming  pool.  Athletic  field.  Manly 
sports  encouraged,  yunior  Hail,  a  separate  school  for  boys  under  13. 
Summer  Session.     Catalogue. 

REV.  W.  A.  Ranney.  a.  M..  Pd.  B..  Principal. 


H 


,rt-.^---g^.--^  >v!-,'--uW  '^.y-t-y^i-i^-^^A 


ascadilh 


Cascadilla  has  a  40- years* 
reputation  for  the  achieve- 
ments of  its  graduates  in 
college  and  business.  It  is 
admirably  located  on  Lake 
Cayuga,  near  Cornell,  and 
offers  unsurpassed  oppor. 
tunities  for  both  mental  and 
physical  development.  At- 
tendance limit  125.  Small 
classes.  Certificate  privilege. 
Recreation  building.  athletic 
field  and  gymnasium.  Navy  outfit 
of  rowing  machines,  shells,  etc.  Reg- 
istration 191U.14.  from  36  states  and 
X3    foreign   countries. 

Terms.  $675  to  I775.     Catalogue. 

0.  T.  PAESELL.  A.  H..  Principal, 
Ith&ca,  New  York. 


i^^S^Z 


New  York,  Syracuse. 

Rogby  School  for  Boys 

Country  site.  New  dormitory  and  school  buildings. 
Gymnasium  and  swimming  pool.  Small  classes — per- 
sonal attention  for  every  boy.  Strong  faculty.  Sends 
25  boys  to  college  yearly.  Highest  efficiency  at  low- 
est cost.  Home  for  young  boys.  Rates  but  $350 
and  $400. 

Address  Frank  R.  Shkrman.  Director. 

New  York.  Tarrytown-on-Hudson,  Box  C-g. 

Repton  School 

For  the  careful  training  of  a  limited  number  of  young  boys.  Organization, 
buildings,  equipment  and  environment  are  complete  and  up-to-date  in  every 
particular.  The  fees  are  moderate.  Illustrated  Catalogue  and  Book  of  Views 
will  be  forwarded  free  on  request. 

New  York,  Ossining-on-Hudson. 

The  Holbfook  School  for  Boys  belte^i.^'th'^at^. 

logue."  500  ft.  elevation,  commanding  a  4o-mi]e  view  of  the  Hudson. 
30  miles  from  New  York.  Complete  equipment.  All  sports.  College  pre- 
paratory.    Character  references  required.     Catalogue  on  request. 

New  York,  Tarrytown-on-Hudson 

Ifvingf  School  for  Boys  ^"tifu.h^t^ic-i^ing-co'i^try' 

77th  year.  23  years  under  present  Head  Master.  New  site  and  buildings  1904. 
Prepares  for  all  colleges  and  technical  schools.  Individual  instruction. 
Athletic  Field.     Swimming  Pool.     New  Gymnasium. 

J.  M.  FURMAN,  a.  M.,  Head  Master,  Box  914 


MANLIUS    SCHOOLS 

MOST  successful  application  of  the  military  principle  to  preparation  for  college,  technical  school  or  busi- 
ness. ST.  JOHN'S  SCHOOL— College  and  Business  Preparatory.  Beneficial  military  training.  For 
ten  years  ranked  by  U.  S.  Government  as  "Distinguished  Institution,"  the  supreme  honor  granted. 
VERBECK    HALL  —  Separate   school   for  boys   from   8   to    14   years.     SUMMER    SESSION. 

For  Catalogue  Address 
WM.  VERBECK,  President,  Box  W,  Manlius,  New  York 


Best  books  for  your  wants;     Ask  for 
selections    bv    The   Readers'   Service. 


TENNESSEE 


Tennessee,  Nashville. 

Ward-Belmont 

Union  of  Belmont  College  (25th  year)  and  Ward  Seminary  (50th  year).  Opens 
Sept.  24th  in  half-million.dollar  plant.  12  schools.  Academic.  College 
Preparatory,  Music.  Art.  Hxpression.  Domestic  Science,  Physical  Education. 
Apply  early.     Registration  limited,    Jennik  B.  Masson.  Registrar. 


PEEKSKILL  ACADEMY 

83rd    year.        College    Preparatory    and    Business 
Courses.     Junior  School. 

Peekskill,  New  York. 


Miss  C.  E.  Mason's 


Suburban  School  for  Girb. 

"The  Castle," 

Tarrytown-on-Hudson,  N.  Y. 

Only  40  minutes  from  N.  Y.  City. 
Upper  School  for  girls  13  to  25;  Lower 
School  for  girls  7  to  i-?.  AH  departments, 
including  vocational.  Special  courses 
in  Art.  Music.  Literature.  Languages. 
Certificate  admits  to  leading  colleges. 
F.uropean  travel  class.  Illustrated  cat- 
alog. 

niu  C.  E.«aMB,  LL.  ■.,  Lock  Box  70S. 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Wore 


DIRECTORY     OF     SCHOOLS 


PENNSYLVANIA 


MILrlttAFOrCO] 

Our  mil- ^=^  Chester,  Pa. 


1  t  a  r  y 
training 
is  an  effi- 
rient  means 
of  education 
which  results 


52  years  of  success  in  prepar 
ing  boys  for  their  life  work 
Degrees  granted  in  Civil  Engi- 
neering, Cheniistr>',  and  Arts. 
Four  years'    College    Course 
for  boys  who  have  had  two 
years  of  high  school  work 
its  equivalent.     A  one 


t 


in  physical 
fitness,  mental 
equipoise    and 
moral    balance 
Infantry,  caval- 
ry and  artillery. 


year  preparatory  course 
if    needed.     For    cata- 
:ue   and    details 
address 

Colonel 

Chas.  E.  Hyatt 


JNIilitary 
duties 
are  not 
permitted 
o  inter- 
fere with 
studies.  The 
classes  are 
small,  and  are 
conducted  by 
experts.  The 
;  ability  to  handle  men 
/in  business  charac- 
J  terizes  our  graduates 


NEW  JERSEY 


L^ 


Bordentown 

Military  Institute 

Bordentown-on-the-Delaware,  N.   J. 
30th  Year 

Purpose:  Our  purpose  is  the  individual  de- 
velopment of  a  boy's  character  and  scholar- 
ship for  the  work  of  the  world  in  college, 
scientific  school  or  business. 
Faculty  :  A  large,  sympathetic,  and  efTicient 
body  of  experienced  instructors. 
Instruction  :  Thorough  in  method  and  re- 
<;ult,  but  flexible  enough  to  suit  the  individual 
needs  of  each  boy. 

Location:  Healthful  location  on  the  Dela- 
ware, midway  between  Philadelphia  and  New 
Vork.  No  malaria.  Remarkable  health  record. 
School  Life  :  High  standard  of  social  and 
moral  student  life.  Supervised  athletics, 
wholesome  food,  carefully  regulated  daily  pro- 
gram of  work  and  recreation,  and  partial 
student  government  in  military  organization 
and  drill  produce  sound  bodies,  capable 
minds  and  cheerful  dispositions.  ^ 

For  catalogue,  address  W^ 

Kev.  T.  II.  Landon,  A.M.,  D.  D..  Principal  ^  ^ 
Col.  T.  D.  Landon  ^  .-^■■ 

^  Commandant       / 

4.V  .« ,  / 


(i 


KISKIMINETAS    SPRINGS 
SCHOOL  FOR  BOYS  stuf^dan^Si^ 

work  adapted 
to  his  needs.  Character  developed  along  positive  lines.  Known  and 
indorsed  by  every  American  University.  Broad  business  courses  for 
boys  not  going  to  collesie.  Two  beautiful  new  dormitories  and  136 
acres  of  land  have  just  been  added  to  equipment.  Opens  27th  year, 
under  same  management,  September  22,  1914.  Write  for  catalog. 
KISKIMINETAS  SPRINGS  SCHOOL,  Dept.  14,  Saltsburg.  Pa. 

Pennsylvania,  Factoryville,  Box  D. 

Keystone  Academy 

High-grade  boarding  school  for  boys. 
Prepares  for  all  colleges  and  business, 
for  catalogue. 


Mountainous    location 

Yearly  rate  $300.     Send 

B.  F.  Thomas,  Prin. 


Pennsylvania,  Chestnut  Hill 

Chestnut  Hill  Academy  Vc^ToX'^u^lsVAttll 

standard  of  scholarship,  the  attractive  and  healthful  location,  in  the  elevated 
country  north  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  unsurpassed  equipment  for  physical 
training  are  some  of  the  features  which  commend  this  school  to  parents  and 
boys.  Catalogue.  J.  L.  PATTERSON,  Head  Master. 

Pennsylvania,  Mercersburg. 

Mercersbufg  Academy  ?n'?'^^rS°S'a1fl;?^;^'t\.T|e°'^r 

business.     Under  Christian  masters  from  the  great  universities.     Located  in 
the  Cumberland  Valley,  one  of  the  most  picturesque  spots  of  America.     New 
gymnasium.      Equipment  modern.     Write   for  catalog.     Address   Box   io6. 
William  Mann  Irvine,  LL.D.,  Headmaster 

Fennsvlvania,  Hollidaysburg. 

Miss  Cowles'  School  (Highland  Hall)   l?i^s 

Emma  Milton  Cowles,  A.  B.,  Head  of  School.  Prepares  for  all  colleges. 
Certificate  privileijes.  Strong  general  course.  Music.  Art  and  Domestic 
Science.  Healthful  location.  Gymnasium.  Swimming  Pool  and  Sleeping 
Porch.   Resident  Physical  Director.  For  catalogue  address  Thb  SBCRETARY. 

Pennsylvania,  Tenkintown,  Box  407. 

'a^^^U^.^^A  C-U^M  FOR  YOUNG  WOMEN.  A  Cultural 
OeeCnWOOO  OCnOOl  and  Practical  School.  Fits  for  any  voca- 
tion. College  Preparatory;  College  Departments:  Conservatory  of  Music;  Art, 
Arts  and  Crafts,  Oratory.  Domestic  Arts  and  Sciences,  Secretaryship,  Nor- 
mal Gymnastics,  Normal  Kindergarden.     Swimming  pool. 

M.  H.  Reaser,  Ph.  D..  President. 


NEW  JERSEY 


New  Jersey,  Wenonah,  Box  406,  (12  miles  from  Philadelphia). 

Wenonah  Military  Academy 

Prepares  for  college  or  business,  in  town  without  factories  or  saloons.  U.  S. 
Army  Officer  detailed.    Sftcial  Sciioot /or  yuniors.   Catalog. 

Dr.  C.  H.  Lorence,  Pres. 

Clayton  a.  Snyder,  Ph.  B.,  SUPT. 

New  Jersey,  Montclair. 

Montclair  Academy 

For  Boys.  Orange  Mountains.  Correspondence  or,  better,  a  personal  visit 
invited  from  those  desiring  the  best.  Booklet.  "Your  Boy  and  Our  School" 
will  interest  jou,  no  matter  w  here  your  boy  is  educated.     Address 

John  G.  MAC\'ICAR,  Headmaster,  Box  62 

New  Jersey,  Essex  Fells. 

Kingsley  School  for  Boys 

In  the  New  Jersey  hills,  22  miles  from  New  York.  Prepares  for  all  colleges 
and  scientific  schools.  Individual  attention  in  small  classes.  Separate  residence 
for  younger  bovs.  Gymnasium  and  extensive  grounds  tor  athletics  and  sports. 
For  catalogue  address  J.  R.  CAMPBELL.  M.A.,  Heailmasler,  Box  33. 

New  Jersey,  Morristown. 

1l7r_       '-i— C<.t.^.«.(    College  Preparatory   Boarding   School  for 

Morristown  OCnOOl  Boys  Small  classes;  partial  self-govern- 
iiicnt.  Supervised  sports  ;  new  gymn.asium.  Lower  School.  Advisory  Board 
—  I'risident  Ilibbrn.  Princet  n  ;  Dean  Hurlbut,  Harvard;  Dean  Frederick 
S.  loncs.  Vale;  Dean  Kciipcl,  Columbia;  President  Pritchett,  Carnegie 
Foundation. 


r 


Freehold 

Military 

School 

For  Boys  7  to  13 

^  Rate*  $450  to  $500 


"  Military,  but  Not  Reformatory  " 
TWO    DISTINCT     SCHOOLS 


New  Jersey 

Military 

Academy 

For  Older  Boys 

Rates  $475  to  $550 


The  Readers'  Service  is  prepared  to  advise  parents  about  schools 


DIRECTORY     OF     SCHOOLS 


NEW  JERSEY 


Peddie  educates  the  boy  on  all  sides 


Education  consists  not  wlioUy  of  "book  lore."  Cul- 
tured morals,  mental  ability  and  physical  fitness  are 
of  far  greater  value  in  life's  undertaking.  These  are 
the  traits  that  Peddie  seeks  to  develop  in  the  boy 
through  its  wholesome  environment,  selected  faculty 
and  extensive  athletic  equipment. 

There  is  a  6o-acre  campus,  lake,  cinder  track,  base- 
ball and  football  fields, 
gymnasium,  swimming 
pool — in  short,  just  every 
sort  of  athletic  encourage- 
ment to  gladden  the  heart 
of  any  young  Americarv. 
All  of  the  260  boys  receive 
individual  training — scien- 
tifically determined. 

Peddie  graduates  are 
remarkably  prominent  in 
scholastic  and  athletic  life 
at  their  various  colleges. 
All  colleges  admitting  on 
certificate  welcome  Peddie 
graduates  without  exami- 
nation. 

How  Peddie  ranks  as  an 
educational    institution  is 


evidenced  by  Woodrow  Wilson,  who  said:  "These 
quiet  schools,  into  which  so  much  devotion  and  un- 
heralded work  go,  certainly  sustain  the  education  of 
the  country,  and  supply  the  universities  with  some  of 
the  most  useful  material  they  get.  We  hold  Peddie 
Institute  in  high  esteem  here  at  Princeton." 

Peddie  is  an  endowed  school  and  so  gives  more 
than  its  low  tuition  rates 
of  J?4SO  to  ^550  would  sig- 
nify. Students  are  in- 
structed in  public  speak- 
ing, debating  and  music 
without  extra  charge.  The 
equipment  includes  fire- 
proof dormitories,  labora- 
tories,library, observatory, 
etc.  Theschoolislocated  at 
Hightstown,  New  Jersey — 
9  miles  from  Princeton,  on 
the  Pennsylvania  R.  R., 
between  Phila.  and  N.  Y. 
Lower  School  for  boys 
of  1 1  to  14  years.  Address 
Roger  W.  Swetland,  Head- 
master, Box  9-D,  for  cat- 
alog and  booklets. 


VIRGINIA 


Virginia,  Staunton. 

Mary  Baldwin  Seminary  for  young  ladies 

Opens  Sept.  loth,  1914.  In  Shenandoah  Valley  of  Virffini*.  Unsurpassed 
climate,  beautiful  grounds,  modem  appointments.  Students  the  past  session 
from  35  States.  Terms  Moderate.  Pupils  enter  any  time.  Send  for  cata- 
logue. Miss  E.  C.  .WEIMAR,  Principal. 

Virginia,  Buena  Vista. 

Southern  Seminary  for  Girls   and   Yoong 

TJT^^^  48th  year.     In  Blue  Ridge  Mts..  famous  Valley  of  Va.  near 

W  omen*  Natural  Bridge.  Rare  health  record.  Home  life.  College 
Preparatorj-  with  certificate  privilege.  Finishing,  Music,  Pipe  Organ,  Domes- 
tic Science.  Business,  etc.  Students  from  e\-ery  section  of  U.  S.  and  outside. 
Recommended  by  Bishop  J.  H.  Vincent.     Rate  $295.     Box  941. 

Virginia,  Staunton. 

Ci-.^-i.     M-lt  FORMERLY  THE    VIRGINIA 

OXUarX     riail  female   institute.     Founded  1843- 

A  Church  School  for  Girls  in  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains.  College  preparation 
or  general  courses  with  diploma.  Special  advantages  in  music  and  art.  Gym- 
nasium and  field  sports.     Catalogue  and  views  on  request. 

Maria  Pendleton  Duval,  Principal. 

Virginia,  Sweet  Briar. 

Sweet  Briar  College  ^  cmugr/or  tvomm. 

a  four  years"  collegiate  course  leads  to  the  A.  B.  degree.  A  sub-freshman 
course  prepares  for  college.  Located  in  the  Piedmont  section  of  Virginia. 
Catalogue  and  views  sent  on  application. 

Dr.  Maky  K.  Benedict,  President.     Box  IP4- 


CALIFORNIA 


California,  Belmont. 

Belmont  School  for  Boys 

21  miles  south  of  San  Francisco.      Prepares  for  College.      General 
and  elective  courses.     Address  Secretary  Dep't  D 

Care  W.  T.  Reid 


Virginia,  Hollins,  Box  311. 

T4»f(;«f.    Cr<ttocri>  ^'^'^  yoxrSO  WOMEN 

rTOllinS  V^iOliege  Founded  1842.  College  course  (four  years);  col- 
lege Preparatory  (two  years);  Music,  Art,  etc.  On  an  estate  of  700  acres  m 
Valley  of  Virginia,  7  miles  north  of  Roanoke.  Brick  buildings  e<iuipped  for 
35  otiicers  and  teachers  and  250  students.     For  catalogue  address 

Miss  Matty  L.  Cocke,  President. 

Virginia,  Manassas  (The  Battlefield  City). 

t  ^  _•___  /^— ft--,-  Co-educational.  30  miles  from  Washington,  D.  C, 
HaStern  V-iOliegC  Mt.  Vemon  and  Arlington.  A  20th  Century  Col 
lege.  Fine  new  buildings.  Degree  courses  in  Arts,  Science.  Literature, 
Pedagogy,  Music,  Erpression,  Commerce  and  Domestic  Science.  Also 
Aca<leniy  for  boys  and  girls.  Health  record  unsurpassed.  $275  a  year. 
Opens  Sept.  29th.  DR.  Hervin  U.  ROOP,  Pres.,  Box  H. 


Staunton  Military  Academy 

An  Ideal  Home  School  for  Manly  Boys 

^fc  Bovs/rom  4S  Stalls  last  session.  Largest 
\.tte  Academy  in  the  Vnited States.  Boys 
'>n  10  to  JO  years  old  prepared  /or  tht 
niversities.   Government  Academies  or 

Jinsiness. 

1.600    feet    above    sea-level;    pure,    dry. 
bracing    mountain    air    of    the     famous 
Shenandoah  Valley.  Pure  mineral  spring 
waters.     Militan,'    training    develops 
obedience,  health  and  manly   carriage. 
Fine,   shady  lawns,  gymnasium,  swim- 
ming   pool    and     athletic    park.     Daily 
drills.     Boys    from   homes  of  refinement 
only    desired.      Personal    individual    in- 
struction   by    our    tutorial    ay  stem. 
.Voademr    fifty-four  years  old.      New 
:   ..xx)  barracks,   full  equipment,  absolutely 
r.'of.      Charges,    $360.      Handsome     cata- 
iVee.     Address 

Colonel  Wm.  G.  Kable,  Ph.  D.,    Principal,  Staunton,  Va. 


The  Readers'  Service  is  prepared  to  advise  parents  about  schools 


DIRECTORY     OF     SCHOOLS 


CONNECTICUT 


Stamford      Preparatory      School 

We  not  only  teach  our  boys— we  live  with  them. 
An  ideal  home  on  the  Cottage  plan.  Only  6  boys  of  the 
highest  character  in  each  house.  Certificate  privilege- 
All  athletics.  Catalogue.  ALFRED  C.  ROBJENT.  Director, 
Stamford.  Conn.,  50  minutes  from  New  Yoik  City. 


CoN'NECTicrT,  Cornwall.     Box  I. 

Romsey  Hall 

In  the  Litchfield  HUls. 

Young  boys  prepared  for  secondary  schools. 

Athletics  under  supervision.     Address 

Louis  H.  Schutte,  M.A.,  Headmaster. 

CoNNEcTiCDT,  Brookfield  Center. 

The  Curtis  School  for  Young:  Boys  C^J't',^ 

New  York.  In  the  country,  so  acres.  .'Mhletic  field.  New  gym- 
nasium. 4  buildings.  Separate  room  for  each  boy.  Terms  $700. 
Booklet.  Frederick  S.  Curtis,  Principal. 

Connecticut,  New  Milford,  Litchfield  Co. 

IngUside  School  for  Girls 

The  Misses  Tewksburv,  Principals. 


Connecticut,  Waterburj'. 

Saint  Margaret^s  School 

College  entrance  certificate.  General  Courses.  Household  arts  and  crafts- 
40th  year.  G>ninasium.  Happy  spirit  of  good  fellowship  between  teachei 
and  pupil,    bo-acre  school  farm. 

Miss  Emily  G.\rdner  Munro,  A.  M.,  Principal. 

Connecticut,  Greenwich,  Ely  Court. 

The  Ely  School 

For  Girls.     In  the  country.      One  hour  from  New  York  City. 
Certificates    to    Vassar    and    the    New    England     Colleges. 

Connecticut,  New  Haven.    St.  Ronan  Terrace. 


The  Gateway 


.\  School  for  Girls  of  all  ages. 
Terms  $800.  Miss  AucE  E.  Reynolds,  Principal 


A  Million  Readers  for  War  and  Waste. 

"  I  want  a  million  people  to  know  that  it  costs  as  much 
to  build  a  battleship  as  a  university.  Then  maybe  a  lucid  in- 
terval will  interpose  itself  amidst  our  militarist  mania." — 
BouckWhite.  War  and  Waste,  by  David  Starr  Jordan.  Net, $1.25. 


Ridgef  ield  School  for  Boys 

50  miles  frorn  New  York,  in  the  highlands  of  the  Berkshires — ii.";  acres. 
Lake,  one  mile  in  length,  provides  all  water  sports.  Athletic  fields,  gym- 
nasium, new  buildings.  College  certificate  privileges.  The  limited  num- 
ber of  boys  gives  each  student  individual  attention.     Address 

ROLAND  J.  MULFORD,  Ph.  D.,  Headmaster,  Ridgefield,  Connecticut 


MARYLAND 


Maryland,  Lutherville,  Box  K. 

J853— Maryland  College  for  Women- 

Baltimore  suburbs.  Magnificent  new  tireproof  buildings.  Large  campus. 
Domestic  Science  and  Arts.  Full  musical  equijiment ,  pipe  organ.  For  High 
School  graduates,  two  and  three  year  courses.  Degrees  arc  conferred. 
Non-sectarian.    Charles  Wesley  Gallagher,  D.  D..  President. 


J9I4 


ayi|iiiii|iiiiiiiii|i|i|iii|i|i|i|i|iii|iiiiiini|i|i|inHi'iiiHii4HiiHNiHiii|'inipii|ipini|i|i|i|iiqHi|qi^ 


Wot  tE^ome  ^cl)ool 

The    Most   Highly    Endowed 
Preparatory  School  in  America 

— where  the  highest  standards  of  scholar- 
ship and  character  are  maintained 

— where  an  unusually  extensive  and    thor- 
ough course  of  study  is  offered 

— where    the    most   generous   provision    is 
made  for  the  phj'sical  fitness  and  welfare 
of  students. 
20  buildings,  175  acres,  g-hole  golf  course, 

5    athletic    fields,    swimming    pool,   balling 

cage,  {  mile  track  and  tennis  tourts. 
A.  completely  equipped  Lower 
School  for  Little  Boys 

Send  for  illuslrakd  prospectus 

THOMAS  STOCKHAM  BAKER.  Ph.D. 

Port  Deposit,  Md. 


jUIi 


tsi 


VERMONT 


Vermont,  Saxtons  River. 

The  Vermont  Academy  for  Boys 

An  ideal  school  for  wholesome  training  and  thorough  education.  Special 
attention  to  life  in  the  open.  Certificate  to  Colleges.  Lower  school  for 
younger  boys. 

Principal,  George  B.  Lawson,  L.L.,  D.D. 


NEIV  HAMPSHIRE 


Nf.w  Hampshire,  Meriden. 

Kimball  Union  Academy 

A  hi^h  prade  prep.iratory  school  with  a  nunicrate  tuition,  load  year  opens 
Sept.  loth.  High  elevation.  liitht  buildings.  loo  acres.  New  and  separate 
dorinitorics  for  girls  and  boys.  New  gymnasium.  Athletic  field.  School 
farm.  CHAKLHS  Aluen  Tkacy,  Principal. 


MAINE 


Maini:,  I'armington. 

The  Abbott  School  for  Boys 

Emphasizes  Obedience,  Manliness,  Thoroughness,   Achievement 
Tuition  $700. 

George  D.  Church,  M.  A.,  Headmaster. 


OHIO 


Ohio,  Cleveland. 

University  School 

( lur  first  aim  is  to  prepare  boys  for  universities.  Faculty  of  2S:  modern  build- 
ings; in.iTuial  Iraininn;  "gym,"  swimming  |>ool,  7  acre  athletic  field.  For 
Illiistralcd  Catalog  write 

HARRY  A.  PbTKKS,  Principal,  7109  Hough  Avenue. 


The   Readers'   Scr\  ice  is  prepared  to  advise  parents  about  schools 


DIRECTORY     OF     SCHOOLS 


INDIANA 


Military  Training  a  Business  Asset 

For  years  some  of  the  great  nations  of  Europe  have  demonstrated  in  pursuits  of  peace  the  value  of  com- 
pulsory military  training.  They  have  shown  such  marvelous  efficiency  in  business  and  science  as  America 
has  been  unable  to  touch,  because  as  soldiers  their  citizens  have  acquired  alertness,  promptness,  loyalty, 
pride  in  hard  work  —  quaHties  as  vital  to  primacy  in  the  business  mart  as  at  the  front. 

Culver  has  been  conspicuously  successful  in  the  development  of  such  traits.  Her  method  —  military 
training — has  proved  more  effective  than  anything  a  non-military  school  can  offer.  How  sufjerb  she  stands  among  other  military 
schools  can  be  seen  from  the  reports  of  the  U.  S.  War  Dept.  annual  inspections.  Her  equipment  is  unique  even  in  this  day  of 
splendidly  equipped  preparatory  schools.  Her  methods  of  instruction  so  modem  they  are  the  models  of  many  lesser  institutions. 
Culver  trainmg  makes  a  boy  a  leader  in  peace,  an  oflScer  in  war.  Your  son  needs  Culver.  Fall  term  opens  Sept.  23.  Write  for  catalog. 

Address  the  President,  CULVER  MILITARY  ACADEMY,  Culver,  Ind.  (On  Lah  Maxinkuckee) 


Is  this  not  true? 

"A  great  war  is  a  great  defeat.  It  means  ruin  to  the  vic- 
tor as  well  as  to  the  loser."  Read  "War  and  Watte,  " 
by  David  Starr  Jordan,  and  you  will  realize  what  war  means. 
Net,  $1.25. 


DISTRICT  OF  COLUMBIA 


District  of  Columbia,  Washington,  1906  Florida  Ave. 

/^  J.  XJ.«IT    A  School  for  Girls.     Established  1892.     Preparatory 

OUnSlOn    XTAII   and  Academic  Courses.     Two   years  Post-graduate 
and  College  work.   Music,  Art  ^nd  Expression,  liuilding  specially  planned  for 
the  school.  Athletics.     Mrs.  Beverley  R.  Mason,  Principal. 
Miss  E.  M.  Clark.  LL.  A. 


Miss  E.  M.  Clark.  LL.  A.  '  a         •  . 

Miss  Clara  A.  Bentley,  A.  B.  (\'assar)  j  Associate 


National  Park 
Seminary 

For  Girls 

Wattliinirton.  I>.  C.  (Suburbs).  .\ 
junior  college  with  preparatory  de- 
partment and  t\vo  years  of  collegiate 
work.  All  the  attractive  features  of 
the  larjre  and  the  small  school.  Pre- 
pares trirls  for  the  real  business  of  life. 
Specialists  in  Music.  Art,  Elocution, 
Domestic  Science,  Arts  and  Crafts, 
Secretarial  branches.  Library  Meth- 
ods, Business  Law,  Modem  Gym- 
nasium— indoor  and  open-air  sports. 
Bowling,  Swimming,  Kiding.  De- 
mocracy of  life  and  consideration  for 
the  individvial.  Descriptive  illus- 
trated volume  mailed  to  parents 
interested.     Address 

THE  KE(ilSTRlR 

N]|«inniil    i'lirk    Srmlnnrv,    Box    13S 

Kcin-st  (Mill,  Mlinlanil 


MOTOR  CAR  TROUBLE 

Expert  advice  on   automobile    difficulties, 
it  up  to  The  Readers'  Service. 


Put 


If  you  were  to  build  a  school 

especially  for  your  boy  the  chances  are  that 
you  would  like  to  have  him  get  his  edu- 
cation out  in  the  open  country  —  away  from 
the  dangers  of  the  city  —  where  he  would 
come  in  contact  with  the  actual  operations 
of  a  large  and  modern  farm,  with  workshops, 
live  stock,  lakes,  woods,  and  all  the  equip- 
ment necessary  for  thorough  study  and  health- 
ful   sport  —  and    where,    under    the    best 

of  instructors  and  with  the  association  of  clean-minded 
and  clear-cut  boys  from  the  best  of  American  homes, 
he  would  be  fitted  mentally  and  physically  for  early 
entrance  into  American  or  European  universities.  These 
are  some  of  the  advantages  that  Interlaken  offers.  Is 
it  not  just  the  school  for  your  boy?  Write  Eldward 
A.  Rumely,  principal.  Rolling  Prairie,  Indiana,  today. 

Inferlakerb- 

a  school  on  a  fdrm 


In  writing  to  advertisers  please  mention  The  World's  Work 


v-"* 


il  -u 


l\  .11  i^ 


i UJjJ J 


INVESTMENTS 

This  is  a  department  in  which  we  publish  announcements  of 
bankers.  We  investigate  those  who  wish  to  use  our  pages,  and 
the  advertisements  are  supervised  before  acceptance.  We  make 
every  effort  to  accept  only  the  ofiermgs  of  safe  securities  and 
the  announcements  of  responsible  and  reliable  banking  firms. 

The  Readers'  Service  Bureau  of  the  WORLD'S  WORK 
offers  its  service  without  charge  to  all  readers  who  desire 
information  in  regard  to  investments  or  on  any  financial 
subject.      Inquiries    about    insurance  will  also    be   answered. 

Address  Readers'  Service.  The  World's  Work.  11  W.  32d  St..  New  York  City 

INSURANCE 


496. —  Doctor.  Q.  The  general  trend  of  opinion 
in  the  various  financial  articles  in  the  World's  Work 
for  the  last  few  months  as  well  as  published  answers 
to  inquiries  leads  me  to  ask  advice  in  regard  to  my  own 
investment.  I  have  at  present  a  fairly  large  amount 
of  the  preferred  stock  of  the  U.  S.  Steel  Corporation. 
i  am  not  dependent  upon  the  income  from  this  invest- 
ment; nevertheless,  am  very  anxious  for  its  safety, 
especially  as  my  work  gives  me  little  time  to  keep  abreast 
of  the  financial  situation,  the  stock  market,  etc.  My 
brother  also  owns  Steel  preferred,  and  is  almost  en- 
tirely dependent  on  its  income.  We  both  have  consid- 
ered selling  most  of  it  and  investing  in  such  a  way  that 
each  would  have  one  quarter  Steel  preferred;  one  quarter 
or  one  half  farm  mortgages,  and  the  rest  in  municipal 
and  railroad  bonds.  We  would  hope  to  secure  an  aver- 
age yield  on  an  investment  of  this  kind  of  perhaps  ^i%- 
Will  you  kindly  advise  us  whether  the  above  plan  is 
good.  We  are  scarcely  ready  to  sell  the  Steel  preferred 
at  present,  as  we  believe  we  should  get  for  it  a  price 
nearer  115.  Do  you  think  it  risky  to  wait  for  such  a 
price. 

/I.  We  do  not  hesitate  to  express  ourselves  as  being 
most  heartily  in  sympathy  with  your  plan  for  the  diver- 
sification of  your  investment  holdings.  We  feel,  how- 
ever, that  there  is  no  necessity  for  you  to  act  in  the 
matter  in  any  haste.  The  investment  position  of  Steel 
preferred  seems  to  us  to  be  at  least  a  reasonably  satis- 
factory one,  and  we  believe  that  relatively  little  risk 
would  be  involved  in  your  holding  for  the  price  you 
have  in  mind.  But  we  could  not,  of  course,  undertake 
to  predict  within  what  time  the  stock  is  likely  to  reach 
that  market  valuation,  in  view  of  the  fact  that  the 
change  which  you  are  contemplating  is  in  the  nature 
of  a  future,  we  think  it  would  be  advisable  for  us  to  defer 
making  any  definite  su^^gestions  in  regard  to  the  rail- 
road and  municipal  bonds  as  substitutes.  The  market 
for  the  former  class  of  securities,  at  least  as  far  asvthe 
higher  grade  bonds  are  concerned,  is  showing  some 
pretty  definite  signs  of  improvement,  so  that  there  is  a 
possibility  that  if  we  were  to  suggest  specific  issues  now, 
we  might  feel  that  we  should  like  to  revise  our  sugges- 
tion in  the  light  of  market  conditions  prevailing  at  the 
time  you  get  ready  to  buy.  As  a  preparatory  measure 
in  connection  with  your  proposed  investment  in  munic- 
ipals, we  think  it  would  be  a  good  idea  for  you  to  get 
in  direct  personal  touch  now  with  a  few  of  the  respon- 
sible investment  banking  houses  which  specialize  in 
that  type  of  security.  That  is  the  best  way  to  obtain  a 
comprehensive  selection  of  offerings.  A  like  course 
might  be  taken  also,  in  preparation  for  an  intelligent 
selection  of  farm  mortgages. 


4'J" 


Jewellkr.     Q.     release  give  me    information 


or  let  me  know  where  1  can  obtain  it  regarding  the  pre- 
sent value  of  the  following  bonds: 

West  Shore  ist  Mortgage  4's. 

Union  Pacific  ist  Mortgage  &  Land  Grant  4's. 

Atchison,  Topeka  &  Santa  Fe  Gen.  Mortgage  4's 

Wisconsin  Central  ist  &  Gen.  Mortgage  4's. 

Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  ist  &  Ref.  4's. 

Am  1  correct  in  assuming  that  these  bonds  are  as  good 
as  any  railroad  bonds  in  the  United  States? 

.4.  Recent  market  quotations  for  these  bonds  were 
93 1  for  the  West  Shore  4's;  975  for  the  Union  Pacific 
4's;  95!  for  the  Atchison  4's;  88§  for  the  Wisconsin 
Central  4's;  and  74  for  the  Rock  Island  4's.  Compari- 
son of  these  prices  with  thosewhich  prevailed  twoor  three 
years  ago,  will,  of  course,  show  that  the  bonds  have  all 
declined  —  some  of  them  materially.  1  n  most  instances, 
however,  these  declines  have  been  due  to  technical 
market  conditions,  rather  than  to  the  development  of 
any  weakness  in  the  underlying  position  of  the  bonds 
themselves.  The  greatest  decline  is  shown  in  the  price 
of  the  Chicago,  Rock  Island  &  Pacific  Ref.  4's  which 
have  been  adversely  affected  by  the  development  of  a 
serious  condition  of  affairs  in  the  Rock  Island  System  as 
a  whole.  As  you  probably  know,  efforts  are  now  being 
made  to  reorganize  the  System.  One  plan  proposed 
for  this  reorganization,  by  which  it  was  hoped  to  ac- 
complish the  desired  purpose  without  a  receivership, 
has  been  rejected  and  it  is  possible  that  it  may  yet  be 
found  necessary  to  appoint  receivers  for  the  Railway 
Company.  But  even  in  that  event,  we  are  inclined  to 
think  that  few,  if  any,  of  the  Railway  Company's  bonds 
will  have  to  be  disturbed  in  readjusting  the  company's 
finances.  It  now  seems  likely  that,  if  any  of  the  bur- 
dens of  readjustment  have  to  be  carried  by  bondholders, 
they  will  fall  entirely  upon  the  holders  of  the  Debenture 
5's,  which  immediately  follow  the  Refunding  4's.  Two 
of  the  bonds  in  your  list  you  are  perfectly  justified  in 
regarding  as  being  representative  of  the  very  best  of 
that  type  of  investment.  We  refer  to  the  Atchison 
Gen.  Mortgage  4's,  and  the  Union  Pacific  ist  Mortgage 
Si  Land  Grant  4's.  I  he  others  do  not  measure  up  to 
these  in  intrinsic  merit. 

498. —  Emi'irt;.  Q.  I  wish  to  invest  a  small  amount 
where  it  will  earn  more  than  the  ij  to  4  per  cent,  paid 
by  the  savings  banks,  and  at  the  same  time  have  a 
security  that  could  be  readily  converted  into  cash. 
Is  there  a  state  tax  on  stocks  as  well    as   on    bonds? 

//.  One  very  good  way  would  be  to  divide  the 
money  between  good  railroad  bonds  yielding  from 
4.J  to  5  per  cent,  and  the  better  grade  of  public 
utility  bonds  yielding  from  5  to  5.^  percent.  In  New 
York  State  all  stocks  are  exempt  from  the  personal 
property  tax. 


I  N  V  E  S  T  M  E  N  T  S 


Give  Some  Attention 
to  Investments 

Even  though  you  may  be  busily  engaged 
in  your  own  occupation,  we  suggest  that 
you  devote  a  part  of  your  time  to  the  study 
of  investments,  with  the  idea  of  making 
satisfactory  selections  when  dealings  are  re- 
sumed in  the  security  markets.  We  shall 
be  pleased  to  send  you  in  this  connection 
any  of  the  following  investment  literature: 

Circular  738  Describing  Conservative 
Investment  Bonds 

Circular   739    Describing    Over    100 
Issues  of  Listed  Stocks 

Circular    740   Describing   all   of  the 
Principal  Issues  of  Convertible 
Bonds  now  upon  the  market 

Circular    741     Describing    Canadian 
Municipal  and  Provincial  Bonds 

Circular  742  Describing  Public  Util- 
ity Investments  —  16  Issues 


Sp< 


>encer  Trask  &  Co. 

Investment   Securities 

43  Exchange  Place,  New  York 

State  and  James  Streets,  Albany 
50  Congress  Street,  Boston  208  South  La  Salle  Street,  Chicago 

Members   New  York  and  Chicago  Stock  Exchanges 


I1II1I1II1III1I1I1HIIII11 Illllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Illlllllllll lllllllllllllllllllllllllffTi^ 


m. 


Prompt  replies  to  financial  inquiries  from  the  Readers'  Service 


INVESTMENTS 


■M^mmMMmj^MMiu^^^MmmjmLiMiUiUiLimiM^ 


Close  the  Avenue  to  Future  Regret 

An  investment  in  a  first  mortgage  6%  public  utility  corporation 
bond,  ISSUED  UNDER  THE  APPROVAL  OF  THE  PUBLIC 
SERVICE  COMMISSION  OF  THE  STATE  OF  ILLINOIS, 
will  insure  the  buyer  from    any    further    worry    over    his    selection. 

It  is  a  clear  first  lien  at  LESS  THAN  TWO-THIRDS  OF  ACTUAL  CASH  COST  OF 
PROPERTIES — earnings  are  more  than  three  times  ALL  interest  requirements — 
there  are  stringent  sinking  fund  provisions  and  other  excellent  investment  safeguards 

This  is  the  character  of  bond  which  is  appreciated  by  conservative  investors 
—  he  who  invests  for  security,  coupled  with  a  good  income  —  for  these 
attractive  bonds  can  be  obtained  at  lOO  and  interest,  yielding  full  6%. 
And  they  are  payable  without  deduction  for  the  normal  federal  income  tax. 

Read  the  interesting  descriptive  circular — we  shall  be  glad  to  send  protnptly  after  receiving  your  request 

BOWMAN,  COST  &  COMPANY 

Investment  Bankers 

610  Third  National  Bank  Building  St.  Louis,  Missouri 


WiwwwmwmtWf^yfWf^nwfmwfWtimwmwwmfMfW^ 


BANKERS  TRUST  COMPANY,  HOUSTON,  TEXAS  +  BANKERS  TRUST  COMPANY,  HOUSTON,  TEXAS  +  BANKERS  TRUST  COMPANY,  HOUSTON 


Guaranteed  7%  Mortgages 

Security:  Texas  Farm  Lands  and  Improved  City  Property 

The  Bankers  Trust  Company,  Houston,  sells  First  Mortgage  7% 
Real  Estate  Gold  Bonds,  issued  in  denominations  of  ^500.00; 
interest  rate  7%;  secured  by  Texas  farm  lands  and  improved 
city  property  worth  double  the  amount  of  the  loan. 

This  Company  does  not  act  as  broker,  but  all  securities  are  owned 
by  the  Company  before  they  are  offered  for  sale. 

All  principal  and  interest  is  collected  and  remitted  without  charge 
to  the  investor,  when  due. 

Consider  this  offering  and  what  it  means  to  you  to  increase  your 
interest  rate.  Descriptive  booklet,  giving  details,  will  be  fur- 
nished upon  request. 

BANKERS  TRUST  COMPANY 
Houston,  Texas 

Capital  $2,000,000.  Surplus  $600,000. 


BANKERS  TRUST  COMPANY,  HOUSTON,  TEXAS  -f-  BANKERS  TRUST  COMPANY,  nOUSTON,  TEXAS  +  HANKERS  TRUST  COUrANY.  HOUSTON 


Tlic  Readers'  Service  gives  information  about  investments 


INVEST  M  E  N  T  S 


riiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I iiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiii mill I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiw^^^^ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 


b 


Safety  —  in  Times  of  War 

In  times  like  tKese  prudent  investors  desiring  ^vnolly 
safe  securities  naturally  turn  to  mortgages  on  the  land. 

First  mortgages  on  Tvell  locatea,  improved  city  real 
estate  in  tke  United  States,  or  tkeir  more  modem  equiva- 
lent, first  mortgage  real  estate  tonds,  are  investments 
wticli  are  proof  against  all  tke  disquieting  influences 
wkick  a  great  conflict  causes. 

Tkere  is  no  tetter,  sounder  and  more  solid  basis  for  an  investment 
tlian  improved  real  estate.  Tke  land  is  tKe  foundation  and  tne  source 
of  all  value.  It  will  always  te  tkere,  and  alw^ays  be  valuable.  A.  roof 
over  one's  Kead  is  tke  first  necessity  of  life.  First  mortgages  and  first 
mortgage  konds  secured  ky  suck  property  are  ky  tkeir  very  nature  non- 
fluctuating  securities. 

During  tke  32  years  since  tkis  House  was  founded,  the  securities 
w^e  kave  sold  kave  successfully  met  tke  test  of  suck  periods  as  tkat 
tkrougk  wkick  we  are  now  passing.  Tkis  is  attested  ky  tke  fact  tkat 
no  investor  kas  ever  suffered  loss  of  eitker  principal  or  interest  on  any 
security  purckased  of  us. 

Tke  konds  are  in  denominations  of  $100,  $500  and  $1,000,  and 
tke  mortgages  in  amounts  to  $3,000  upward.  Write  for  information, 
indicating  vi^ketker  you  are  ckiefly  interested  in  mortgages  or  bonds,  and 

Ask  for  Circular  No.    535-J. 


S  .W.  Sxra^S  &  Go. 

MORTGAQE  a#BMN  D.jp  AN  KERS 

=  V^c:ToA..g    »■■■■  niMf-jn^     -^^   .,v^   ^ItoNEWALL  STREET?. 

[Sllilllllllllllilllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllliifamt^  CHICAGO     (^<^'TKouTADOiiA,ll>^;     NEW  YORKp/mitf^ 


Ask  the  Readers'  Service  about  your  investments 


INVESTMENTS 


Preparation 

It  is  characteristic  of  the  human 

race  that  a  certain  attitude 

and  sentiment  precede 

all  activity 


^  The  general  improvement  in 
sentiment  and  demand  in  trade 
—  the  present  attitude  of  bank- 
ers, merchants  and  manufac- 
turers and  also  the  administration 
at  Washington — all  are  evidences 
of  the  country-wide  preparation 
for  real  and  substantial  activity. 

^  Within  a  few  months  this  will 
begin  to  be  reflected  in  the  stock 
markets  of  the  country. 

^  Now  is  the  time  to  buy.  High- 
grade  railroad  and  industrial 
securities  can  now  be  obtained 
at  a  much  more  advantageous 
figure  than  six  months  hence. 

^  Large  or  small  investments  will 
receive  equally  prompt,  personal 
attention. 

Let  us  send  you  our  booklets 

''Odd  Lots'' 

''Buying  and  Selling  Foresight'' 

and  "Money  Talks" 


(hJsHOLM  &  ^}VPMAN 

Member.  \  ^""^  York  Stock  Exch.nRe 
(  New  York  Cotton  Exchange 


I 


73  Broadway 


NEW  YORK  CITY 


Municipal  Bonds 

YIELDING  FROM 


TO 


Investment  in  Municipal  Bonds  olTers 
the  utmost  safety  and  you  are  free  from 
the  annoyance  and  expense  of  the  Govern- 
ment Income  Tax.  These  bonds  are  se- 
cured by  the  taxing  power,  wliich  is  prior 
in  lien  to  all  other  debts  encumbering 
property  of  all  kinds. 

These  bonds  are  the  same  as  the 
United  States  Treasury  accepts  as  se- 
curity for  Postal  Savings  Deposits. 

Make  your  savings  just  as  secure  as  the 
Government  makes  its  deposits,  and  in- 
stead of  receiving  2%,  receive  three 
times  as  much  as  the  Government  pays 
you.  Issued  in  denominations  of  $500 
and  $1000.  Write  or  call  for  List  No.  C. 

Continental  Trust  Co. 

246  Fourth  Ave.  Pittsburgh,  Pa. 


*  Subscribers  each  week  receive  thlf  Chart  revised  to  date. 

Effect  of  War 

in  Europe  on  prices  of  com- 
modities, labor  and  invest- 
ments is  constantly  being 
anticipated  for  subscribers 
to  Babson  Reports. 

Eliminate  worry.  Cease  depend- 
ing on  rumors  or  luck.  Work  in 
accordance  with  a  definite  policy 
based    on    fundamental  statistics. 

For  particulars — which  will  be  sent 
trratis— address  Dept.    W-36  of  the 

Babson  Statistical  Organization 

Executive  Uuildiiiti-     Wcllcsley   Hills,  Mas*. 
Largest  Statistical  Organization  of  its  Character  in  U.  S. 


How  to  invest  your  funds  —  ask  the  Readers'  Service 


I  N  V  E  S  T  M  E  N  T  S 


CALIFORNIA 

Street  Improvement 

BONDS 


Are  bonds  issued  by  cities  of  California  to  cover  the  cost  of  paving,  grad- 
ing, curbing,  sewering  or  otherwise  improving  the  city  streets.  These 
bonds,  being  issued  under  the  General  Street  Laws  of  California,  which 
authorizes  the  issuance  of  bonds  by  incorporated  cities  of  California  for 
the  improvement  of  streets,  bear  interest  at  the  rate  of  seven  per  cent  per 
annum,  payable  semi-annually. 


Terms  of  Ten  Years 

Street  Improvement  Bonds  are  a  ten-year  installment 
coupon  bonil.  Interest  is  payaljle  semi-annually,  and  one- 
tenth  of  the  principal  is  payable  each  year.  Both  interest 
and  princijial  payable  at  the  office  of  the  City  Treasurer  of 
the  City  where  issued. 

Denomination 

These  bonds  are  issued  in  various  denominations  from 
%2$  upward,  according  to  the  cost  of  improvements  and 
the  size  of  the  property  covered  by  the  bond.  Bonds  for 
the  ordinary  improvement  covering  a  fifty-foot  lot  run  from 
$5©  to  $200,  governed  by  the  cost  of  the  improvement. 

Coupons 

Each  bond  carries  cou|)ons  representing  semi-annual  in- 
terest due  in  January  and  July,  and  annual  installments  of 
one-tenth  of  the  princijwl,  which  is  due  each  January. 

Security- 
Each  bond  issued  for  street  improvements  is  a  first  lien 
upon  a  specific  piece  of  property  for  its  proportionate  share 
of  the  improvement  for  which  the  bond  is  issued.  These 
assessments  being  comparatively  small,  in  every  instance, 
the  property  against  which  the  bonds  are  issued  is  worth 
many  times  the  amount  of  the  bond. 

Nearly  all  street   improvements  in  progress  are  either 
within  the  business  area  or  the  close-in  residence  districts. 
These  liens  will  average  approximately  from  lo'/i  to  20% 
of  the  value  of  the  property. 

Record  of  Bonds 

A  street  bond  is  a  recorded  lien  against  a  particular  piece 
of  property  which  it  is  issued  to  cover,  and  cannot  be 
avoided  by  the  sale,  mortgaging,  or  otherwise  transferring 
of  the  property. 

First  Liens  Against  Property 

Street  bonds  are  the  first  lien  against  the  property  which 
they  cover,  consequently  take  precedence  over  all  other 
liens  except  taxes,  and  for  that  reason  owners  of  mort- 
gages, judgments,  or  mechanics'  liens  against  property, 
are  as  much  interested  in  the  payment  of  street  improve- 
ment bonds  as  the  owners,  and  are  continually  watching  to 
see  that  payments  are  enforced. 

Non-Taxable 

Under  the  laws  of  California,  street  improvement  bonds 
are  exempt  from  taxation,  including  the  income  tax,  which 
insures  the  investor  a  net  investment.      .AH  properties 


securing  street  bonds    are    carefully   inspected    by    this 
Company. 

City  Enforces  Payment 

In  presenting  coujions  to  the  City  Treasurer  for  payment 
should  there  be  a  default  in  payment  of  interest,  or  any 
installment  of  principal,  the  bond  can  be  delivered  to  the 
City  Treasurer,  the  property  covered  by  bond  is  sold  by 
that  official,  the  bond  as  well  as  the  expense  of  sale  are 
paid  from  the  proceeds.  The  amounts  are  such  a  small 
proportion  of  the  value  of  the  projjcrty,  and  the  terms  of 
payment  so  equitable,  that  a  foreclosure  seldom  occurs. 
These  bonds  are  better  than  a  mortgage,  as  they  are  so 
small  a  proportion  of  the  value  of  the  property  by  which 
they  are  secured. 

The  denominations  indicated,  as  will  be  readily  seen, 
lend  themselves  to  the  investment  of  any  sum  from  $25 
up.  The  bonds  are  often  redeemed  by  property  owners  in 
order  to  clear  their  title  in  effecting  a  sale  or  mortgage, 
consequently  are  a  constant  source  of  profit  to  the  bond 
purchaser,  which  makes  their  investment  better  than  a  /''( 
mvestment.  The  bond  holder  is  obliged  to  release  the  bond, 
and  when  he  does  receives  as  a  bonus  the  amount  of  the 
next  interest  coupon,  and  two  years'  interest  at  7'  ^  on  the 
unpaid  balance  of  the  bond. 

A 1   Investments 

Street  bonds  are  regarded  by  investors  and  financiers  as 
one  of  the  most  profitable  and  safe  investments  in  the  mar- 
ket. They  can  much  more  easily  be  converted  into  cash, 
in  case  of  necessity,  than  can  mortgages,  and  are  always 
good  collateral  upon  which  to  borrow  money. 

Owing  to  the  various  denominations  in  which  the 
bonds  are  issued,  it  makes  it  possible  to  realize  a 
small  amount  of  money  without  disturbing  the 
whole  investment. 

Legal  Status  of  Bonds 

The  [iroceedings  leading  up  to,  and  including,  the  issu- 
ance of  all  bonds  offered  to  investors  by  this  Company  are 
passed  ujHjn  by  Street  Bond  attorneys,  considered  among 
the  best  and  most  competent  in  California. 

We  refer  by  permission  to  First  National  Bank  of  Los 
-Angeles,  Marco  H.  Hellman,  Vice  President  Merchants 
National  Bank  of  Los  .Angeles  and  President  Hellman 
Commercial  Trust  and  Savings  Bank,  of  Los  .Angeles,  Se- 
curity Trust  and  Savings  Bank  of  Los  .Angeles,  Los  .Angeles 
Trust  and  Savings  Bank  of  Los  .Angeles. 

We  very  highly  recommend  street  improvement  bonds  to 
anyone  looking  for  a  safe  and  profitable  investment,  and 
wiil  gladly  furnish  lists  and  full  information  to  anyone 
applying. 


The    Empire    Securities   Company 

Hibernian  BIdg.,  Fourth  and   Spring  Streets 
LOS  ANGELES 

Officers  and  Directore^J.  Allen  Osmun,  President;  President  \\hittier  National  Bank,  President  Whittier  Home  Savings 

iBank.     F.  E.  Thayer,  Vice-President.     A.  H.  Concer,  Secrctan,-.     W.  .A.  Bon"\N(;k,  President  Commercial 

National  Bank.     (i.  E.  Bittinger,  Investment  Securities- 


Full  information  about  any  security  from  the  Readers'  Service 


INVESTMENTS 


F^Q/  Los  Angeles 

m             I       and  Southern  California 
^B           y^^^Street     Improvement 

w      /          Municipal  Gold  Bonds 
Income  Tax   Exempt! 

SECURED   BY   REAL    ESTATE.     The 

appraised  cash  value  of   which   these   bonds 
are   a   first  lien  is  usually  from  five   to   ten 
times  the  amount  of  thelien,  and  the  Supreme 
Court   of   the  United  States  has  ruled  that 
these  Bonds  are  a  prior  lien  to  any  first  mort- 
gage  or    builder's  lien  or  any   other  similar 
Uen,  whether  placed  prior  or  subsequently. 

SAFETY.    These  Bonds  are  purchased  in 
large  quantities  by  the  local  Savings,  State, 
National  Banks  and  Trust  Companies,  as  they 
are  legal  funds  for  trust  estates  in  California. 
We  offer  them  at  par  and  accrued  interest, 
subject  previous  sale. 

Also  offer  High  Grade  First  Mortgages  on 
Improved  Los  Angeles  City  Real  Estate.    50% 
valuation,   7%   interest.     Payable   quarterly 
and   semi-annually.     We   solicit   correspond- 
ence.    Bank  references  supplied. 

ROLAND  BOLGIANO 

Investment  Banker 

803     Union    Oil    Building 

Los  Angeles                                      California 

KvferenrcB:   Dun's  or  Bradstreet's  or  this  magiizinp. 

Seasoned 

Investments 

Netting  S%  to  6% 

First  mortgage  bonds  where  each  origi- 
nal issue  has  been  substantially  reduced 
by  serial  payments,  margin  of  security 
correspondingly   increased    and    bor- 
rower's ability  to  meet  obligations  under 
all   conditions   definitely  proved.      An 
unusually  wide  variety  as  regards  ma- 
turity,  and  location   and   character  of 
security,  enabling  you  to  select  an  in- 
vestment suitable  to  your  own  require- 
ments. 

Ask  for  Circular  No.  862  L. 

PeabodyHonghteling  &Go. 

(Established    1865) 
10  S.  LaSalle  Street                            CHICAGO 

Money  Waiting 

for  the  return   of   prosperity 
should  look  for  absolute  safety, 
integrity     of     principal,    quick 
marketability     and      reasonable 
income. 

Such   characteristics    are   found 
to    perfection    in    these    issues, 
among   others: 

Due         To  net 

Penn.  3^8                     1915    4.50% 
B.  &  0.  4^s                 1915    4.50% 
Del.  &  Hud.  4s              1916    4.50% 
Atch.  Top.  &  S.  F.  5s  1917    4.50% 

Correspondence  invited 

C.  M.  Keys 

35   Nassau  Street,  New  York 

1                        1 

1      Alberta  Mortgages  Will       1 
Increase  Your  Income 

First  mortgages  secured  by   pro- 
ducing Alberta  farms  are  the  safest 
kind  of  investment,  with  an  assured 

■  high  income.     Alberta  is  a  Land  of           1 
1           Golden  Harvests  —  big  crops  make           1 
1           it    easy    for   borrowers    to    pay   6%.           1 

1               Every  mortgage  offered  by  us  has           1 

1            been  personally  investigated — as  to            ' 

the  character  of  applicant  and  actual 

value  of  his  land.      Security  is  3  and 

4  times  the  amount  of  loan. 

We    protect    you  against  loss   by 
H           default     in     interest     or      principal.            H 
I           Titles  are  guaranteed  by  the  Alberta           1 
I           Government.                                                          I 

■  Don't  you  think  the  6%  and  safety                     m 
1                      of  thete  Alberta  farm  mortgage*                       1 

make  it  worth  while  to  seek  more 
specific  information?       Our    free 
booklet,  "Financing    the   Alberta 
Farmer,"    will    give     it     to     you, 

ASSOCIATED    MORTGAGE    INVESTORS 

1                       KinKmanN.  Robins,    Treasurer                       1 

1      ...„..._.       1 

Ask  the  Readers'  Service  about  your  iiiveslmenls 


INVESTMENTS 


True  Economy 

takes  account  of  the  future  as  well  as  the  present.  It  not  only 
puts  a  stop  to  unnecessary  expenditures  but  it  provides  safe  keep- 
ing and  profitable  use  of  the  money  saved. 

You  can  make  safe  and  profitable  use  of  your  funds  by  pur- 
chasing the  6%  Bonds  of  the  American  Real  Estate  Company. 
These  Bonds  are  based  on  real  estate,  the  safest  and  most  stable 
investment  medium. 

The  American  Real  Estate  Company's  holdings  are  in  New 
York  City  and  Yonkers  adjoining  New  York  City  on  the  North. 
They  are  served  by  rapid  transit  lines  and  are  located  in  sections 
which  give  every  reasonable  promise  of  continued  and  substantial 
increase  in  value.  The  Company  has  operated  successfully  in 
this  field  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century,  starting  with  a 
capital  of  $  1 00,000.  It  now  has  a  capital  and  surplus  of  more 
than  $3,000,000. 

Its  Bonds  may  be  purchased  in  two  forms  —  Coupon  and 
Accumulative. 

The  Coupon  Bonds  are  in  denominations  of  $100,  $500, 
$1000,  etc.,  paying  6^0  interest,  payable  semi-annually,  principal 
due  and  payable  in  ten  years. 

The  Accumulative  Bonds  are  issued  in  denominations  of 
$1000  and  upward,  and  are  purchasable  by  instalment  payments 
running  for  10,  1  3  or  20  years.  These  instalment  payments  bear 
interest  at  the  rate  of  6%  compounded  annually,  and  at  maturity 
principal  and  interest  are  paid  in  one  sum — the  face  value  of 
the  Bond. 

Our  printed  matter  clearly  describing  both 
forms  of  Bonds  will  be  sent  at  your  request. 


Founded  1888 

527  Fifth  Avenue 


Capital  and  Surplus  $3,247,789.13 

Room  513  New  York 


Full  intormation  about  any  security  from  the  Readers'  Service 


INVESTMENTS 


Threshing  Out  6% 

for    you     from    the    fertile    lands    of 

Louisiana. 

You  will  be  interested  in  knowing  about 

the  progress  of  the  South  in  scientific 

and  diversified  agriculture. 

SAFETY  FIRST  is  the  plan  on  which 

we  operate    and   you  are    guaranteed 

that  your  interest  and  principal  will  be 

paid  promptly  when  due. 

Our  Booklet  "Down  South"  tells  you 

all  about  investments  in^iooand$5oo 

pieces,  for  cash  or  partial  payments. 

Write  for  Booklet  1131- A 

Mortgage  Securities  (D. 

1    I  CAPITAL  PAID  \y  IN    $600,000.     \/ 

PH.  SAUNDERS.  PRESIDEhT-  LEVERING   MOORE,  ACTIVE  VICE  PRES. 

Whitney- Central  Bldg.   New  Orleans. 


a 


Safe  Investment 

To  persons  with  money  ahead  who 
want  a  profitable  investment  without 
risk  to  their  capital  we  offer  an  excellent 
proposition.     Our 


t 


Georgia  Farm  Loans 

ield  6%  net   and   are  secured   by   First 
ortgages  based  on  two  to  three  times 
the  actual  value  of  the  farms. 

Over  forty  years*  experience  in  the 
valuation  of  improved  farms  and  safe- 
guarding our  customers. 

Write  today  for  booklet  containing 
valuable  information  for  investors. 

Established  1780 

The  Southern  Mortgage  Co. 

Atlanta,   Ga. 


MORTGAGES 

We  offer  our  mortgages  to  you  as  a  sound 
investment,  and  only  after  careful  examination 
of  each  property. 

EIGHT  LIFE  INSURANCE  COMPANIES 
attest  the  soundness  of  these  mortgages  by 
purchasing  in  increasing  volume. 

Our  mortgages  are  placed  on  income-bearing 
properties  only  and  on  a  basis  of  but  40  per 
cent,  of  actual  value. 

Collections  are  made  without  cost  to  investors. 

INTEREST  AND  PRINCIPAL  REMIT- 
TED BEFORE  DUE  DATE  BY  NEW  YORK 
CHECK. 

Twenty-one  years'  experience — never  a  loss 
to  an  investor. 

Reynolds    Mortgage    Company 

R.  B.  BISHOP.  Vice-Pre: 

Fort  Worth  Texas 


BONDS 


Accepted  by  the 
U.  S.  Government 
as    security    for 

Postal   Savings   Bank  Deposits 

Instead    of    the    2%    the      y|  %       .  E^ '/4% 

Postal   Banks  pay,  these     ^IL^      Xt%      m^ 
Bonds    will     yield     from     ^^  ^"^      ^"^ 

Write  for  Booklet  R—"  Koytds  of  Our  Country"— FREE 

New  First  Naf  1  Bank.  Dept.  2,  Columbus.  O. 


Investment  vs. 
Speculation 

To  invest  in  securities  is  to  discount  the 

future. 

The  future   of  a  highly  productive,  well 

located  farm,  is  much  more  certain  than 

that  of  any  business. 

We  offer  you   mortgages  covering    loans 

in   the   most  successful  farming  districts, 

based  on  W/o  (or  less)  of  the  producing 

value  of  the  land. 

These  mortgages  will  net  you  6%. 

Ask  for  Booklet  "E" 

jdrklidm  X,  Ijdil  (ompani 

Milwaukee,  Wisconsin 

Branches 
Portland,  Ore.  Seattle.  Wash.  Superior,  Wis. 

llllllllillllllllllilllllillllllllllMllllllllllllllliMllilllllllllilllllllllillM 


Mow  to  invest  your  funds  —  ask  the  Readers'  Service 


INVESTMENTS 


First  Mortgages 
Security —  Stability —  Income 

It  is  pretty  safe  for  the  individual 
investor  to  follow  the  lead  of  the 
Savings  Banks.  As  a  rule,  they 
invest  about  half  their  funds  in 
real  estate  mortgages  and  half  in 
corporation  bonds. 

Ward-Harrison  first  mortgages  have  two 
important  qualifications:  they  are  high 
grade  mortgages  and  they  yield  the  in- 
vestor 52%.  They  are  a  first  lien  on  pro- 
ducing farms  in  the  fertile  Black  Lands 
of  Central  Texas.  We  loan  35%  to  50%, 
only  on  our  own  conservative  valuation. 
We  then  sell  the  original  mortgage, 
which  has  coupons  attached  like  a  bond, 
payable  through  your  own  Bank  and  the 
National   City  Bank  in  New  York  City. 

Let  us  explain  mortgage  buying  to  you. 
Send  for  our  interesting,  illustrated 
booklet,  W-5,   and  list  of  offerings. 

Our  Valuations  are  Your  Protection 

Ward-Harrison  Mortgage  Co 

Fort  Worth,  Texas 


L 


IMPROVED 

California  Real  Estate 

AS    SECURITY 

Guaranteed  First  Mortgage  Certificates 

Written  in  any  multiple  of  $ioo  from  $500 
to  $100,000,  and  to  run  for  any  period  from 
Two  to  Ten  Year?. 

Unguaranteed  First  Mortgages 

Sold  with  our  recommendation  and  covering 
carefully  selected  Farm  Property.  We  refer 
to  any  banking  institution,  also  to  Dun  or 
Bradstrect. 

Mortgage  Guarantee  Company 

Juines  II.  Adam!!,   I'rcsiileiit 

Paid  Up  Capital     Two  and  One  Half    Million    Dollars 

No.  €26  So.  Spring  St.,     Mortgage  Guarantee  Bldg. 

Los  Angeles,  California. 

The  strongest  Mortgase  Guarantee  Company  in  the 
United  States  outside  the  City  of  New  York. 


Real  Security 

comes  first  in  the  individual  investor's 
desires.  He  gets  that  in  our  Farm  Mort- 
gages arid  more — a  larger  interest  return 
than  in  other  forms  of  conservative  in- 
vestment, 6%;  and  still  more  —  no  fluc- 
tuation in  interest  rate,  no"high'*or  "low" 
quotations,  but  just  a  steady  investment 
v^^ith  definite  interest  paid  regularly. 

That  is  the  situation  of  our  investors.  We  have 
had  22  years'  experience  in  selecting  the  best  Farm 
Mortgages  for  them.  Will  you  not  write  us  for 
our  interesting,  illustrated  Booklet?  It  may  help  to 
solveyour  investment  problems.  Ask  for  Booklet  313. 

Oklahoma  Farm   Mortgage  Co. 

Oklahoma  City,  U.  S.  A. 


Here  Are  a  Few  of  the  Ad- 
vantages of  an  Investment  in 
Calvert  Mortgage 


PER  CENT 


Certificates 


They  are  issued  in  small  amounts  —  even  multiples 
of  $100. 

They  are  short  term  —  two  years  —  and  payable  on 
demand  at  any  time  thereafter. 

They  draw  6  per  cent,  interest  for  every  day  of 
their  life. 

They  are  amply  secured  by  First  Mortgages  on 
improved  real  estate  deposited  in  trust  with  a 
strong   trust  companj-. 

They  are  issued  by  a  company  that  in  19  years 
has  never  been  a  day  late  in  the  mailing  of  in- 
terest  checks   or   repayment   of   principal. 

Write  today  for  the  booklet  Idling  the  -..hole  story 

CALVERT   MORTGAGE   COMPANY 

1068  Calvert  Building  BALTIMORE,  MD. 


Prompt  replies  to  financial  inquiries  from  the  Readers'  Service 


INVESTMENTS 


North  Dakota  and  Montana 

First  Farm  Mortgages 

Yielding  Six  Per  Cent. 

No  safer  security  for  the  conservative 
investor  than  a  mortgage  on  an  im- 
proved farm  in  North  Dakota  or  Mon- 
tana. Our  mortgages  are  carefully 
selected,  taken  only  through  our  own 
Offices  and  are  made  with  our  own 
money.  Many  of  our  customers  are 
Banks  and  Trust  Companies.  What 
better  evidence  of  security  can  be  had  ? 
We  have  mortgages  in  large  or  small 
amounts. 

Write  for 
Current  Lists  and  References 

BICKELL,  KYLLO  &  COMPANY 

Incorporated 

Towner,    North    Dakota 


SAVE  SMALL  SUMS 

You    could    accumulate    more    cash 

©capital  in  a  very  few  years  by  saving  up 
comparatively  small  sums  of  money  — 
your  dividends  and  interest  income,  for 
mstance. 
You  probably  never  seriously  considered  such 
a  thing,  because  the  amounts  looked  so  small 
and  no  opportunity  has  ever  before  offered 
itself  to  you  to  save  and  invest  only  $25.00  at 
6  per  cent  interest.  There  is  no  need  for  you 
to  wait  until  you  have  saved  up  $2,000,  $500, 
or  even  $200  with  which  to  buy  one  of  our 
mortgages  in  order  to  secure  a  6  per  cent 
investmentwithus.Our  Certificates  of  Deposit 
yield  6  per  cent,  payable  semi-annually — the 
same  as  our  mortgages — and  are  withdraw- 
able after  one  year,  on  30  days'  notice.  Send 
$25  today;  ask  for  Loan  List  708. 


Perkins&Co.To'KVR'l 

LAWRENCE.  KANSA& 


7%  and  Safety 

Our  mortgages  are  P'irst  Mortgages  on  choice,  im- 
proved property  in  the  prosperous  city  of  Pensacola. 
Investment  in  them  means  not  only  a  7%  net  return 
but  also  A-i  security. 

In  the  past  thirty  years  we  have  placed  more  than 
$14,000,000  in  these  loans  without  a  single  loss  to  an 
investor.  Write  for  illustrated  booklet  and  complete 
information. 

The  Fisher  Real  Elstate  Agency 

Department  M 

Pensacola  Florida 


Capital  is  recognizing  the  value  and  safety 
of  OKLAHOMA  Farm  Mortgages. 

We  confine  our  loans  to  high-grade  farms 
in  parts  of  Oklahoma  with  which  we  are 
familiar.  [ 

Over  $2,500,000  sold  and  not  one  dollar  lost, 
is  our  record. 

Write  us  for  details— learn  how  your  cap- 
ital earns  more  through  us  than  elsewhere. 
Our  booklet  and  references  will  interest  you. 

Address; 


"^''-m^   Ardmore,       Oklahoma 


For  56  years  we  have  sold 

Iowa  Farm  Mortgages 

Over  a  Thousand  Dollars  a  Day 
of  interest  paid  to  clients  without 
delay  or  loss.  Address  for  details, 
Mortgage  Dept. 

Leavitt  &  Johnson  Trust  Company 

Waterloo,  Iowa 


Farm  Mortgages 
Guaranteed 


Central 
Texas 


6 


% 


Thirtieth 
Year 


Write  for  particulars 

THE  W.  C.  BELCHER  LAND  MORTGAGE  CO. 
FORT  WORTH,  TEXAS 

Capital  and  Murplus  418^0,000.00 


Bonds  and  Mortgages 

District  Municipal  Bonds  carefully  selected  Irom  the 
principal  Cities  in  the  State  of  Washingtor  to  yield 
investors  5i%  to  7%.  We  have  marketed  several  million 
dollars  of  these  bonds  without  a  single  case  of  default  in 
interest  or  principal. 

First  Mortgages  on  improved  Seattle  property,  interest 

7%  payable  semi-annually  accompanied  with  certificate  of 
Title  Insurance,  Appraisement,  etc.  Our  loan  limit  does 
not  exceed  one  third  of  the  valuation  of  property.  All 
securities  handled  by  us  are  bought  outright.  The  per- 
sonnel of  our  company  are  bankers  of  long  practical 
experience.     Address 

ERIKSON,  JOHANON  &  CO. 

Invettmertt  Bankers 
Erikson  Building  Seattle,  Washington 


INVESTMENTS 


6%  FIRST  FARMn 
MORTGAGES 

Amounts  to  suit  your  needs 


Secured  by  rich  agricultural  land 
in  the  fertile  Northwest  worth  three 
to  five  times  amount  of  loan.  31 
years'  experience  without  the  loss 
of  a  dollar. 

"We're    Right   on   the    Ground" 
and    know   conditions    thoroughly. 
Write  for  Booklet  "U"  and  current 
list  of  offerings. 

E.  J.  LANDER  &  CO. 
Grand  Forks,  N.   D. 

Entnblliihrd  18S8.  t'upUiil  and  Surplan,  (400.000 


current 


7% 


ALBERTA,  CANADA 
FARM  MORTGAGES 


7% 


We  offer  first  mortgages  on  improved  Alberta 
farms  to  net  you  7%.  All  property  held  under 
Torrens  Titles  guaranteed  by  the  Government. 
Every  mortgage  secured  by  property  worth  from 
three  to  five  times  the  amount  of  loan.  There  is 
no  method  by  which  you  can  so  easily  and 
effectively  safeguard  your  interests  as  by  invest- 
ing in  first  mortgages. 

8end  for  Booklet  No.  6 

HULBERT-PHILLIPS  &  COMPANY 

Hulbert  Building  Wliyte  Avenue 

Edmonton,  Alberta 

Rtjcrcnces:  Imfrriai  H,7<!t  of  Cannda:  Cnnniiian  Bant  of  Commerce 
Koyal  Blink  of  Canada 


Secured  by 

RealEstate 

First  Mortgages 

and  Municipal 

Improvement  Bonds 

more  than  sufficient  to 
guarantee  both  principal 
and  interest  deposited  with  the  Northern  Bank  &  Trust 
Co.,  Seattle,  as  Trustee.  A  safe,  sound  and  con- 
venient form  of  investment,  issued  in  units  as  small 
as  $50.   Maturity  date  set  by  buyer  at  time  of  purchase. 

Write  for  our  booklet  fully  describing 
thete  bond* 

NORTHERN  BOND  &  MORTGAGE  COMPANY 
1408  Fourth  Avenue  Seattle,  Wash. 

iiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinimniiiiiininiiniiiiiiniiininimiin'iiiiiiniininiiniii 


OARM  MORTGAGE 


S54%>  to  6%.     First  mortgages  on 
working  properties  located  in  an  unusually 
richagricf'iv'Tal  territory,  offer  the  soundest 
and  most  attractive  kind  of  an  investment. 
There  is  no  speculation  —  the  value  of  the 
land  does  not  fluctuate  and   the  income  is 
certain. 
We  offer  only   first   mortgages  on  paying    farms    in 
South     Dakota.      Over    $3,500,000    loans    have    been 
placed    by   us    without    a    dollar's   loss   to    an    inves- 
tor.    Interest   and   principal  promptly   remitted. 

If'ri/e  for  rtferences  and  Ust  0/  offerings 

G.  W.  HART,  Pres.,  Merchants  Bank 
BRYANT,  SOUTH  DAKOTA 


A  Careful 
Investigation  of  Out 


(fo 


AND 


% 


First  Mortgages 

Will  prove  to  anyone  that 
these  substantial  investments 
in  Farm  and  City  Mortgages  are  practically 
without  hazard. 

They  are  appraised  by  experts  of  experi- 
ence and  every  care  is  used  in  their  protection. 
Write  for  list  B  before  placing  investments. 
SESSIONS   LOAN    £   TRUST  CO..   MARIETTA.    GA. 


Double  the  Interest 

6  on  Your  Savings 
^"W     Our  mortgages  are  a  splen- 


tive  investment.     From 
them  you  get   not   only   a   good 
return  on  your  money,  but  what 
is  more  important,  your   money 
is  absolutely  safe,  as  they  can  be  converted  in- 
to cash  in  normal  times,  at  a  moment's  notice. 

Write  for  Booklet  C.  100 
Bonfoey    Loan    &   Inv.    Co.       815-818    State 
National  Beuik  Building     -    -     Oklahoma  City 


Our    C^%  Montana 

First    O        Farm  Mortgages 

are  secured  by  improved,  productive  farms  in  the 
State  of  Montana,  conceded  to  be  the  premium 
wheat,  oats,  and  alfalfa  belt  of  the  United  States. 
We  have  just  received  from  the  press  our 
NEW  ILLUSTRATED  BOOKLET  and  LITHO- 
GRAPHED STATE  MAP,  which  thoroughly  de- 
scribe this  section.  These  are  free  for  the  asking. 
Write  to-day. 

The    Banking  Corporation  of    Montana 

Paid  In   Capital,  $500,000.00 
P.  O.  Box  A.  Helena,  Montana 


^     DANFORTH 
%  FARM  MORTGAGES 


^nuiniDBunuaniiUDiiuiiniiinnBinmiffliiuRniuuDflDDiimiiDuniiuaninimuiiia 


Will  bear  the  closest  investiga- 
tion. Our  territory  is  limited 
to  localities  where  values  are 
tried  and  permanent. 
Fifty-si.Tc  years'  experience  in 
lending  on  farm  lands  without  the  loss  of  a 
single  dollar  means  something  to  persons  who 
want  safe  investments. 

Write  for  OUT  new  List  of  Morlgaga  No.  54. 

A.  G-  DANFORTH  &  CO..  Bankers 

Founded  A.  D.  1858  WASHINGTON.  ILL. 


THE     WORLD'S     WORK     ADVERTISER 


MUNICIPAL    BONDS 

"THE  SAFE  INVESTMENT" 
Exempt  from  Federal  Income  Tax 


Following  is  a  carefully  selected  list  of  Municipal  bonds.    We  are  making  exceptionally  low  prices, 

and  advise    Buyers  both  large  and  small  to  invest  now. 
$115,000  Mineral  Wells,  Texas.  S^c  School  &  Street    Improvement  Bonds  to  net  about 
25,000   Smith  County,  Mississippi,  6^  Road  District  Bonds  to  net  about 
10,000  Wood    River,  Illinois,   5%    Improvement    Bonds  to  net    about 
10,000  Leonard,    Texas,   5%    Water    Bonds    to    net    about       .... 
45,000  Punta  Gorda,   Florida,   5}^  Permanent  Improvement  Bonds  to  net  about 
15,000  Wendell,  North  Carolina,   5^c  Electric    Light    Bonds  to  net  about 
45,000  Mohave  County,  Arizona,   5^  Court    House    Bonds  to  net  about 
8,000  Llano  County,  Texas,   4^  Bridge  Bonds  to  net  about 
8,000  Burnett    County,  Texas,   4?%  Bridge    Bonds  to  net  about 
5,0C0   Bay  City,  Texas,  5^c  Street  Improvement  Bonds  to  net  about 
1,000  Creek  County,  Oklahoma,   6%  Funding  Bond  to  net  about 
J.  R.  Sutherlin  &  Co.,  Municipal  Bonds  Commerce  Building 


5% 
5.70% 

5i% 
5.15% 

51% 
5.15% 

4J% 
5% 

5% 
5% 

5  s  /o 

Kansas  City,  Mo. 


Washington 

Farm 
Mortgages 


Our  conservatively  placed  loans  on  income- 
bearing  property  yield  the  highest  interest 
rates  consistent  \Wth  safety. 
We  collect  and  remit  without  charge. 

Write  for  Mortgage  List  No 


Mechanics  Loan  &.  Trust  Co. 


Spokane,  Wn. 


Spokane 

City 

Mortgages 


FIRST  MORTGAGE  SECURITY 


In  the  golden  west — in  the  land  of  big  opportunities — inter- 
est rates  are  high — because  money  may  earn  so  much.    The 
.    securities  are  first  mortgages  on   improved  real  estate  in   one  of  the 
most  substantially  prosperous  of   all  western   cities,    Oklahoma  City. 
Investm'-nts  such  as  you   would  like  to  hunt  out  for  yourself, 
we  have  found  for  you — safe-guarded  wiih  every  precaution.       We 
•re  on  the  ground — know  the  territory — know  the  possibilities   and 


have  never  lost  one  dollar  of  principle  for  our  clients,  nor 
missed  an  interest  payment. 

The  values  are  three  times  the  money  loaned.  Write  for 
our  free  booklet  describing  our  methods,  lists  of  loans,  etc., 
from  $150  to  .'?>  1 0,000.  References  by  permission:  The  Guar- 
anty Bank,  Oklahoma  City;  State  National  Bank,  Oklahoma 
City;  First  State  Bank.  Tallequah. 


THE  AUREUUS-SWANSON  COMPANY 


20  State  National  Bank  Building 


Oklahoma  City,  Okla. 


Read  Joseph  Conrad's  Books 

They  are  Becoming  Better  Known 
by  All  —  Ask  Your  Bookseller 


THE    LONG    EXPECTED    EUROPEAN    WAR 

FOR  THE  STORY  OF  THE  UNDERLYING  CAUSES  READ 

THE  BALKANS 

SECOND  EDITION 
By  WILLIAM  M.  SLOANE,   Seth  Low  Professor  of  History,    Columbia   University 

"This  book  is  invaluable  to  every  one  who  wants  to  know  what  is  going  on  in  'Wildest  Europe.'  "iV 

— Kansas  City  Star 

Price,  net,  $1.50,  postpaid.     Sold  at  all  the  better  book  shops. 

THE    ABINGDON    PRESS 

NEW  YORK:  150  IIITII  AVK.  (  I.\(  I.WATl:  220  WEST  FOURTH  ST. 

BOSTON:  381  Boyl.ston  St.  PIITSHUROH:   10?  lifth  Avi-.  DETROIT:  21  Adams  Ave..  East 

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VI 


■o 


Science  can  pay  no  higher  tribute 


FOR  this  Gold  Medal  represents 
the  Grand  Prix  of  the  jury  of  the 
International  Congress  of  Medicine 
— the  world's  greatest  medical  gather- 
ing. Convening  once  in  four  years, 
the  Congress  assembles  the  foremost 
ph\sicians  of  every  country  of  the 
globe,  and  its  deliberations  bear  the 
stamp  of  final  authority.  So  when 
under  the  auspices  of  such  a  tribunal, 
to  Sanatogen  alone  amoi^g  the  many 
foods  and  tonics  exhibited,  is  awarded 
the  Grand  Prix — there  can  be  noques- 
tion  of  Sanatogen's  standing  as  the 
best  and  most  dependable  food  tonic. 
More  than  21,000  physicians  have 
already  signified  Jii  \vriting  their />^r- 


sonal  faith  in  Sanatogen.  But  this 
award  symbolizes  the  'ivorld-^iide, 
professional  recognition  of  Sanatogen 
as  the  one,  rational  FOOD-tonic  that 
feeds  and  rebuilds  impoverished  ceil 
and  tissue,  helping  digestion  and  re- 
calling the  strength  and  vigor  of  youth. 
Sanatogen  is  sold  by  druggists 
everywhere  in  3  sizes,  from  $1.00  up. 


Send  for  Elbert  Hubbard's  new  book 

— "Hialtli  in  tlio  Making."  Written  in 
his  attractive  niaiuier  and  filled  Mith 
liis  slirc\N  d  pliilosoi'liy  together  with 
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SANATOGEN 

ENDORSED    BY    OVER    21,000    PHYSICIANS 


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THE-  TALK'  OF'THE  •  OFFICE- 1 


••To  liusin^  , .  tlint  we  love  we  rise  betime 
Anil  \^o  to    t  with  lielit'lil" — Antony  and  Cleopatra. 


MAGAZINE  MAKING  IN  WAR  TIME 

THE  September  issue  of  the  World's 
Work  had  gone  to  press  and  a  number 
of  pages  were  prmted  when  the  Euro- 
j)ean  conflict  broke  out. 

It  seemed  to  the  people  who  make  the 
World's  Work  month  by  month  a  poor  per- 
formance to  print  a  magazine  covering  contem- 
porary happenings,  which  in  comparison  with 
the  war  in  Europe  appeared  unimportant  and 
trivial.  We  began  by  discarding  the  Septem- 
ber number  we  were  already  printing,  and 
then  looked  about  to  see  what  the  magazine 
could  do  that  was  effective  and  different 
from  the  newspapers. 

It  did  not  take  us  long  to  discover  that 
everybody  was  asking  questions,  to  which  prac- 
tically nobody  knew  more  than  a  few  of  the 
answers.  War  conditions,  the  like  of  which 
had  never  been  heard  of  before,  made  a  demand 
for  information  which  could  only  be  secured 
by  reference  to  many  exj>erts,  many  books  and 
atlases.  Within  a  week,  our  own  editorial 
staff,  assisted  by  other  literar}^'  writers,  had 
prepared  this  Manual  which  you  hold  in  your 
hand.  We  trust  that  our  readers  will  find  it 
of  value  and  that  it  will  make  their  daily  study 
of  the  newspapers  more  interesting. 

OCTOBER   PLANS 

In  October  we  shall  return  to  a  more  normal 
magazine,  because,  after  all,  the  United  States 
is  going  on  with  its  affairs,  which  are  important 
for  its  ow^n  sake  as  well  as  for  its  European 
neighbors;  but  in  this  issue,  too,  we  shall  have 
what  we  think  will  be  some  rather  unique 
features. 

ANOTHER  AND  GREATER  MANUAL 

In  November  we  plan  a  number  which  in  its 
far-reaching  effect  we  think  will  exceed  any 
issue  of  the  World's  Work  yet  put  forth.  We 
are  gathering  together  all  the  facts  concerning 
the  next  great  move  resulting  from  the  conflict 


in  Europe  and  the  part  the  United  States  will 
play.  As  the  present  number  is  devoted  to 
the  arts  of  war,  the  November  Manual  will  be 
concerned  with  the  arts  of  peace  and  recon- 
struction, under  the  title: 

UNITED  STATES 
THE  REBUILDERS 

Our  obligations,  opportunities,  and  potential  power 
in  diplomacy,  trade,  finance,  and  shipping  at  home 
and  ov'erseas. 

Think  for  a  minute  of  the  vast  importance 
of  this  extraordinary  condition  and  how  much 
we  need  facts  and  only /cc/.y.  Here  (and  there 
are  many  others)  are  some  of  the  subjects 
covered. 

The  United  States  as  a  World  Banker 
Our  store  and  influence  upon  the  control  of  gold. 
The   one   great   wealth-producing   country    in    this 

crisis. 
The  new  position  of  New  York  as  the  financial  centre. 
Our  period  of  training  for  greater  things  in  finance. 

The  New  Export  Opportunities 

What  shutting  ofif  the  world's  supplies  to  foreign 
markets  means. 

Shall  American  manufacturers  take  a  narrow  or 
broad  point  of  view? 

How  to  secure  new  trade  and  to  care  for  it. 

The  value  of  a  real  guarantee  vs.  easy  selling. 

The  old  story  of  bad  packing  — •  is  it  to  be  overcome? 

The  need  of  new  training  and  new  efficiency  in  for- 
eign trade. 

Whi-;re  the  Trade  Waits 

South  A  mcrica:  Its  great  and  increasing  demands  and 

the  German  position.     Our  new  popularity  aroused 

by  the  A.  B.  C.  arbitration. 
The   East   and   its   needs  —  shipping   and   banking 

problems. 
Africa:  .\  new  and  improving  market. 
the  Fighting  Nations:  What  they  need  from  us.     A 

study  of  cause  and  effect. 

The  American  Worker 

What  it  means  to  him  that  18,000,000  workers  have 
gone  to  war  and  have  become  consumers  instead  of 
producers. 


TEE     TALK     OF     THE     OFFIC  E 


Our  Colonies 

The  lack  of  popular  interest  in  our  overseas  posses- 
sions. 

Shall  we  develop  them  on  a  more  effective  plan? 

Lessons  to  be  learned  from  English  Colonial  man- 
agement. 

How  to  increase  exports  and  imports  —  an  exchange 
of  commodities. 

American  Popularity  in  Foreign  Lan-ds 
What  must  be  done  to  improve  our  reputation  in  the 

world's  markets. 
QuaUty  and  high  standard  of  business  ethics. 
The  value  of  a  guarantee  which  is  genuine. 
How  are  we  to  advertise  ourselves  and  our  goods  as  a 

nation? 

Englant)  and  our  Ties  of  Blood 

How  the  Anglo-Saxons  aire  drawing  together. 
Cooperation  with  Great  Britain,  the  world's  masters 

at  sea. 
What  England  needs  from  us. 

Ikvxstments 

Securities  owned  abroad  and  now  on  forced  sale. 
The  position  of  real  estate. 
New  activities. 

The  Great  Melting  Pot 

Our  foreign  population. 

Who  are  they  and  just  how  valuable? 

The  new  patriotic  appeal. 


The  Farmer's  Day 

The  world's  dependence  upon  the  American  farmer. 

New  agriculture  and  its  opportunities. 

The  possibility  of  new  crops  for  new  markets. 

Sugar  and  German}-. 

American  Diplomacy 

The  new  sphere  of  influence. 

What  our  Ambassadors  have  done  and  are  doing, 

"  Cards  on  the  table "'  diplomacj-  vs.  indirection. 

American  Travel  Abroad 

What  it  has  meant  in  numbers,  monej^,  influence,  etc. 
For  the  immediate  future  reduced  or  cut  off. 

Personalities 

Men  who  are  active  in  this  work  of  rebuilding. 

What  the  U.  S.  A.  Should  Do  First 

A  series  of  short  articles  by  well  known  authorities, 

Governtvient  Cooperation  and  Foreign  Trade 
How  is  it  with  us?     Will  the  tendency  be  constructivp 
and  show  a  new  spirit  of  cooperation? 

THE    WAR    MANUAL    IN   PERMANENT    BINDING 

There  has  appeared  a  demand  for  the  War 
Manual  in  a  more  permanent  form  and  we 
have  made  an  edition  in  cloth  binding  tor 
50  cents  a  copy  and  in  fine  flexible  leather  for 
Si  a  volume. 


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9f 


f 


The  Truth  Set  Forth 


Why  Royal  Baking  Powder  is 
superior  to  an  alum  baking  pow- 
der.    An  answer  to  inquirers. 

In  Royal  Baking  Powder  the  leavening  gas 
is  produced  by  the  admixture  of  bicarbonate  of 
soda  (baking  soda)  and  cream  of  tartar.  Cream 
of  tartar  is  of  fruit  origin — from  grapes. 

In  an  alum  baking  powder  the  leavening 
gas  is  produced  by  the  action  of  the  acid  property 
of  the  alum  upon  the  bicarbonate  of  soda. 

The  alum  powders  therefore  leave  in  the 
food  a  mineral  salt,  sulphate  of  soda  (Glauber's 
salt)  and  aluminum  hydrate.  These  residues 
cause  the  objection  of  hygienists  because  they 
are  believed  to  have  a  deleterious  effect  upon  the 
alimentary  organs. 

Royal  Baking  Powder  leaves  none  of 
these  objectionable  products  or  com- 
pounds in  the  food.  This  is  why  Royal 
Baking  Powder  is  the  most  healthful. 


ROYAL  BAKING  POW^DER  COMPANY 


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ij 


TliQ  AlbQinarlo  pattorn  strikes  a 
goldon  nxQon  bolWoon  the  ov^r-so- 
v^ro  and  the  oVer-ornatQ.  It  is  of 
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1 


i 


A  Five -Cent  Banquet 

The  costliest  ban- 
quet ever  spread, 
with  all  the  gastro- 
nomic concoctions 
that  culinary  genius 
can  devise  could  not 
contain  as  much  real  body-building,  digest- 
ible nutriment  as  two 

Shredded  Wheat  Biscuits 

the  food  that  contains  all  the  elements  in  the  whole 
wheat  grain  steam-cooked,  shredded  and  baked.  It 
is  what  you  digest,  not  what  you  eat,  that  builds 
muscle,  bone  and  brain.  The  filmy,  porous  shreds 
of  whole  wheat  are  digested  when  the  stomach  rejects 
all  other  foods.  Two  Shredded  Wheat  Biscuits,  with 
milk  or  cream  and  sliced  peaches,  make  a  complete, 
perfect  meal  at  a  cost  of  five  or  six  cents. 


Always  heat  the  Biscuit  in  oven  to 
restore  crispness;  then  cover  it  with 
sliced  peaches  or  other  fresh  fruit 
and  serve  with  milk  or  cream.  Try 
toasted  Triscuit,  the  shredded 
Wheat  Wafer,  for  luncheon  with 
butter,  cheese  or  marmalades. 

"It's  All  in  the  Shreds" 


Made  only  by 

The  Shredded  Wheat  Company 

Niagara  Falls,  N.  Y. 


APID-SHAUE 


TRADE '^H  APK 


M<5, 


DER 


The  Powder  That 
Shortens  the  Shave 

sprinkle    with    a    little    powder 


Ue.-^^ 


ijr.v.de'- 


Wet    the   brush- 
— then  lather. 

The  abundant  lather  starts  to  soften  the  beard 
as  soon  as  the  brush  touches  the  face.  It  is 
worked  in  while  it  is  worked  up.  No  rubbing 
in  with  the  fingers  is  necessary. 

Softening — Soothing — Sanitary 

A  little  of  the  powder  makes  a  plentiful,  creamy, 
"smartless"  lather.     The  powder  you  use,  is  your 
individual  shaving  soap — there  is  clean, 
fresh  soap  for  every  shave. 

Such  luxury  of  lather  is  to  be  found  in  two 
other  preparations  —  Colgate's  Shaving  Stick 
and  Colgate's  Perfected  Shaving  Cream.  Thus 
you  have  your  choice  of  method  in  the  Colgate 
Quality — the  lather  always  the  same. 

Send  4  cents  for  a  trial  size  of  the  Stick,  Powder  or  Cream, 
or  1 2  cents  in  stamps  and  we  will  send  you  also  a  trial  size 
of  Lilac  Imperial  Toilet  Water. 

COLGATE  &  CO. 

Dept.  T.  199  Fulton  St.,  New  York 

Makers  of  Caahmere  Bouquet  Soap — luxurious,  lasting,  refined 


5.  "'Sprinkle  a  lit- 
ue  iiowdrr  on  the 
wet  brusiri  Simple, 
isn't  lt»" 


6.  "  'Lather  your 
£lce,'  Myl  That's 
fme.  It  certainly  Is 
rapid." 


7.  "Isn't  t  h.i  t 
smooth!  And  I 
thought  the  blade 
wai  dull." 


■     I  h.M  \A.i~\r    <lid   pull 

)cslcr<lay.  It  must  be 
this  powder  that  makes 
the  difference." 


9.  "Plenty  of  time  for 
breakfast  this  mo 
I  only  wish  I  had  another 
face  to  shave." 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  AT  LOS  ANGELES 

THE  UNIVERSITY  LIBRARY 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below 


m^ 


o^oee 


1  D- 


PiURt- 


'        lyi , 
RECD  LOi' 

WAX  29 


^971 


FEC 


Form  1,-9 
aom-1, '11(1122) 


>     t      I 


FEB  1 0  »34 


,:)0b 


I  V  LJJ 


«jtiy 


■i-N 


D  LD-URL 

119  1978 


OKmCRSITY  or  CALIFOJUUA 

AT 

LOS  ANGELES 

LIBRARY 


3  1158  00298  50M^ 


1^ 


UC  SOUTHERN  REGIONAL  LIBRARY  FACILITY 

"■"■■ I!  'Hill II  II 


AA    001  209  720   o 


s_  "       -  - 


